Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Which statement is true about free-radical damage?

A) It triggers biological aging.
B) It reduces longevity.
C) It increases with age.
D) It decreases with age.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As the lens of the eye stiffens and thickens with age, __________.

A) ability to see objects far away declines
B) ability to focus on close objects declines
C) color discrimination improves slightly
D) more light reaches the retina

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the cross-linkage theory of aging, bonds between protein fibers in connective tissue can lead to __________.

A) tightening of the skin and strengthening of the kidneys
B) loss of flexibility in the skin and clogging of arteries
C) increased flexibility and strengthening of the bones
D) reduced production of many hormones, especially estrogen

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Doyle wants to protect the health of his endocrine system. The safest approach for Doyle is __________.

A) increasing his body fat
B) hormone therapy
C) genetic reconstruction
D) diet and physical activity

Question 5

Almeda's skin has lost some flexibility and the lens of her left eye is beginning to cloud. She is concerned that the normally separate protein fibers that make up her body's connective tissue are forming bonds with one another. You can tell Almeda that she can reduce cross-linking by __________.

A) eating a healthy diet
B) decreasing her heart rate
C) increasing her body fat
D) moving less often

Question 6

The physical changes of the adult years are __________.

A) universal in all members of our species
B) multidimensional and multidirectional
C) similar across all parts of the body
D) stagelike-occurring in a predictable sequence

Question 7

Decreased vigor of the immune response seems to be __________.

A) caused by the cumulative effects of random events
B) caused by the separation of normally bonded protein fibers
C) genetically programmed but intensified by other aging processes
D) affected by elevated free-radical activity and increased telomerase

Question 8

Senescence __________.

A) begins at the moment of conception and accelerates after age 40
B) occurs across all parts of the body at the same time and speed
C) begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency
D) occurs because the physical body wears out from use

Question 9

One hypothesized cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the __________.

A) lengthening of telomeres
B) production of androgens
C) release of free radicals
D) increase of synapses

Question 10

Telomeres __________.

A) lengthen with age, allowing the cells to duplicate
B) accelerate somatic mutations, such as those involved in cancer
C) lie directly in the middle of chromosomes
D) protect the ends of chromosomes from destruction

Question 11

Lorenzo quit smoking and reduced his alcohol intake. At the same time, he improved his healthy eating behaviors and increased his physical activity. Lorenzo's lifestyle changes are likely to __________.

A) decrease telomerase activity
B) hasten telomere shortening
C) increase telomerase activity
D) slow telomere lengthening

Question 12

The __________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that longevity is a family trait.

A) genetically programmed
B) wear-and-tear
C) random events
D) cross-linkage

Question 13

Telomere shortening predicts __________.

A) earlier death
B) slower disease progression
C) slower biological aging
D) gains in telomerase activity

Question 14

An enzyme called telomerase __________.

A) causes cells to become senescent
B) can lengthen telomeres
C) hastens telomere shortening
D) can age cells

Question 15

In some species, __________ is/are associated with longer life.

A) telomere shortening
B) elevated free-radical activity
C) the absence of telomerase
D) cross-linked protein fibers

Question 16

According to the "random events" theory of biological aging, __________.

A) DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through mutations
B) as time goes on, the human body wears out from repeated use
C) "aging genes" control the deterioration of body cells
D) environmental factors have little impact on human aging

Question 17

Age-related declines in hearing __________.

A) are more than twice as rapid for men as for women
B) begin at low frequencies and gradually extend higher
C) are slightly more rapid for women than for men
D) begin after age 50 for most men and women

Question 18

Nora's grandfather lived to be 87, and her father is still alive at the age of 98. Nora concludes that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life. Nora should know that __________.

