Deck 5: Separate and Together: Life in Groups

Question 1

Which of the following statements is NOT true about in-groups?

A) In-group members feel loyalty to the group.
B) In-group membership is often temporary.
C) In-group members have a sense of belonging.
D) In-groups have a feeling of superiority over out-groups.
E) In-group members are biased in favor of their fellow members.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?

A) primary groups
B) in-groups
C) reference groups
D) secondary groups
E) institutional groups

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In all probability, the sociology professor giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?

A) impersonality
B) specialization
C) rules and regulations
D) written communications
E) hierarchy

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a secondary group?

A) They are larger and more anonymous than primary groups.
B) They are often formal or impersonal.
C) They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.
D) They sometimes break down into primary groups.
E) They depend on emotional intimacy for their existence.

Question 5

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd?

A) A group doesn't necessarily share any common attribute.
B) A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a shared identity.
C) A group doesn't have ongoing social relations.
D) Members of a crowd don't interact with one another.
E) A group doesn't usually feel a sense of shared identity.

Question 6

What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?

A) secondary groups
B) reference groups
C) interest groups
D) out-groups
E) primary groups

Question 7

Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?

A) aggregate
B) group
C) category
D) queue
E) all of the above

Question 8

Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which might she consider?

A) the age of the players
B) the desire to win of the players
C) the innate skill of the players
D) the shared hobbies of the players
E) the importance of winning to the players

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the nature of bureaucracies?

A) Max Weber thought of them as an "iron cage."
B) They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another.
C) They can be so bound up in red tape that their rules impede the purpose of the organization.
D) People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.
E) They have come to dominate modern social life, as predicted by Max Weber.

Question 10

Which of the following would NOT be considered an aggregate?

A) a collection of sightseers at a tourist attraction
B) a primary group
C) a crowd
D) a queue, or line
E) an audience

Question 11

John graduates from college with a degree in business administration and gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses that have contracts with the city. While working there, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game, which becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. Some weeks the game is the only thing he has to look forward to. What does this illustrate?

A) the absolute distinction between primary and secondary groups
B) the goal-oriented nature of primary groups
C) the way secondary groups produce nearly anonymous relationships
D) the way primary groups can lead to membership in secondary groups
E) the way secondary group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups

Question 12

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

A) a primary group.
B) a secondary group.
C) a reference group.
D) a bureaucratic group.
E) a social network.

Question 13

A barista at Jose's local coffee shop always greets him by name and usually notices his mood. Once when he was upset about something at school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose?

A) She is a "consequential stranger" and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.
B) She is a member of a primary group.
C) She fits neatly into the model of a secondary group.
D) She is a secondary group member trying to work her way into primary group status.
E) She is a member of the bourgeoisie.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a group in the sociological sense?

A) an extended family with members living in three different states
B) the audience at a Broadway show
C) a Little League baseball team
D) a bird-watching club
E) the chess club at a high school

Question 15

All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n):

A) category.
B) crowd.
C) aggregate.
D) group.
E) organization.

Question 16

If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a:

A) triad.
B) secondary group.
C) primary group.
D) professional group.
E) social network.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) formal organization
B) a division of labor
C) written rules
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 18

Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which in turn means that industrial and bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become less common if people have to move many times in their lives for work?

A) crowds
B) secondary groups
C) categories
D) primary groups
E) aggregates

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about primary groups?

A) Primary groups involve intimate, face-to-face interaction.
B) Primary groups are essential to an individual's well-being.
C) Primary groups never try to sanction members or otherwise affect their behavior.
D) Primary groups are usually small and long lasting.
E) Primary groups' values become fused into one's identity.

Question 20

Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group. Why not?

A) They won't form any lasting relationships with one another.
B) They share no meaningful features.
C) They don't find themselves in the same physical location.
D) They have many other interests and values that preclude them from ever becoming a group.
E) They don't interact in any meaningful way.

Question 21

In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men's networks different from women's?

A) Women are more likely to tell other women in their network about job opportunities.
B) Men are always more likely to hear about job opportunities.
C) If a woman's network has more women than men in it, she is less likely to hear about job openings.
D) If a man's network has more women than men in it, he is less likely to hear about job openings.
E) If a woman's network has more men than women in it, she is less likely to hear about job openings.

