Deck 11: Parenting Roles and Child Socialization

Question 1

Standards for good parenting are the same, the world over.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to symbolic interactionists, personality consists of definitions of self with the predisposition to act and behave in ways consistent with these internalized definitions.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A symbolic interactionist frame of reference assumes that the same concepts and principles that apply to lower animals apply to humans.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The learning theory behaviorist framework assumes that the same concepts and principles that apply to lower animals apply to humans.

Question 5

Traditionally, the socialization and education of Kibbutz children were performed primarily by nurses and teachers rather than parents.

Question 6

According to the symbolic interaction perspective, the newborn infant is basically antisocial.

Question 7

Murray Straus suggests that the failure of more parents to use corporal punishment is a basic, if not the basic reason for the sex, drug, and delinquent behavior of adolescents.

Question 8

Mothers are incapable of "fathering" while fathers are incapable of "mothering."

Question 9

Social science research provides clear evidence that children raised by gay or lesbian parents are likely to be confused over their sexual identity and more likely to become homosexual themselves.

Question 10

Instrumental or operant conditioning places the focus on the response, whereas classical conditioning links a response to a known stimulus.

Question 11

The generalized other refers to labeling or stereotyping groups of people without regard to their personal qualities or characteristics.

Question 12

Claims of Freudian psychoanalytic regarding the importance of specific infant training practices to adult adjustment have received wide empirical support.

Question 13

Piaget, like Freud, believed that children pass through stages of development, but unlike Freud, emphasized reasoning and consciousness.

Question 14

Erikson sees the social order as completely in conflict with his eight stages of development.

Question 15

Researchers agree that spanking is harmful irrespective of the intensity, time, place, or context.

Question 16

Classic psychoanalytic theory stresses the importance of biological drives and unconscious processes.

Question 17

Attachment theory posits that children develop a sense of emotional security or insecurity
early in life based on how their parents react to them in social situations.

Question 18

The earliest and most important stage of development, according to the psychoanalytic frame of reference, is the phallic stage.

Question 19

According to a symbolic interactionist, "mother" is a social concept and may include father or brother.

Question 20

According to a symbolic interaction perspective, the most fruitful approach to understanding the behavior of individuals is to analyze the society of which they are a part.

Question 21

In the ____________ style of parenting, individuals feel comfortable with both proximityand some distance.

A) secure
B) insecure-resistant
C) insecure-avoidant
D) disorganized

Question 22

The children of mother-only households are themselves more likely to be poor and to be single parents.

Question 23

Of all racial/ethnic groups in the U.S., black children are most likely to live with single parents.

Question 24

Classical conditioning

A) links a response to a known stimulus.
B) places the focus of attention on the response.
C) has little to do with either stimulus or response.
D) requires internalized meaning.

Question 25

Sociologist Murray Straus recommends that corporal punishment

A) be used daily
B) be used only in emergencies
C) be used only with preschoolers
D) be eliminated

Question 26

Risman found that most men feel comfortable as single parents.

Question 27

Research suggests that men and husbands believe in innate, inborn gender roles more than women and wives.

Question 28

Research has shown that chemical substances such as progesterone, testosterone, or estrogen determine and predict behavior.

Question 29

McLanahan and Booth found that children in father-only families were much more likely to be poor than those in other family types.

Question 30

The way one defines or perceives oneself in terms of one's masculinity or femininity is referred to as gender identity.

Question 31

Sex typed behaviors are decreasing to a great extent and by adulthood, men and women are about equal in concerns about income and job security.

Question 32

In the socialization of males and females, empirical evidence suggests a continuation of gender-role stereotyping and gender segregation in spite of tremendous shifts in gender-role attitudes.

Question 33

According to the text, the most important years of the socialization process are the preschool years, less important are the school years, with the socialization process basically concluded by adolescence.

Question 34

The Khasi tribe in northeast India passes property and the family name from mother to daughter.

