Deck 13: Family Stress and Violence

Question 1

Curing or eliminating an alcoholic or drug problem will generally eliminate domestic violence.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Some external stressors (such as war, flood, or depression) may unify the family into a more cohesive unit rather than cause it to break down.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most Swiss college students report never having been spanked by parents.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A longitudinal study in New Zealand reported that exposure to abusive treatment during childhood resulted in elevated roles of juvenile offending, alcohol abuse, and mental health problems.

Question 5

A structural cultural theory of violence suggests that most violence can be attributed to psychopathologies and the misuse of alcohol and drugs that are available in our culture.

Question 6

Abusers (about 40 percent or more) tend to be mentally disturbed, psychologically unbalanced, or even psychotic.

Question 7

Family violence is more common in societies in which men control women's lives and mothers bear the major responsibility for childrearing.

Question 8

Straus and Gelles, in comparing the rate of physical abuse of children in 1975 and 1985, found that the child abuse rate had increased slightly over the 10 year period.

Question 9

Levinson, in examining violence cross-culturally, notes that violence is an inevitable consequence of family life.

Question 10

It was documented that home-to-work stress occurs more strongly among men than women.

Question 11

The double ABCX model refers to two major crisis events occurring at the same time.

Question 12

Straus argues that empirical findings lend support to the hypothesis that physical punishment produces conformity in the immediate situation, but in the long run increases the probability of deviance.

Question 13

National surveys suggest that girls are more likely to be sexually abused by family members while boys are more likely to be abused by strangers.

Question 14

Straus found that over 90 percent of parents of children ages three and four in the United States used physical punishment to correct behavior.

Question 15

Changes in the economy have been shown to generate hostility and increase marital instability.

Question 16

The consequence of child sexual abuse, while very traumatic at the time, appears to have little severe or long lasting effects.

Question 17

Pauline Boss views stress as an outcome, as a disturbance resulting from change in the family.

Question 18

According to the ABCX model, death, divorce, and unemployment in families can always be expected to be major stressor and crisis events.

Question 19

Children are more likely to be kidnapped by in-laws and extended kin than by anyone else.

Question 20

Joyous events such as a pay raise, a child's graduation, or the birth of a child seldom result in or produce stress.

Question 21

Due to tremendous legal changes in the 1980s, as of 1990 every state in the United States allowed for the prosecution of husbands for raping their wives.

Question 22

In the Czech Republic, when communism collapsed the economic situation

A) had little or no effect on marital stability.
B) led to increased marital freedom and marital stability.
C) made spouses more irritable and increased fighting and drinking.
D) led to a big increase in personal and family income.

Question 23

Calling the police is the last response when women react to violence.

Question 24

Compared to any other place or person, people are more likely to be beaten, raped, or killed

A) in their own home by loved ones.
B) in their own home by strangers.
C) within walking distance of their homes by strangers.
D) in poor areas of large cities by gangs or criminals.

Question 25

Research has consistently shown that physical aggression is at least twice as common among cohabiting couples as it is among married couples.

Question 26

A national sample of never-married persons ages 18-30 found that women are much less likely than men to be physically aggressive.

Question 27

Victims of child sexual abuse have sex at earlier ages, have more partners, and are more likely to bear children before age nineteen.

Question 28

Patriarchal terrorism increases in frequency and intensity over time, whereas common couple violence does not.

Question 29

A review of studies over 40 years revealed a very low correlation (not statistically significant) between television violence and aggressive behavior.

Question 30

Elder abuse is largely limited to physical abuse such as in hitting, slapping, or pushing.

Question 31

The ABCX model of stress would suggest that death or unemployment

A) are inevitably stressful events.
B) are only stressful events if we loved the person and didn't have another job.
C) are only stressful if we define them as such and don't have adequate resources to deal with them.
D) are never stressful events unless we make them such.

Question 32

Research by Straus and Gelles found that assaults by women on their male partners occur at about the same rate as assaults by men on their female partners.

Question 33

Males who viewed parental violence were more likely to experience depression than females who viewed parental violence.

Question 34

Stressor or crisis-producing events have been seen by Reuben Hill as

A) the result of stress.
B) situations for which families have little or no preparation.
C) events that drain available family resources.
D) all of the above three.

Question 35

A "learned helplessness" model of abuse suggests that violence against women can be lowered if women have learned to act helpless.