Question 22

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network?

A) to measure the homogeneity of the network
B) to determine if groupthink is an issue in a particular social network
C) to see if a particular tie is strong or weak
D) because sociologists don't care about frequency of contact
E) to see just how extensive a network is

Question 23

According to Robin Leidner in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers?

A) asked employees to always use customers' first names
B) tailored each work station to an employee's unique personal qualities
C) focused on giving each customer a unique eating experience
D) developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers
E) asked employees to customize their attire

Question 24

Simon Langlois studied government employment in Quebec. He found that even though the government had made efforts to formalize recruitment, over 40 percent of those surveyed found their jobs through personal contacts. In the majority of those cases, the personal contacts were fairly casual, not close friends. What principle is demonstrated here?

A) the strength of weak ties
B) the power of strong triads
C) the way reference groups affect people's behavior
D) the role group cohesion plays in determining behavior
E) the power of groupthink

Question 25

The Japanese management technique kaizen is considered innovative in that it does which of the following?

A) It allows workers to set their own hours, which in turn increases productivity.
B) It encourages workers to continue with their educational pursuits, through economic incentives.
C) It provides mediation for workplace disputes, which create better work place relations.
D) It allows workers to "trade" tasks with each other, limiting worker boredom in the process.
E) It encourages lower-level workers to suggest innovative ideas, making them feel valued.

Question 26

The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a social network. According to Conti, how is power measured within this sort of social network?

A) The most powerful members are those who most often win their disputes with other members.
B) The most powerful members are those with the most connections to other members.
C) The most powerful members are those who are involved in the fewest disputes with other members.
D) The most powerful members are those who can most often change the minds of other members.
E) The most powerful members are those who most often act ethically and morally.

Question 27

The definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Information Revolution. Which of the following is NOT evidence of this?

A) websites
B) chat rooms
C) online "self-help" groups
D) "virtual" relationships
E) electronic communities

Question 28

A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. In order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of?

A) decriminalization
B) rationalization
C) virtual communities
D) group dynamics
E) network theory

Question 29

In a Peruvian campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. In a pilot study, this effort largely failed. Government caseworkers lectured the villagers about germ theory, but villagers associated hot foods with illness and didn't like the taste of boiled water. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this demonstrate?

A) that reference groups play an important role in building primary group ties
B) that the need for more virtual communities is declining
C) that social ties don't just connect us to others, they influence our behavior
D) that modernization attempts largely fail without modern technology
E) the McDonaldization of society

Question 30

Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However, they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, because there simply isn't enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so. This means that most of America has to:

A) live in the suburbs.
B) live in apartments.
C) ride bicycles.
D) deal with bureaucracies.
E) compensate by paying high utility fees.

Question 31

If group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

A) a reference group
B) a social network
C) an in-group
D) a secondary group
E) a virtual community

Question 32

Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have, which is why he argued that, especially for finding employment, it is advantageous to have:

A) a commitment to hard work and a determination to succeed.
B) more casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.
C) parents and grandparents with high socioeconomic status.
D) a prestigious education in order to gain access to lucrative occupations.
E) a high degree of cultural and social capital.

Question 33

The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?

A) social networks
B) bureaucracy
C) charismatic authority
D) the McDonaldization of society
E) rationalization

Question 34

Social networks can influence people through contagion. What does that mean?

A) When connection leads to disease or infection, sociologists call it contagion.
B) The influence of various social networks is contagious. Networks tend to mimic each other over the long run.
C) This borrows from a biological model: if people are weak, they are likely to "catch" the influence of their social network.
D) When people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them.
E) All of these are true.

Question 35

In 2003 the U.S. Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. The army had tracked him to that location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, showing their links to other people. Starting with just four names, the map allowed army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. The search for Saddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of:

A) out-groups.
B) in-groups.
C) groupthink.
D) group cohesion.
E) network analysis.

Question 36

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread into everyday life of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating?

A) the iron cage
B) the spirit of capitalism
C) legal-rational authority
D) bureaucratic creep
E) McDonaldization

Question 37

How have social networking websites affected social groups?

