Deck 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

__________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

A) Mitosis
B) Genomic imprinting
C) Cytoplasm
D) Meiosis

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in __________.

A) severe mutations
B) an extremely low likelihood that nontwin siblings will be genetically identical
C) higher rates of fraternal twins
D) higher numbers of female zygotes than male zygotes

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The sperm and the ovum are sex cells, or __________.

A) autosomes
B) gametes
C) zygotes
D) phenotypes

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A gamete __________.

A) contains 46 chromosomes
B) is formed through mitosis
C) contains 23 chromosomes
D) is formed when the chromosomes copy themselves

Question 5

When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) __________ results.

A) autosome
B) gamete
C) zygote
D) allele

Question 6

A __________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) gene
D) gamete

Question 7

Which statement about human chromosomes is true?

A) They come in 46 matching pairs.
B) They store and transmit genetic information.
C) In females, each chromosome is inherited from the mother.
D) Each member of a pair has a different size, shape, and genetic function.

Question 8

Our __________ determine(s) our species and influences all our unique characteristics.

A) genotype
B) phenotypes
C) regulator genes
D) karyotype

Question 9

Christine is 5′7″ and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called __________.

A) alleles
B) phenotypes
C) chromosomes
D) genotypes

Question 10

Chromosomes look like __________.

A) spheres
B) cones
C) rods
D) cubes

Question 11

Autosomes are chromosomes that are __________.

A) sex cells
B) zygotes
C) not matching
D) not sex cells

Question 12

The area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the __________.

A) zygote
B) cytoplasm
C) gamete
D) gene

Question 13

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) looks like a __________.

A) long cylinder
B) small sphere
C) twisted ladder
D) bundle of rods

Question 14

The __________ is the control center of a cell in the human body.

A) genotype
B) gamete
C) autosome
D) nucleus

Question 15

A healthy man can father a child __________.

A) at any age after sexual maturity
B) until about age 30
C) until about age 50
D) until about age 70

Question 16

__________, which trigger chemical reactions throughout the body, are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.

A) Phenotypes
B) Proteins
C) Carbohydrates
D) Autosomes

Question 17

Lynn, a Canadian, and Sasha, a Russian, are about __________ percent genetically identical.

A) 46
B) 79.6
C) 95
D) 99.6

Question 18

Protein-coding genes __________.

A) directly affect our body's characteristics
B) modify instructions given by regulator genes
C) come in 23 matching pairs
D) are formed through meiosis

Question 19

Phenotypes depend in part on an individual's __________.

A) cytoplasm
B) karyotype
C) genotype
D) hair color

Question 20

Which of the following statements about human genetic makeup is true?

A) We do not share any of our DNA with other mammals.
B) It takes changes in multiple DNA base pairs to influence human traits.
C) The species-specific genetic material responsible for human attributes is extensive.
D) Gene expression within human cells cannot be modified by environmental factors.

Question 21

In females, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is called __________.

A) an autosome
B) dizygotic
C) XX
D) XY

Question 22

Fraternal twins are __________.

A) genetically identical
B) no more alike than ordinary siblings
C) less common than other types of multiple offspring
D) less likely with each additional birth

Question 23

Which of the following is true about sex differences?

A) Rates of miscarriage and birth defects are higher for girls.
B) Rates of learning disabilities and behavior disorders are higher for girls.
C) Boys are less likely than girls are to inherit hemophilia.
D) Worldwide, a greater number of boys are conceived and born than girls.

Question 24

Terrace is 6′2″ and weighs 165 pounds, while his brother, Jayquan, is 5′9″ and weighs 210 pounds. These traits are due to __________.

A) dominant‒recessive inheritance
B) polygenic inheritance
C) somatic mutation
D) germline mutation

Question 25

Patsy and Terry are fraternal twins. This type of twinning results from __________.

A) a zygote that duplicates and separates into two clusters of cells
B) the fertilization of one ovum by two Y-bearing sperm
C) the release and fertilization of two ova
D) the fertilization of one ovum by two X-bearing sperm

Question 26

Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that __________.

A) males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males
B) verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome
C) females who are missing an X chromosome often have trouble with spatial relationships
D) most children with these disorders suffer from intellectual disability

Question 27

A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces __________.

A) identical twins
B) dizygotic twins
C) triplets
D) homozygous offspring

Question 28

In __________, normal body cells mutate, an event that can occur at any time of life.

A) somatic mutation
B) germline mutation
C) polygenic inheritance
D) genomic imprinting

Question 29

Phil has blond hair. This means that Phil inherited a __________ pair of __________ alleles for hair color.

A) homozygous; recessive
B) heterozygous; dominant
C) homozygous; dominant
D) heterozygous; recessive

Question 30

About 70 percent of individuals with Down syndrome who live past age 40 show symptoms of __________ disease.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) Huntington's
C) Alzheimer's
D) kidney

Question 31

Taylor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY. Taylor is __________.

A) male
B) a fraternal twin
C) female
D) an identical twin

Question 32

In industrialized nations, fraternal twinning occurs __________.