Question 35

A study of more than 400 lesbian and bisexual women noted that by early adolescence, these women were clear about their homosexual or bisexual identity.

Question 36

Socialization, the process of developing the self and of learning the ways of a given society and culture, is basically completed by ages 5 to 7.

Question 37

Single parents tend to socialize their children in more nontraditional and flexible gender-role values and behaviors.

Question 38

According to Baumrind, authoritative parents:

A) have high expectations and low levels of support
B) have low expectations and high levels of support
C) have high expectations and high levels of support
D) have low expectations and low levels of support

Question 39

Studies of hermaphrodites present convincing evidence that ones biological sex proves to be a powerful determinant of current gender role behavior.

Question 40

According to this theory, the reproductive strategy that best increases the likelihood that the female's genetic material will be passed on through her offspring is to limit her fertility and do all she can to protect and nurture the child to adulthood.

A) parental attachment
B) parental investment
C) early socialization
D) operant conditioning

Question 41

In Mead's theory of the development of the self, the generalized other becomes important during the stage known as

A) game.
B) preparatory.
C) latency.
D) play.

Question 42

Persons who are important to us and with whom we psychologically identify are termed

A) reference groups.
B) significant others.
C) generalized others.
D) all of the above depending on the time and place.

Question 43

In terms of value orientations, females were found to be more likely than males to

A) express concerns and responsibility for others.
B) accept materialism and competition.
C) indicate that purpose and meaning in life are not overly important.
D) do none of the above.

Question 44

According to traditional Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the key to feminine psychology is

A) the oral and anal stages of development.
B) the oedipal complex.
C) penis envy.
D) castration anxiety.

Question 45

Child development frames of reference, like those of Erikson and Piaget, tend to share with symbolic interaction theories an emphasis on

A) eight clearly defined stages of development throughout the life course.
B) language, reasoning, and social influences.
C) overt behaviors and learning through conditioning.
D) erotic impulses and unconscious processes.

Question 46

Socialization, according to a learning/behaviorist frame of reference, assumes and requires

A) language and reasoning.
B) breastfeeding and toilet training.
C) stimulus-response conditioning.
D) all of the above.

Question 47

Which statement is true from the perspective of the symbolic interaction frame of reference?

A) Personality becomes fixed by age 5 or 6.
B) The biological mother is the most important figure for children.
C) Physiological needs and drives explain most motivation.
D) None of the above are true.

Question 48

An assumption of a symbolic interaction frame of reference is that a difference between humans and nonhumans, or animals, is one of

A) kind.
B) degree.
C) intelligence.
D) all of the above.

Question 49

The organization of internalized roles is the

A) reference group.
B) significant other.
C) social self.
D) generalized other.

Question 50

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are more likely to

A) be confused over their own gender and sexual identity.
B) become homosexuals themselves.
C) suffer greater risk of depression and emotional difficulties.
D) do none of the above.

Question 51

The way one defines or perceives oneself in terms of being masculine or feminine is termed

A) androgynous capacity.
B) gender expectation.
C) sexual identity.
D) gender identity.

Question 52

According to a symbolic interactionist, the newborn infant at birth is

A) born with an id.
B) social.
C) antisocial.
D) asocial.

Question 53

Significant others

A) are the same as reference groups.
B) always include the biological mother.
C) are role models.
D) are or include all of the above three.

Question 54

To most adolescents, the key group of reference is

A) peers.
B) parents.
C) siblings.
D) teachers.

Question 55

The psychoanalytic stage of development in which a parent's child rearing techniques sets the stage for adults who are motivated to create things that will please another person is

A) oral.
B) phallic.
C) latent.
D) anal.

Question 56

According to Mead, the generalized other refers to

A) perceptions we hold toward those whom we don't know intimately.
B) responding to the expectations of several other people at the same time.
C) reacting to a reference group in contrast to a specific person.
D) the collection of all our significant others.