Question 36

The double ABCX model illustrates

A) positive events such as winning the lottery and negative events such as death.
B) the responses of women and the responses of men.
C) the meaning given to an event and the actual reality of an event.
D) the pre-crisis and post-crisis variables.

Question 37

Diana Russell, in her study of marital rape, reported that one out of every seven ever-married women reported one or more experiences of rape by her husband.

Question 38

Wife beating, according to national studies by Straus and Gelles in 1975 and again in 1985, increased by 27 percent in the 10 year interval.

Question 39

Certain events outside of a family, such as war or depression, tend to

A) unify the family into a more cohesive unit.
B) turn them against the government or system that created or permitted them to happen.
C) lead to interpersonal conflict, a high degree of stress, and eventual marital breakdown.
D) illustrate the accuracy of the ABCX model.

Question 40

The greatest amount of violence within families occurs between husbands and wives.

Question 41

Straus and Gelles suggest that the most common type of marital violence is

A) husband abuse by the wife.
B) wife abuse by the husband.
C) mutual abuse.
D) unknown.

Question 42

Nursing research on battering during pregnancy reveals that

A) approximately 25 percent of women are physically abused.
B) approximately 8 percent of women are physically abused.
C) pregnant women are only abused if they were abused when not pregnant.
D) pregnant women experience considerably lower rates of abuse than nonpregnant women.

Question 43

It is illegal in which country to spank your children?

A) United States
B) Ireland
C) United Kingdom
D) Sweden

Question 44

That violence in one sphere of life tends to engender violence in other spheres is what Straus terms

A) the multiplying theory.
B) social diffusion theory.
C) cultural spillover theory.
D) cultural dissemination theory.

Question 45

Levinson suggests that in societies without family violence,

A) the respondents don't tell the truth since family violence is universal.
B) marriages tend to be polygamous.
C) family life is characterized by sharing and equality.
D) men control women's lives with the support of clearly defined patriarchal norms.

Question 46

Which one of the following is not a myth of family violence according to Gelles and Straus?

A) Violence and love are compatible.
B) Abusers tend to be psychologically unbalanced while victims tend to be defenseless victims.
C) Alcohol and drugs are the real causes of violence in the home.
D) Abuse is confined to poor minority families.

Question 47

As of 1990, the number of states that allow the prosecution of husbands for raping their wives without exception was

A) all but one, that is, 49 states.
B) all but twelve, that is, 38 states.
C) 16 states.
D) only North and South Carolina, that is, two states.

Question 48

Which statement is true about family violence?

A) Alcohol and drugs are the real causes of violence in the home.
B) Battered women usually "ask for it" and in reality like being hit.
C) Most abused people are preprogrammed to be abusers themselves.
D) None of the above three statements are true.

Question 49

Results by Gelles indicate that very severe violence toward children is

A) 25 percent higher among the upper classes.
B) 50 percent higher among the middle classes.
C) 100 percent higher among households below the poverty level.
D) found at all class levels with relatively insignificant differences between them.

Question 50

Murray Straus and Richard Gelles compared the rate of physical abuse of children from a 1975 study with the rates from a 1985 replication. They found that the rate from the 1985 study was

A) 47 percent higher than in 1975.
B) 17 percent higher than in 1975.
C) 17 percent lower than in 1975.
D) 47 percent lower than in 1975.

Question 51

An ABCX model answer to the question as to why physically abused wives stay with their husbands would suggest that

A) the less severe but frequent the violence, the more a woman will remain with her spouse and not seek outside aid.
B) the more a wife was struck by her parents, the less inclined she is to stay with her abusive husband.
C) wives who stay do so because of the inability to make a choice among the many alternatives available to them.
D) women employ cognitive strategies that help them perceive their relationship in a positive light.

Question 52

Declines in levels of child abuse have been found to be related to

A) a lower age at marriage.
B) an increase in the number of children per family.
C) higher rates of unemployment with inflation.
D) a perceived high probability of getting caught.

Question 53

Michael Johnson argues that there are two distinct forms of violence against women: common couple violence and

A) patriarchal terrorism.
B) retaliatory sexism.
C) masculine supremacy.
D) male brutality.

Question 54

The consequences of child sexual abuse:

A) are minor in most cases.
B) are severe and long lasting.
C) are only problematic for children with pre-existing mental problems.
D) are much more severe for girls than for boys.