A) less often among older women
B) more often among women with poor diets
C) more often among women of slight body build
D) more often among women taking fertility drugs

Question 33

Most chromosomal defects result from __________.

A) X-linked disorders
B) somatic mutation
C) mistakes occurring during meiosis
D) recessive disorders

Question 34

In which disease or disorder does genomic imprinting operate on the sex chromosomes?

A) fragile X syndrome
B) hemophilia
C) sickle cell anemia
D) phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 35

In dominant-recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called __________.

A) dominant-recessive
B) dominant
C) recessive
D) a carrier

Question 36

Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because __________.

A) males are more likely than females to inherit harmful recessive alleles
B) the Y chromosome is much longer than the X chromosome
C) the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those on the X chromosome
D) his sex chromosomes match

Question 37

Which of the following statements about mutation is true?

A) Some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance.
B) Mutations cannot be caused by environmental agents.
C) The process of mutation depends on the interaction of many genes.
D) Germline mutations show us that each of us has a single, permanent genotype.

Question 38

During their early years, children of single births __________ than twins.

A) develop more slowly
B) are healthier
C) have more shrill cries
D) are more sickly

Question 39

Animal research shows that a variety of environmental influences prompt monozygotic twinning, including __________.

A) early fertilization of the ovum
B) young maternal age
C) variation in oxygen levels
D) poor diet

Question 40

As a result of a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, Aziz received three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two. Aziz has __________ syndrome.

A) XYY
B) Klinefelter
C) Turner
D) Down

Question 41

Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children, and they mutually support each other's parenting behaviors. Amelia and Andrew engage in effective __________.

A) induction
B) permissive parenting
C) coparenting
D) niche-picking

Question 42

Which statement about children conceived through reproductive technologies is true?

A) The limited studies completed thus far have shown that children born through a surrogate arrangement are generally poorly adjusted.
B) Compared with their naturally conceived counterparts, caregiving is somewhat warmer for young children conceived through donor insemination or in vitro fertilization.
C) Most in vitro procedures result in the birth of twins.
D) Adolescents conceived through donor insemination tend to be less well-adjusted than naturally conceived children.

Question 43

Nearly 10 percent of __________ children live in deep poverty.

A) Canadian
B) U.S.
C) Norwegian
D) Swedish

Question 44

People who work in skilled and semiskilled manual occupations tend to __________ than people in professional and technical occupations.

A) marry later
B) have more children
C) talk to their children more
D) verbally praise their children more

Question 45

To detect developmental problems before birth, doctors use __________.

A) prenatal diagnostic methods
B) genomic imprinting
C) gene therapy
D) genomewide testing methods

Question 46

When asked about personal qualities they desire for their children, higher-SES parents are more likely to emphasize __________.

A) obedience
B) politeness
C) happiness
D) cleanliness

Question 47

Adopted children and adolescents tend to __________.

A) almost immediately develop feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents
B) fare better if they are adopted in their birth country after infancy and toddlerhood
C) develop less favorably than institutionalized agemates who remain in their birth country
D) have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children

Question 48

When Erin and Brooke cooperate, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. This is an example of a(n) __________ influence between parents and their children.

A) direct
B) coparenting
C) maladaptive
D) indirect

Question 49

Which prenatal diagnostic method is used after in vitro fertilization but before implantation?

A) chorionic villus sampling
B) ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging
C) fetal surgery
D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Question 50

__________ is the most widely used prenatal diagnostic method.

A) Amniocentesis
B) Chorionic villus sampling
C) Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging
D) Fetoscopy

Question 51

The modification of gene-specified proteins involved in biological aging and disease is known as ________.

A) fetoscopy
B) amniocentesis
C) proteomics
D) genetic counseling

Question 52

Usually, in vitro fertilization __________.

A) is increasingly successful with age.
B) poses less risk to infant survival than natural conception
C) is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged
D) involves the wealthy as contractors for infants

Question 53

Most adopted children __________.

A) fare well, despite the risks
B) have persistent social problems
C) are less intelligent than their biological relatives
D) have persistent cognitive problems

Question 54

Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Germany
D) France

Question 55

If a family history of intellectual disabilities, psychological disorders, physical defects, or inherited diseases exists, a genetic counselor prepares a __________, which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree.

A) pedigree
B) genetic marker
C) maternal blood analysis
D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Question 56

Which statement about donor insemination is true?

A) It is commonly used to overcome female reproductive difficulties.
B) It involves giving a woman hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova.
C) It permits women without a male partner to become pregnant.
D) It is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged.

Question 57

Except for __________, prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because of injury risk to the developing organism.

A) amniocentesis
B) fetoscopy
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) maternal blood analysis

Question 58

Which of the following is true about genetic counseling?

A) It involves medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth.
B) It helps couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder.
C) It is not useful for individuals who know that genetic problems exist in their families.
D) Genetic markers for autism are found in a majority of affected people.

Question 59

Young people today are more likely to have __________ than at any time in history.

