Deck 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Question 1

When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me." Paolo is demonstrating identity __________.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Emelia accepts her family's religious beliefs without question. She has never reconsidered them. She is characterized by identity __________.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Answer 2

B

Question 3

During adolescence, the young person's vision of self becomes __________.

A) more inconsistent
B) more well-organized
C) less complex
D) unbalanced

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Identity-diffused individuals __________.

A) feel a sense of psychological well-being
B) often reject their parents' values and goals
C) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives
D) are not actively trying to reach values and goals

Question 5

Which individual is the most likely to describe herself as "shy," "outgoing," and "a smart airhead?"

A) 10-year-old Demarcus
B) 13-year-old Evangelina
C) 16-year-old Lashawn
D) 19-year-old Cris

Question 6

Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, "I might, but I doubt it. I've spent a lot of time studying my options. I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity __________.

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 7

Although the seeds of identity formation are planted early, not until __________ do people become absorbed in this task.

A) middle to late childhood
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence and early adulthood
D) middle adulthood

Question 8

For most young people, identity development __________.

A) is traumatic and disturbing
B) is complete by the end of high school
C) is a process of exploration followed by commitment
D) leaves them unprepared for the challenges of adulthood

Question 9

Eighteen-year-old Gisela stopped attending her church youth group and Sunday services, and, contrary to her conservative parents' beliefs, became immersed in a liberal political movement. Two months later, she lost interest in the movement and joined a new church. According to Erikson, Gisela is experiencing __________.

A) an identity crisis
B) inferiority
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 10

The process of identity formation typically involves __________.

A) in-depth exploration and reconsideration
B) moving from a lower to a higher status
C) selecting a status that remains stable
D) making solid commitments

Question 11

By late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers describing themselves to __________.

A) focus mostly on their positive personality traits
B) avoid the use of qualifiers and social virtues
C) place less emphasis on personal and moral values
D) combine their traits into an organized system

Question 12

Fourteen-year-old Wesley's self-esteem is likely to __________ from mid- to late adolescence.

A) decline
B) rise
C) remain stable
D) fluctuate a lot

Question 13

Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 14

Seventeen-year-old Amberly is likely to place more emphasis on __________ in her self-description than 12-year-old Corey.

A) social virtues
B) academic ability
C) athletic ability
D) physical attractiveness

Question 15

Which statement exemplifies 15-year-old Noah's awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next?

A) "I am an honest person."
B) "I have a fairly quick temper."
C) "I am not smart."
D) "I am a happy person."

Question 16

Once formed, identity __________.

A) remains stable throughout the lifespan
B) continues to be refined in adulthood
C) tends to be rigid and ready-made
D) prevents people from questioning their choices

Question 17

Individuals in identity moratorium __________.

A) have not yet made definite commitments
B) are not actively trying to reach goals or values
C) are committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values
D) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives

Question 18

Landon's parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Which dimensions of self-evaluation is he likely to add to those of middle childhood?

A) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence
B) athletic and academic ability and physical attractiveness
C) physical attractiveness and relationships with family members
D) friendship, integrity, and honesty and academic ability

Question 19

According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.

A) trust
B) identity
C) autonomy
D) intimacy

Question 20

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences __________.

A) mistrust
B) isolation
C) inferiority
D) role confusion

Question 21

__________ individuals are the least mature in identity development.

A) Long-term diffused
B) Identity-achieved
C) Identity-foreclosed
D) Short-term moratorium

Question 22

Xiao is an adolescent immigrant from a culture that values interdependent qualities. The longer his family has been in the United States, the less Xiao feels committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Xiao may experience __________.

A) acculturative stress
B) bicultural avoidance
C) ethnic identity foreclosure
D) ethnic identity moratorium

Question 23

Young people who __________ tend to have committed to values and goals and are on their way to identity achievement.