A) there is no reliable data on the heritability of longevity, so the cumulative effects of random events probably contributed to the long lives of her relatives
B) the lifespans of fraternal twins are just as similar as the lifespans of identical twins, indicating that longevity is probably not a heritable trait
C) rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk and protective factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later
D) the heritability of longevity is high, ranging from .75 to .95 for age at death, indicating that longevity is directly related to genetic factors

Question 19

According to the "random events" theory, as spontaneous or externally caused mutations accumulate, __________.

A) cell repair becomes more efficient
B) abnormal cancerous cells are often produced
C) cell replacement becomes more efficient
D) telomeres lengthen, protecting the aging cell

Question 20

The strongest evidence for __________ comes from research showing that human cells allowed to divide in the laboratory have a lifespan of 50 divisions, plus or minus 10.

A) the existence of "aging genes"
B) the "random events" theory of aging
C) the cross-linkage theory of aging
D) behavioral modification of aging

Question 21

The immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy __________ in the body.

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) telomeres
D) antigens

Question 22

T cells __________.

A) secrete antibodies that multiply and capture antigens
B) are neutralized or destroyed during the immune response
C) directly attack foreign substances in the body
D) release more antibodies when B cells are present

Question 23

Atherosclerosis typically develops __________.

A) during middle or late adulthood
B) more slowly after sexual maturity
C) very rapidly before age 35, leading to sudden heart failure
D) early in life and progresses during middle adulthood

Question 24

What was discovered when the mean ages for best performance of Olympic and professional athletes in a variety of sports were charted over time?

A) Ages of best performance rose over time.
B) Absolute performance in most events improved over time.
C) Tasks that required speed of limb movement peaked in the early thirties.
D) Tasks that depended on endurance typically peaked in the early twenties.

Question 25

Yao is 45 years old. How has the maximum vital capacity of his lungs changed from when he was 25?

A) It has decreased by about 10 percent.
B) It has decreased by about 20 percent.
C) It has remained constant.
D) It has increased by about 10 percent.

Question 26

To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on __________.

A) sedentary adults
B) competitive athletes
C) men in their mid- to late thirties
D) women in their childbearing years

Question 27

Which statement about the relationships among income, education, occupational status, and health in the United States is true?

A) Income, education, and occupational status show strong, continuous relationships with almost every disease and health indicator over the lifespan.
B) Improving socioeconomic conditions would do little to close ethnic gaps in health because there is no evidence that SES accounts for the white health advantage.
C) Variations in health and mortality due to SES are smaller in the United States than in other industrialized nations because poor U.S. families are financially better off.
D) In the United States, SES groups experience smaller inequalities in environmental factors that affect health, such as housing, pollution, and education.

Question 28

Cesar has a body mass index (BMI) of 27. Cesar is __________.

A) on target with regard to BMI
B) heavyset, but not overweight
C) overweight, but not obese
D) an obese adult

Question 29

Darlene has heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collected on the walls of her main arteries. Darlene has __________.

A) hypertension
B) osteoporosis
C) arrhythmia
D) atherosclerosis

Question 30

Which athlete's skills will probably peak latest in life?

A) Gregor, a sprinter
B) Min, a tennis player
C) Rose, a long-distance runner
D) Han, a high-jumper

Question 31

__________ secrete antibodies into the bloodstream that multiply, capture foreign substances, and permit the blood system to destroy them.

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Telomeres
D) Antigens

Question 32

Vivica, who is African American, and Jolene, who is European American, are both active and eat healthy foods. Which statement is true about their risk of hypertension and heart disease as they age?

A) Vivica has a higher risk of hypertension, but Jolene has a higher risk of heart disease.
B) Jolene has a higher risk of hypertension, but Vivica has a higher risk of heart disease.
C) Vivica has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease than Jolene.
D) Jolene has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease than Vivica.

Question 33

Most Americans eat __________.

A) to maintain the body's functions
B) the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables
C) the right amount but the wrong types of food
D) because they feel like it or because it is time to do so

Question 34

Which adult is the most likely to be obese?