A) They diminish the importance of primary groups, but not secondary, groups.
B) They reinforce the importance of bureaucracies.
C) They make primary groups expand to include many more members than before.
D) They minimize the importance of secondary groups, especially those associated with shared interests or education.
E) They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups.

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization, as George Ritzer used the term?

A) The McLibel support campaign, created to support members of a London environmental group being sued by McDonald's for libel over the contents of a fact sheet they distributed.
B) A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut."
C) A small farmer who raises organic free-range chickens says, "Sometimes it's really hard waking up before dawn and working to keep your flocks healthy, but in the end it's very rewarding, both emotionally and financially."
D) An apprentice that makes guitars in a workshop says, "You would never believe the hard work, the discipline, that go into the making of a single guitar, often custom made, for a specific client. It takes hundreds of hours of hard, careful labor, every step deliberated."
E) A guest at a bed-and-breakfast said, "It was marvelous, the innkeepers treated us like family. It was so comfortable and friendly, and charming and romantic."

Question 39

In "The Strength of Weak Ties," what does Mark Granovetter mean when he claims that weak ties can be strong?

A) Weak ties often develop into stronger ones.
B) We rely on weak ties for much of our emotional support.
C) Weak ties almost always are long-lasting and durable.
D) Weak ties matter more to us than other ties.
E) Even weak ties can provide valuable information.

Question 40

Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as:

A) social networks
B) reference groups
C) cliques
D) inner circles
E) in-groups

Question 41

According to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate?

A) increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds
B) a shift from secondary groups to primary groups
C) the increasing irrelevance of reference groups
D) the decline in exercise in favor of electronic media
E) the strength of weak ties

Question 42

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

A) rationalization
B) McDonaldization
C) group dynamics
D) in-group solidarity
E) anomie

Question 43

Robert Merton points out that people remember Abraham Lincoln, one of America's great heroes, as frugal, thrifty, and sparing, yet they describe these same traits differently when a member of a racial or ethnic minority possesses them. Merton suggests that a Japanese American might be described as stingy, miserly, and penny pinching. What explains this double standard?

A) Because of historical change, standards of behavior that were considered appropriate in Lincoln's time are now looked down upon.
B) Lincoln was miserly, but remembered differently because American textbooks are not permitted to say negative things about presidents.
C) Lincoln was a truly remarkable individual who acted in these ways selflessly, something everyday people can't hope to do.
D) Lincoln was following his conscience; people who act in these ways today are responding to peer pressure.
E) Lincoln was a part of the in-group of those who disparage the Japanese American, a member of the out-group.

Question 44

All over Los Angeles cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." What is this an example of?

A) group dynamics
B) the role gender plays in social networks
C) hostility toward an out-group
D) bureaucratic rationalization
E) the use of a reference group

Question 45

Members of a table tennis club in Upstate New York seem to have come together as much for connections with others as for the love of the game. This club can be viewed as a counterpoint to the message of Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone because:

A) it is an example of the way we continue to be socialized by the media into adulthood.
B) it is an example of a type of civic engagement that brings neighbors together.
C) it is an example of groupthink and shows how inflexible thought patterns are reproduced.
D) it is an example of the strength of weak ties.
E) it is an example of the importance of primary groups in our social lives.

Question 46

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

A) compliance
B) netiquette
C) etiquette
D) Internet standards and practices
E) web rules

Question 47

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists?

A) Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are less likely to try to achieve their goals and advance themselves.
B) Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to blindly follow orders and bow to peer pressure.
C) Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to have large social networks and maintain connections to their communities.
D) Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good.
E) Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are less likely to contribute to society economically.

Question 48

Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A- and B-mode responses to C-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test?

A) Americans have become more and more generous over the years, and their answers reflect a desire to give something back.
B) People care less about what researchers think about them, so they are more likely to answer honestly, admitting that they've always been selfish.
C) The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of group membership.
D) There was a fundamental shift in individual values and psychology that led to a long-term change in American social structure.
E) Increases in religiosity make more and more people want to define themselves in global or universal terms.