A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions
B) have close bonds with their parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation
C) rarely, if ever, experience warm, open communication with their parents
D) have permissive or uninvolved parents and report the lowest levels of parental support

Question 24

In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Dolph states, "Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there'd be no civilization, just crime and violence." Dolph is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation
B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation
D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

Question 25

Which strategy helps minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively?

A) Foster ethnic pride and encourage separation from other ethnic groups.
B) Promote parenting that discourages exploration of minority values.
C) Ensure that schools respect minority youths' native languages.
D) Discourage adoption of values from the dominant culture.

Question 26

Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the "Heinz dilemma." He tends to overlook people's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation
B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation
C) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation
D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation

Question 27

Which statement about Lawrence Kohlberg's well-known "Heinz dilemma" is true?

A) It is the content of the response that determines moral maturity.
B) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on avoidance of punishment as a reason for behaving morally.
C) It is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma that determines moral maturity.
D) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on obeying the law as a reason for behaving morally.

Question 28

Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always attainable. Hershel is probably __________.

A) identity-achieved
B) identity-diffused
C) in identity moratorium
D) identity-foreclosed

Question 29

At times, Drucilla is anxious and depressed about finding commitments, but she uses an active, information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems: She seeks out relevant information, evaluates it carefully, and critically reflects on her views. Drucilla is experiencing identity __________.

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 30

Biculturally identified adolescents tend to __________.

A) be identity-foreclosed or identity-diffused more often than identity-achieved
B) have especially positive relations with members of other ethnic groups
C) refuse to adopt values from both their subculture and the dominant culture
D) have a less secure ethnic identity than monocultural adolescents

Question 31

Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition.

A) moratorium; foreclosure
B) achievement; diffusion
C) foreclosure; diffusion
D) moratorium; achievement

Question 32

College students usually __________.

A) make progress on genuine intimacy in relationships before experiencing identity concerns
B) settle on a self-definition earlier than those who go to work immediately after high school
C) make more identity progress than they did in high school because college offers opportunities for exploration
D) are at risk for identity foreclosure or diffusion because they rarely encounter obstacles before realizing their goals

Question 33

Identity-foreclosed individuals __________.

A) seek out and carefully evaluate information
B) doubt that anything can ever be known with certainty
C) display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style
D) display an active, information-gathering style

Question 34

Emma believes that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. She is at Kohlberg's __________ level.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) principled

Question 35

Individuals at Kohlberg's postconventional level __________.

A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences
B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order
C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies
D) view behaviors that result in punishment as bad and those that lead to rewards as good

Question 36

Teenagers with __________ are more involved in exploring relationship issues, such as what they value in close friends and in a life partner.

A) foreclosed identities
B) permissive parents
C) warm, trusting peer ties
D) diffused identities

Question 37

In a Canadian study asking 12- to 20-year-olds to justify why they regarded themselves as the same continuous person, Native Canadian youths __________.

A) described an enduring personal essence, a core self that remained the same despite change
B) emphasized a constantly transforming self, resulting from new roles and relationships
C) emphasized that change made them doubt that they would ever feel certain about anything
D) described a core self that internalized societal values and beliefs without deliberate evaluation

Question 38

In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Marlee says, "No one will think you're bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you're an inhumane husband if you don't. If you let your wife die, you'll never be able to look anyone in the face again." Marlee is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation
B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation
C) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation
D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation

Question 39

At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, children __________.

A) want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person"
B) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person
C) take societal laws into account when making moral choices
D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors

Question 40

At Kohlberg's preconventional level, individuals __________.

A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences
B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order
C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies
D) regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest

Question 41

In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, parent‒child disputes over __________ increase during the teenage years.

A) social conventions
B) moral situations
C) personal affairs
D) cultural values

Question 42

Gilligan argues that Kohlberg's theory of moral understanding __________.

A) does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women
B) does not adequately represent the morality of boys and men
C) shows that there are no sex differences in moral reasoning
D) overemphasizes the role of emotion in moral judgment

Question 43

Kohlberg's original research and other longitudinal studies confirm that with few exceptions, individuals __________.