A) Jenn, a European American
B) Jasmine, a Hispanic American
C) Victoria, a Native American
D) Veronica, an African American

Question 35

Physical changes of aging in the __________ system begin in the late thirties, accelerate in the fifties, and slow in the seventies.

A) cardiovascular
B) reproductive
C) nervous
D) skeletal

Question 36

Carly, age 24, has a 22 percent increase over average body weight, based on her age, sex, and physical build. Carly is __________.

A) an obese adult
B) overweight, but not obese
C) probably suffering from a metabolic disorder
D) heavyset, but not overweight

Question 37

Which statement about rates of overweight and obesity in the United States is true?

A) Overweight children and adolescents typically lose weight between ages 25 and 50.
B) First-generation adults have lower odds of becoming obese than their foreign-born counterparts.
C) A substantial number of people show large weight gains between ages 25 and 50.
D) The overweight rate exceeds the obesity rate, which indicates that the trend is improving.

Question 38

__________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.

A) Sex hormones
B) Over-the-counter medications
C) Free radicals
D) Low body weight

Question 39

Regena, age 50, is likely to have __________ than 25-year-old Owen.

A) a smaller thymus
B) softer artery walls
C) more fast-twitch muscle fibers
D) thicker cartilage in the joints

Question 40

Which statement about U.S. death rates and causes of death is true?

A) The leading cause of death between 25 and 44 years of age is suicide.
B) Homicide death rates rise with age, while disease death rates decline.
C) Death rates for all causes exceed those of many other industrialized nations.
D) Men between the ages of 25 and 44 are more vulnerable to cancer than women.

Question 41

Nadine, an average-weight adult, gained a small amount of weight between the ages of 25 and 50. Nadine should know that __________.

A) slight weight gain in adulthood is probably due to underlying health issues
B) this is a normal part of aging, resulting from a drop in basal metabolic rate
C) weight gain in adulthood is not associated with the same health problems as pediatric weight gain
D) obesity is a personal choice and she should decide if she wants to suffer the social discrimination

Question 42

__________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.

A) Alcoholism
B) Cigarette smoking
C) Drug use
D) Obesity

Question 43

Sexual partners, whether dating, cohabiting, or married, tend to be similar in __________.

A) age, education, and ethnicity
B) age and education, but not in ethnicity
C) ethnicity and education, but not in age
D) age and ethnicity, but not in education

Question 44

Physical activity __________.

A) reduces anxiety and depression
B) improves mood, but decreases alertness
C) decreases mood, alertness, and energy
D) decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex

Question 45

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that no more than 10 percent of total caloric intake be made up of __________.

A) whole grains
B) proteins
C) saturated fat
D) unsaturated fat

Question 46

Family and friends can help a dieter by __________.

A) keeping track of what the dieter eats and noting when he or she goes off the diet
B) pointing out how the extra weight prevents people from leading an active lifestyle
C) avoiding discussions about food and limiting the dieter's social invitations
D) offering encouragement, which helps foster the dieter's self-esteem and self-efficacy

Question 47

At the end of the teenage years, nearly 70 percent of U.S. young people __________.

A) report regular heavy drinking
B) have used mobile dating apps
C) have had sexual intercourse
D) report binge drinking during the past month

Question 48

Alcohol dependency is more likely in cultures where alcohol is __________.

A) regularly served to and around minors
B) a traditional part of ceremonial activities
C) a common part of religious activities
D) carefully controlled and a sign of adulthood

Question 49

Virgil, Pearl, Sherise, and Alonso recently joined a support group for alcoholics. Which statement is probably true?

A) All will likely to break their addictions.
B) Two of them will relapse within a few months.
C) Three of them will break their addiction to alcohol.
D) Only one of them will relapse within the next year.

Question 50

Which statement about smoking is true?