Question 55

Results from several countries, including the United States, suggest that one out of every __________ murder victims are killed by a member of his or her own family.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 56

Murray Straus and Richard Gelles compared the rate of wife or spouse abuse from a 1975 study with the rates from a 1985 replication. They found that the rate from the 1985 study was

A) 47 percent higher than in 1975.
B) 27 percent higher than in 1975.
C) 17 percent lower than in 1975.
D) 27 percent lower than in 1975.

Question 57

Which statement is true about domestic violence?

A) Women report more violence in intimate relationships than do men.
B) Victimization is more likely to be reported than the use of violence.
C) Violence is more detrimental to the self perceptions and well-being of women than to those of men.
D) All of the above three are true.

Question 58

Legal definitions of rape include

A) vaginal, anal, or oral penetration.
B) force or threat of force.
C) nonconsent of the victim.
D) all of the above.

Question 59

Social factors that contribute to high rates of family violence include

A) male dominance in the family and in society.
B) pervasiveness of violence in society.
C) neither A nor B above.
D) both A and B above.

Question 60

Which statement is not true about childhood sexual abuse?

A) Biological related caretakers are overrepresented and nonbiological caretakers are underrepresented in sexual abuse.
B) Boys are more likely to be abused by strangers whereas girls are more likely to be abused by family members.
C) Consequences of child sexual abuse are severe and long-lasting in terms of adolescent sexual dysfunctions, homosexual experiences, and depression.
D) Sexual contact with an adult during childhood increases the likelihood of engaging in an active and risky sexual career in adolescence.

Question 61

In the prevention of family violence, Gelles and Straus argue that policies and programs must be directed primarily toward

A) counseling and therapy for the abusive family member.
B) cultural norms and values that support violence.
C) educating parents about the need for strict discipline, including corporal punishment, in rearing their children.
D) any and all of the above.

Question 62

Select three of the following statements and respond to their accuracy or inaccuracy.
a. the family is nonviolent.
b. most abusers are psychologically unbalanced and most victims are innocent.
c. abuse is confined to poor and minority families.
d. the real causes of violence are alcohol and drugs.
e. children who are abused grow up to be abusers.
f. battered women like being hit.
g. violence and love are incompatible.

Question 63

Michael Johnson argues that there are two distinct forms of violence against women. The one he calls common couple violence. The other he calls __________, which is based on traditional notions of men's right to control "their" partners.

Question 64

What is meant by the ABCX model of stress? Give examples.

Question 65

Straus and Smith suggest five social factors that converge to cause the high rates of intra-family violence. Select three of them. Explain each.

Question 66

According to the text, sibling abuse and violence

A) is the most frequent and acceptable form of violence within families.
B) occurs most frequently among teenagers.
C) is usually explained in terms of parental jealousy.
D) revolves around parental aggression.

Question 67

The most frequent and accepted form of violence within families occurs between __________.

Question 68

A theory of __________ suggests that seeing one's mother in a helpless situation transmits the message that women are helpless to control their own lives.

Question 69

Michael Johnson argues that there are two distinct forms of violence against women. What are they? How do they differ?

Question 70

Physical violence among intimates

A) seldom involves females as aggressors.
B) is less likely to occur among fraternity members than nonmembers.
C) is infrequent or rare among those truly in love.
D) seems to occur nearly equally among males and females.

Question 71

Children are more likely to be kidnapped by __________ than by strangers.

Question 72

More than one-half of the women who experiences violence said their first response was to cry. The response in last place was to __________.

Question 73

What does Straus mean by a cultural spillover theory in regard to violence?

Question 74

In __________, a parent can be imprisoned for striking a child.

Question 75

The primary goal of Gelles and Straus in preventing violence is to eliminate __________ that support violence.

Question 76

In regard to child abuse, what differences exist by (a) social class, (b) males and females, and (c) biological and non-biological relationships?

Question 77

Elder abuse

A) is not a substantial problem since most abuse occurs among young people.
B) includes passive neglect such as being ignored.
C) is done almost exclusively by ones own children.
D) includes none of the above three as true.

Question 78

Straus suggests that violence in one sphere of life tends to engender violence in other spheres. This was termed __________ theory.

Question 79

A __________ theory of violence suggests that incompatibilities of income, education, and occupational prestige between men and women give men greater power and control.

Question 80

The ABCX model suggests that the extent to which an event (A) leads to a crisis (X) is dependent on __________ (B) and the definition of the event (C).