A) reach Stage 6 by late adolescence or early adulthood
B) move through his first four stages in the predicted order
C) achieve the postconventional level of moral understanding
D) rarely move beyond Stage 3 of moral understanding

Question 44

According to one reexamination of Kohlberg's stages, __________.

A) "postconventional" morality is based on social conformity
B) people must reach Stages 5 and 6 to be considered truly morally mature
C) moral maturity can be found in a revised understanding of Stages 3 and 4
D) "postconventional" morality is attainable if you rely on your intuition

Question 45

College students who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.

A) report fewer close friendships
B) indicate they are more aware of social diversity
C) have more like-minded friends
D) have fewer cross-race friendships

Question 46

Which factor is likely to strengthen moral identity?

A) permissive parenting
B) community service
C) like-minded peer groups
D) authoritarian parenting

Question 47

On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females __________.

A) are more likely than males to focus on themes of justice
B) display reasoning at a lower stage than their male agemates
C) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates, and often at a higher stage
D) focus on themes of both justice and caring, while males focus only on themes of caring

Question 48

Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.

A) have parents who permit them to make all their own decisions
B) more often participate in conversations with their friends
C) have more homogeneous friendships and school communities
D) have parents who ask fewer clarifying questions

Question 49

Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females taps both care and justice, __________.

A) females more than males tend to emphasize justice
B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care
C) females more than males tend to focus equally on justice and care
D) males more than females tend to emphasize care

Question 50

The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are __________.

A) predictable and universal
B) highly organized and sequential
C) attained in a neat, stepwise fashion
D) loosely organized and overlapping

Question 51

Which statement about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true?

A) College students are no more advanced in moral reasoning than non-college-bound high school graduates.
B) Students who experience unjust treatment are more likely to view excluding a peer as a moral transgression.
C) Students in schools with nondiscrimination and antibullying policies have fewer opportunities to reason morally.
D) College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.

Question 52

Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, __________.

A) few people move beyond Stage 4
B) research only verifies the first three stages
C) current research suggests there are at least eight stages
D) no clear evidence exists that Stage 2 actually follows Stage 1

Question 53

Higher-stage moral thinkers __________.

A) more often engage in cheating
B) less often volunteer in their communities
C) less often act prosocially by helping or sharing
D) more often defend victims of injustice

Question 54

Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg's higher stages the longer a person __________.

A) is alive
B) attends church
C) remains in school
D) is employed

Question 55

In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers, those who emphasized __________ in their self-descriptions displayed exceptional levels of community service.

A) moral traits and goals
B) involvement in sports
C) individualism
D) justice-based reasoning

Question 56

The connection between more mature moral reasoning and action is __________.

A) nil
B) weak
C) modest
D) strong

Question 57

With age, teenagers __________.

A) are less likely to believe that gay and lesbian youths have the right to be free from discrimination in school
B) are more likely to say that exclusion of a child from a peer group on the basis of gender is always unfair
C) are less mindful of the overlap between moral imperatives and strongly held social conventions
D) increasingly defend the government's right to limit individual freedom to engage in risky behaviors, in the interest of the larger public good

Question 58

At Kohlberg's Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.

A) 3, the "good boy‒good girl" orientation
B) 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
C) 5, the social contract orientation
D) 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

Question 59

Responses to moral dilemmas in both village societies and industrialized cultures that highly value interdependence __________ than in North America and Western Europe.

A) place greater weight on individual rights
B) are less other-directed
C) are more other-directed
D) place greater weight on justice

Question 60

In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Ruby explains, "It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation
B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation
D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

Question 61

Although 15-year-old Darnell does not yet make many independent decisions, he is relying more on himself and less on his parents for support and guidance. Darnell is developing the __________ component of adolescent autonomy.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) ethical

Question 62

Effective parenting of adolescents strikes a balance between __________ and __________.