A) Compared to tobacco, marijuana use is much more addictive.
B) The largest drop in cigarette use is among women who did not finish high school.
C) Of young people who smoke cigarettes, the overwhelming majority started before age 21.
D) Although college students' marijuana use has decreased, their use of cigarettes has risen.

Question 51

In the United States, alcohol and drug use is most common among __________.

A) 14- to 18-year-olds
B) 19- to 25-year-olds
C) 26- to 30-year-olds
D) 31- to 35-year-olds

Question 52

Research indicates that __________ play(s) a role in the age-related rise in cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and colon cancer.

A) unsaturated fat
B) saturated fat
C) whole grains
D) complex carbohydrates

Question 53

Saturated fat __________.

A) is found in corn, soybean, and safflower oils
B) generally comes from meat and dairy products
C) is linked to reduced cardiovascular disease mortality
D) should make up 30 percent of total caloric intake

Question 54

Regular physical activity is linked to __________.

A) a slight decline in energy level
B) a slight decline in the immune response
C) reduced incidence of breast and colon cancer
D) production of LDLs and removal of HDLs

Question 55

The best-known complication of chronic alcohol use is __________.

A) anxiety
B) liver disease
C) brain damage
D) cardiovascular disease

Question 56

The earlier young people start smoking, the __________.

A) greater their daily cigarette use
B) greater the likelihood of quitting before age 30
C) smaller their chances of heart attack and stroke
D) smaller the exposure to toxins

Question 57

The average number of calories and amount of sugar and fat consumed by Americans __________.

A) sharply increased after 1970
B) is lower today than it was in 1980
C) has slowly decreased since the turn of the twenty-first century
D) fell steadily in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

Question 58

January engages in regular exercise. As a result, January is __________.

A) more likely to develop diabetes
B) likely to have higher blood pressure
C) likely to recover more slowly from a cold
D) less likely to catch a cold or the flu

Question 59

Star would like to improve her nutrition and reduce her risk of disease. One suggestion that you could make to Star is to __________.

A) replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat
B) eat fewer complex carbohydrates
C) engage in less resistance exercise
D) consume less unhealthy, unsaturated fats

Question 60

Andre is an overweight adult. Compared with his normal-weight agemates, Andre is __________.

A) less likely to receive financial aid for college
B) less likely to report mistreatment by peers
C) more likely to find a mate
D) more likely to be offered a job

Question 61

Which statement about cognitive development in early adulthood is true?

A) Pruning of synapses progresses at a faster pace in early adulthood than in adolescence.
B) Growth and myelination of stimulated neural fibers progress at a faster pace than in adolescence.
C) The prefrontal cognitive-control network becomes imbalanced with the brain's emotional/social network.
D) The cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the prefrontal cortex.

Question 62

Which statement is true about stress in early adulthood?

A) Young adults are better than middle-aged and older adults at coping with stress.
B) Early adulthood is marked as one of the least stressful times of life.
C) Psychological stress has little impact on physical health in early adulthood.
D) Young adults more often report depressive symptoms than middle-aged people.

Question 63

When adults of any age are asked how many sexual partners they have had in the past year, the usual reply is __________.

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) five

Question 64

Which statement about sexual attitudes over the past four decades is true?

A) Approval of extramarital sex has remained consistently high.
B) Approval of extramarital sex increased after the mid-2000s.
C) Acceptance of premarital sex has remained consistently low.
D) Acceptance of premarital sex rose sharply after the mid-2000s.

Question 65

__________ adults are better than __________ adults at coping with stress.

A) Young; middle-aged
B) Middle-aged and older; young
C) Lower-SES; higher-SES
D) Young; older

Question 66

Which statement about rape prevention and treatment is true?

A) Practically no services are available for victimized men, who are often too embarrassed to come forward.
B) The trauma induced by rape is typically so personal that group therapy is an ineffective intervention.
C) Because sexual coercion is a violent crime, it has little to do with gender inequality or stereotyping.
D) Safety planning interventions are not needed if the abuser is no longer present in the victim's life.