A) older relatives
B) married parents
C) living siblings
D) unemployed parents

Question 60

Manny inherited an extra X chromosome. If he is like many boys with Klinefelter syndrome, Manny will have difficulty __________.

A) reading
B) drawing pictures
C) following travel directions
D) managing aggression

Question 61

In cultures that emphasize collectivism, people value __________ more.

A) independence
B) personal achievement
C) collaborative endeavors
D) choice in relationships

Question 62

In __________, people hold different beliefs and customs from those held by the larger culture.

A) microsystems
B) subcultures
C) macrosystems
D) collectivist societies

Question 63

Senior citizens in the United States today are __________.

A) less likely than seniors in other Western nations to be poverty-stricken
B) more likely than other age groups to be among the "near poor"
C) less likely than children to attract the support of politicians
D) less likely to be healthy and independent than in the past

Question 64

The United States is more __________ than most Western European countries, which place greater weight on __________.

A) collectivistic; individualism
B) individualistic; independence
C) collectivistic; interdependence
D) individualistic; collectivism

Question 65

In the United States, public policies safeguarding __________ lag behind policies for __________.

A) older adults; children and youths
B) children and youths; older adults
C) older adults; extended families
D) school-age children; preschool children

Question 66

The Children's Defense Fund is a nonprofit organization that __________.

A) provides free legal services to low-income families of children with disabilities
B) lobbies for increased government benefits of all kinds for older adults
C) is devoted to the well-being of children and older adults in poverty
D) engages in public education and partners with other organizations to improve policies for children

Question 67

Longitudinal follow-up research on the Better Beginnings, Better Futures Project of Ontario, Canada, revealed a(n) __________.

A) reduction in children's social adjustment
B) increase in adolescent delinquency
C) improved sense of community connection
D) reduction in children's academic achievement

Question 68

Well-educated adults tend to have __________ than adults with less education.

A) smaller social networks
B) access to more social support
C) less life satisfaction
D) less school contact

Question 69

Which statement about affordable child care in the United States is true?

A) Much of it is mediocre to poor in quality.
B) It is guaranteed by law.
C) National standards ensure quality care.
D) Publicly funded child care is easily available.

Question 70

One reason that the American people have been reluctant to accept the idea of publicly supported child care is that __________.

A) few mothers of very young children work outside the home
B) it is widely believed that child care is harmful to young children
C) most grandparents provide regular child care
D) American values emphasize independence and self-reliance

Question 71

Which of the following is true about the minimum income guaranteed to Americans age 65 and older from Social Security?

A) It was initiated earlier in the United States than in most other Western nations.
B) The guaranteed amount is usually adequate as a sole source of retirement income.
C) The guaranteed amount is below the poverty line.
D) The guaranteed amount is about 20 percent above the poverty line.

Question 72

Which of the following is true about extended-family households?

A) Active, involved extended families are not typical among Asian and Native-American subcultures.
B) In extended-family households, caregiving is diminished for children and older adults.
C) In Hispanic extended families, grandparents are unlikely to share in rearing young children.
D) Extended-family households are a vital feature of black family life that has promoted resilience in its members.

Question 73

Which statement about Medicare is true?

A) Medicare extends government-supported health insurance to all children in low-income families.
B) About two-thirds of older adults' health expenditures are covered by Medicare.
C) Medicare covers the income needs of retired citizens who contributed to society through prior employment.
D) Along with Social Security, Medicare ensures that all older Americans live above the poverty line.

Question 74

Behavioral genetics is a(n) __________.

A) medical procedure that permits detection of developmental problems before birth
B) ambitious international research program aimed at deciphering genomes
C) field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to human diversity
D) biochemical process triggered by certain experiences that alter gene expression

Question 75

__________ does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well-being.

A) Sweden
B) Spain
C) Australia
D) The United States

Question 76

In several studies, affluent teenagers were __________ likely than youths in general to __________.

A) less; engage in alcohol and drug use
B) more; report high levels of anxiety and depression
C) less; commit delinquent acts
D) more; have physically and emotionally available parents

Question 77

An experimental study of neighborhood mobility found that compared with peers who remained in poverty-stricken areas, children and youths who moved into low-poverty neighborhoods and remained there for several years showed __________.

A) more mental health problems
B) better school achievement
C) more physical health problems
D) more social problems

Question 78

Neighborhood resources __________.

A) play little or no role in children's development
B) have a greater impact on adults than on children and youths
C) are not important in late adulthood because most elders are homebound
D) have a greater impact on economically disadvantaged than on well-to-do young people

Question 79

A comparison of the United States with other nations on indicators of children's health and well-being shows that the United States __________.

A) has a higher infant death rate than Canada
B) has a lower teenage birth rate than Poland
C) spends more public funds on education than Sweden
D) spends more public funds on early childhood education than Germany

Question 80

One reason that public policies safeguarding children are slow to emerge in the United States is that __________.

A) such government policies have failed in other Western countries
B) cultural values in the U.S. emphasize interdependence
C) children cannot vote or speak out to protect their own interests
D) the United States already ranks at the top on key measures of children's health and well-being