Question 57

The theorist who views the social order as resulting from and in harmony with his eight stages was

A) Freud.
B) Piaget.
C) Mead.
D) Erickson.

Question 58

Which one of the following is not a basic assumption of symbolic interaction theory?

A) Much of human behavior can be inferred from the study of animals.
B) Social behavior can be best understood through an analysis of the society in which people operate.
C) At birth, the human infant is asocial.
D) Socialized human beings are actors as well as reactors and can take the role of other.

Question 59

The category of persons who are most likely to believe in innate, inborn, sex roles are

A) anthropologists.
B) women and wives.
C) men and husbands.
D) symbolic interactionists.

Question 60

Personality, according to a symbolic interactionist, consists of

A) the interplay between the id, ego, and superego.
B) definitions of self and the predisposition to act and behave consistently.
C) operant and classical conditioning.
D) biological drives and innate processes.

Question 61

Compare the similarities and contrast the differences between the learning, Freudian, and child development theorists in their explanations of socialization.

Question 62

Research by John Money found that biological males, defined and reared as females,

A) preferred gun and truck toys over doll and cooking toys.
B) fell in love with females.
C) had an interest in mothering.
D) did both A and B above.

Question 63

Margaret Mead's classic study of three primitive tribes in New Guinea found that

A) human behavior was totally unpredictable and illogical.
B) men in all three tribes were the more aggressive and combative.
C) both men and women in the Arapesh and the Mundugumor tribe were passive, gentle, and unaggressive.
D) the typical gender roles found in Western cultures were reversed among the Tchambuli.

Question 64

The notion of inherited parenting traits can be traced to the evolutionary perspective of ______________________ theory.

Question 65

When symbolic interactionists claim the difference between humans and infrahumans, or animals, is not simply one of degree, but one of kind, what do they mean? Explain.

Question 66

According to Baumrind, ___________ parents lay down many rules and strictly and consistently enforce those rules using punishment techniques but do not discuss with the child the reasons for the rules or instill in them a set of principles they can use to regulate their own behaviors based on situational circumstances.

Question 67

__________ roles are the expectations associated with being masculine or feminine.

Question 68

A classic study of three primitive tribes in New Guinea by anthropologist __________ found great diversity in the attitudes, values, and behavior of both men and women.

Question 69

Studies today suggest that when men and women are employed within the same occupation,

A) traditional sex-typed behaviors continue.
B) women are more concerned than men about income, job security, and promotion.
C) men, more than women, prefer part-time employment.
D) gender role expectations become similar and approach equality.

Question 70

Discuss how and why models of good parenting can differ by context.

Question 71

__________ is the process of developing the self and of learning the ways of a given society and culture.

Question 72

How do parent-child attachment and parenting style affect children?

Question 73

In the ______________________ parenting style, the individual has a strong desire for closeness but is uncomfortable with any distance for fear of losing the attachment figure.

Question 74

According to Freud, the __________ stage is the period of growth during which the child is preoccupied with the genitals.

Question 75

Regarding gender role stereotyping and segregation in modern society, empirical evidence suggests

A) a dramatic decrease in these phenomena.
B) a continuation of these phenomena, despite tremendous shifts in gender role attitudes.
C) socialization to gender roles no longer emphasizes a differentiation between males and females.
D) gender role stereotyping is a myth perpetuated by feminists.

Question 76

Those persons who are very important to us and with whom we psychologically identify are termed __________.

Question 77

Within a learning-behaviorist frame of reference, instrumental conditioning, or what Skinner calls __________ conditioning, places the focus of attention on the response rather than any known stimuli.

Question 78

__________, a Swiss social psychologist, believed that there are four major stages of intellectual development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations.

Question 79

According to symbolic interactionists, the organization of internalized roles is the __________.

Question 80

The Khasi tribe in northeastern India was

A) pacifist.
B) patrilocal.
C) egalitarian.
D) matrilineal.