Question 49

A 28-year-old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. Because she didn't finish college until she was 25, she wonders about getting her career moving, especially since the entry-level job she has is not impressive. She decides to attend her 10-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. If her old high school classmates can have this influence on her ultimate decision, what do sociologists say they represent?

A) a group that has successfully responded to bureaucratic constraints
B) a reference group
C) a triad
D) a primary group
E) a particularly cohesive group

Question 50

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward her group is called:

A) influential power
B) expressive leadership
C) group cohesion
D) anomie
E) instrumental leadership

Question 51

George was getting ready to do his student teaching in a school district where he hopes to be employed after graduation. Over the weekend, some friends tagged George in several wild party pictures that they posted on the social networking site Facebook. On Monday the principal of the school called George, saying that they would not be able to work George into their schedule. What grounds would the principal have for making that decision?

A) There is no telling. Facebook privacy settings should have protected him.
B) The principal violated George's First Amendment right of free association.
C) Pictures of actions such as drinking and smoking are considered "red flags" by potential employers.
D) As long as the activities depicted in the photos were legal, the principal would have no grounds to deny George the job.
E) Potential employers can deny employment for any reason, or for no reason.

Question 52

Groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves (either positively, in terms of the positions we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the positions we wish to avoid) are called:

A) secondary groups.
B) reference groups.
C) out-groups.
D) in-groups.
E) networks.

Question 53

Robert Putnam's research can be exemplified by his description of a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns are overblown?

A) the increasing number of hours people tend to spend engaged with electronic media
B) the decline of movie theaters and the subsequent rise of services like Netflix
C) the increasing safety measures designed to make playgrounds less likely to cause injury
D) the sharp spike in the suicide rate in Eastern Europe over the past two decades
E) the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support

Question 54

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

A) increasing reliance on technology.
B) the rise of hate groups.
C) a need for new types of etiquette.
D) anomie, or normlessness.
E) unemployment.

Question 55

What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his own accomplishments?

A) secondary group
B) social network
C) team
D) reference group
E) primary group

Question 56

Although individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong?

A) when the in-group is particularly large
B) when the individual has belonged to the in-group for a short time
C) when the out-group is from another city than the in-group
D) when the out-group has a great deal of interaction with the in-group
E) when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are sharply defined

Question 57

Sociologists are interested in how social groups have changed over time. Of particular note is the degree to which individuals base their identities on group membership. How has this changed in recent American history?

A) Americans today are more likely to base their self-concept on group membership.
B) There has been very little change in the past few decades.
C) Americans today are more likely to base their identity on secondary groups.
D) It is impossible to measure change in how Americans use group membership to form identities.
E) Americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past.

Question 58

When people attend high school class reunions, they often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures to those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n):

A) reference group.
B) secondary group.
C) out-group.
D) professional group.
E) identity group.

Question 59

The Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase "I am." Why is this test discussed in a chapter about social groups?

A) It was developed to measure the extent to which individuals follow the norms of their primary groups.
B) It helps sociologists understand the extent to which group norms constrain individuals.
C) It measures anomie.
D) It helps to map social networks by establishing what social ties exist between people.
E) It was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups.

Question 60

Expecting Rain is a website devoted to the life and work of Bob Dylan, and it includes a bulletin board where fans can have conversations with one another about their favorite albums. The website has rules prohibiting illegally copied materials and pornographic or provocative content. What are these rules called?

A) reference groups
B) netiquette
C) cohesion materials
D) virtual communities
E) triadic selves

Question 61

In 1978 Jim Jones, the leader of the People's Temple, forced more than 900 of his followers to commit suicide at gun point by drinking poisoned Flavor Aid. In the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocking and ridiculing anyone who expressed doubts, at times even having doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of:

A) the expressive self.
B) the Twenty Statements Test.
C) bureaucracy.
D) peer pressure.
E) an out-group.

Question 62

What factors can lead to increased group cohesion?

A) shared values
B) common traits
C) an attraction to the group as a whole
D) shared goals
E) all of the above

Question 63

Imagine that one of your professors has a large collection of offensive T-shirts, including one that reads, "I scream, you scream, we all scream for heroin." The professor makes sure to never wear this shirt to class, though, because she hopes to gain the rewards of continued employment and avoid being yelled at by her boss. What is this kind of conformity called?