A) freedom; coerciveness
B) connection; separation
C) control; coercion
D) separation; freedom

Question 63

Seventeen-year-old Saffron strives to rely on herself and not on her parents for decision making. Saffron is developing __________.

A) moral self-relevance
B) identity foreclosure
C) autonomy
D) identity diffusion

Question 64

Compared with nonaffiliated youths, teenagers who remain part of a religious community are __________.

A) less morally mature
B) more likely to display antisocial behavior
C) advantaged in moral values and behavior
D) less likely to report trusting relationships with parents

Question 65

During adolescence, sibling __________.

A) relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings
B) relationships often become more intense, in both positive and negative feelings
C) rivalry peaks, often causing moderate to significant family conflict
D) relationships are more intense in negative feelings and less intense in positive feelings

Question 66

Parents who __________ interfere with the development of autonomy.

A) are authoritative
B) permit teens to explore ideas
C) are psychologically controlling
D) monitor their teens' daily activities

Question 67

An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to __________.

A) rely more on parental support
B) view their parents as "just people"
C) solve problems less efficiently
D) idealize their parents

Question 68

Sonja, age 15, is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is __________.

A) shared interests
B) mutual friends
C) shared activities
D) intimacy

Question 69

Seventeen-year-old Inez carefully weighs her own judgment and the suggestions of others to arrive at a personally satisfying, well-reasoned independent decision. Inez has developed the __________ component of adolescent autonomy.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) ethical

Question 70

Mild to moderate family conflict __________.

A) is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents
B) often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry
C) informs parents of teenagers' changing needs, signaling a need for adjustments in the parent-child relationship
D) interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems

Question 71

Which factor or set of factors is linked to a variety of favorable outcomes, such as prevention of delinquency, reduction in sexual activity, improved school performance, and positive psychological well-being?

A) permissive parenting, noninterference with daily activities, and allowing the adolescent to withhold information from parents
B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information
C) parental insistence on family closeness and obedience to authority, while insisting that the adolescent disclose all information
D) immigrant parents from cultures that highly value family closeness reacting strongly to adolescent disagreement

Question 72

Throughout adolescence, __________.

A) siblings increasingly look to older brothers and sisters for direction
B) siblings show one another decreased empathy and prosocial behavior
C) attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people
D) sibling rivalry increases, regardless of the strength of childhood bonds

Question 73

The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their parents results from __________.

A) a sharp increase in parent-child conflict
B) the lack of unstructured time available to teenagers
C) adolescents' view that parents are not "cool"
D) the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers

Question 74

Parents who __________ usually find it easier to grant teenagers appropriate autonomy and experience less conflict with them.

A) have time-consuming, stressful jobs and multiple interests outside the home
B) have a permissive parenting style
C) are financially secure and content with their marriages
D) have an authoritarian parenting style

Question 75

According to the pragmatic approach to morality, __________.

A) everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals
B) everyday moral judgments are efforts to arrive at just solutions
C) people never use moral judgments for immoral purposes
D) Kohlberg's stage sequence adequately accounts for morality in everyday life

Question 76

In cultures that place a high priority on interdependence, __________.

A) teenagers view autonomy as self-endorsed decision making
B) autonomy is not a central adolescent motive
C) teenagers equate autonomy with independent decision making
D) teenagers accept their parents' decisions because they feel pressured to comply

Question 77

About 70 percent of Americans __________.

A) report no religious affiliation
B) rate religion as very important in their lives
C) rate religion as somewhat important in their lives
D) regularly attend religious services from ages 13 to 15

Question 78

__________ rises over the adolescent years.

A) Self-disclosure between friends
B) Number of best friends
C) Peer conflict
D) Time spent with siblings

Question 79

Number of best friends declines from about __________ in early adolescence to __________ in adulthood.

A) six to eight; four or five
B) six to eight; two or three
C) four to six; one or two
D) three or four; one

Question 80

Throughout adolescence, __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.

A) the quality of the parent-child relationship
B) academic achievement
C) clique membership
D) moral development