Question 67

Xavier believes everything his college professor says because she is in a respected position. He thinks that knowledge is certain and that the professor has that knowledge. Xavier is engaged in __________.

A) pragmatic thought
B) dualistic thinking
C) relativistic thinking
D) commitment within relativistic thinking

Question 68

Which statement about the sex lives of American adults is true?

A) More men than women report persistent sexual problems.
B) Single people have more sex than people who are married or cohabiting.
C) Most married adults say they are only somewhat happy with their sex lives.
D) As number of sex partners increases, sexual satisfaction declines sharply.

Question 69

Victims of rape and other sexual crimes report __________.

A) less alcohol and substance use, but more social anxiety
B) less fatigue and depression, but more substance abuse
C) more symptoms of illness across almost all body systems
D) fewer negative health behaviors, like smoking and drinking

Question 70

__________ of Millennials approve of legalized same-sex marriage.

A) Almost one-third
B) Just over half
C) Just under two-thirds
D) Nearly three-fourths

Question 71

Southern University is revising its sexual coercion prevention and treatment program. Which action step is the most likely to be effective?

A) Make treatment for both male and female student perpetrators optional.
B) Combat rape myths that victims "wanted it" and are to blame.
C) Increase public awareness that women rarely commit sexually aggressive acts.
D) Include safety planning for the survivor only when the perpetrator is still present.

Question 72

In the United States, __________.

A) men are substantially more likely than women to report a bisexual orientation
B) approximately 2 million adults identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender
C) acceptance of sexual minorities is greatest among highly educated people who are low in religiosity
D) heterosexual women judge sexual minorities more negatively than do heterosexual men

Question 73

Which statement about sexual coercion is true?

A) Perpetrators are typically from low-SES backgrounds.
B) Approximately 9 percent of U.S. women have endured rape.
C) People of all SES and ethnic groups are offenders and victims.
D) Men who commit rape tend to pursue emotionally intimate relationships.

Question 74

The sexual problems most often reported by men are anxiety about performance and __________.

A) lack of interest in sex
B) inability to achieve orgasm
C) climaxing too early
D) a partner's lack of technique

Question 75

Male victims of sexual coercion __________.

A) often face unsympathetic and blaming social attitudes
B) are more likely than female victims to report these crimes
C) are more likely to report male than female perpetrators
D) often say that perpetrators encouraged them to be sober

Question 76

Which statement about sexual coercion is true?

A) Men who commit rape and sexual coercion often approve of violence, but rarely accept rape myths.
B) When men are taught to be dominant, competitive, and aggressive, the themes of rape are reinforced.
C) Despite expectations to the contrary, alcohol abuse appears to have no role in most cases of sexual coercion.
D) Rape is more likely to occur in relationships where other forms of aggression are not tolerated.

Question 77

The majority of victims of rape or other forms of sexual coercion were first victimized __________, and the perpetrators are usually __________.

A) older than 25; a similar age
B) before age 25; men they know well
C) before age 25; acquaintances or strangers
D) older than 25; sober at the time of the attack

Question 78

Young people between 25 and 34 are __________.

A) most likely to meet a partner at work
B) the most avid users of dating sites and apps
C) unlikely to use the Internet to meet a partner
D) likely to have had 2-4 partners in the past year

Question 79

Dr. Castillo focuses her research on postformal thought. She studies how __________ in adulthood.

A) personal effort takes precedence over social experiences
B) ways of thinking make it harder to accept uncertainties
C) thinking becomes increasingly rational and flexible
D) thinking is restructured and becomes less practical

Question 80

Bryson and his co-workers are developing a new sales strategy. When Bryson's conclusions differ radically from the rest of the team, he considers the justifiability of his conclusions and revises them slightly. Bryson is engaged in __________.

A) epistemic cognition
B) dualistic thinking
C) relativistic thinking
D) commitment within relativistic thinking