A) identification
B) compliance
C) internalization
D) groupthink
E) peer pressure

Question 64

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in:

A) group solidarity.
B) laissez-faire decision making.
C) groupthink.
D) expressive leadership.
E) group dynamics.

Question 65

Which of the following is best suited to avoiding groupthink?

A) a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions
B) a strict meritocracy where only the best and brightest are hired
C) a small staff that communicates with one another a lot and is highly centralized
D) strict control over the flow of information into and out of an organization
E) a strong leader who controls every aspect of the decision-making process

Question 66

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity?

A) People are too lazy.
B) The tasks groups usually work on are not very interesting, which decreases motivation.
C) Time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members.
D) Group members never identify with the group thoroughly enough to give it their full attention.
E) There is no way to recognize group members for their efforts.

Question 67

If some sociologists set out to measure group cohesion within a neighborhood, which statement would you least expect to find on their survey?

A) "Overall, I find this neighborhood very attractive."
B) "I visit with my neighbors in their homes."
C) "If my neighbors were planning something, I would think of it as something 'we' were doing rather than something 'they' were doing."
D) "I feel a sense of loyalty to my neighbors."
E) "I feel comfortable in all sorts of neighborhoods."

Question 68

When someone joins the Green Party and then starts recycling old plastic bags because she believes it can help save the environment, this is an example of what type of conformity?

A) social networks
B) internalization
C) compliance
D) social atomism
E) individuation

Question 69

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff?

A) reliance on reference groups
B) groupthink
C) peer pressure
D) social influence
E) group cohesion

Question 70

What do sociologists call the conformity that is demonstrated by an individual dressing modestly in accordance with religious values, but doing so to avoid punishment rather than because she believes it truly matters?

A) identification
B) internalization
C) proscription
D) rational-legal authority
E) compliance

Question 71

What percentage of the subjects in the Asch experiments were "independents" who refused to give the wrong answer?

A) 1 percent
B) 3 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 50 percent
E) 95 percent

Question 72

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

A) the power of the group
B) the extent of social networks
C) the amount of information needed for basic decision-making processes
D) the value of teamwork compared to individual effort
E) the type of organization that can best achieve social goals

Question 73

Graduate students almost never attend graduate school at the institution where they were undergraduates, which means that a new graduate student is almost always living in a new and unfamiliar town. It's logical that many new grad students form social bonds among themselves and share activities. One popular activity is to gather after class for beer and pizza. If a new grad student doesn't like beer or pizza but accompanies the group anyway because he wants to make friends, this is an example of:

A) internalization.
B) compliance.
C) out-groups.
D) shared values.
E) identification.

Question 74

When individuals are members of groups, they are influenced by other members. What do sociologists call this?

A) internalization
B) commodification
C) peer pressure
D) rationalization
E) social loafing

Question 75

Before the Second Gulf War, many in the U.S. government believed that Iraq possessed significant stores of weapons of mass destruction. In part, this belief was supported by CIA intelligence reports that later turned out to be wrong. Some have blamed the intense need for group cohesion and loyalty for driving out anyone who disagreed with the analysis. What is this called?

A) a primary group
B) an out-group
C) a reference group
D) the impulsive self
E) groupthink

Question 76

The condition that often develops in large groups when tasks are neglected, because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit (or blame), is called:

A) regression toward the mean.
B) groupthink.
C) group polarization.
D) social loafing.
E) rationalization.

Question 77

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?

A) abnegation
B) identification
C) coercion
D) internalization
E) compliance

Question 78

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that:

A) an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members.
B) groups have great power to induce conformity.
C) the larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility.
D) when people are given a relatively simple task, they're unlikely to conform to a larger group.
E) peer pressure emerges when a group's task is relatively difficult or demanding.

Question 79

What is the danger of too much group cohesion?

A) It leads to endless rounds of discussion that tend to preclude any real action.
B) It makes group members more susceptible to anomie, normlessness.
C) It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group.
D) It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.
E) It makes it much harder for the group to achieve goals.

Question 80

Which of the following is a reason that group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?

A) social loafing
B) social identity theory
C) rationalization
D) socialization
E) identification