Deck 6: Proteins and Amino Acids

Question 1

_________ , an enzyme, is produced in the stomach and breaks some of the peptide bonds in polypeptide chains.

A) Amylase
B) Denaturase
C) Dipeptidase
D) Pepsin

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The phrase "structure determines function" is appropriately used in reference to protein. With this phrase in mind, discuss the following: what does the term "denature" mean? Describe how heating an egg is an example of a denatured protein. Describe how "soured" milk is an example of denatured protein.

Answer 2

NOT answered

Question 3

Most protein digestion occurs in the

A) mouth.
B) pancreas.
C) small intestine.
D) stomach.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

For some of the amino acids that our body needs, we must get them from dietary sources because the body cannot make them in sufficient quantities to meet our body's needs.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best description of nutrients provided by animal protein sources: in fiber; in saturated fat and cholesterol; in readily absorbed forms of iron, zinc, and calcium?

A) High; high; high
B) Low; low; low
C) High; high; low
D) Low; high; high

Question 6

When salivary amylase enters the stomach, the acid causes the structure of this enzyme to change so that it is no longer able to function. This change in structure is called

A) deamination.
B) deformation.
C) denaturation.
D) deactivation.

Question 7

If the diet is deficient in one or more of the _____amino acids, the body must break down existing proteins to provide the amino acids.

A) nonessential
B) essential
C) dispensable
D) dipeptide

Question 8

There are certain conditions under which some of the nonessential amino acids cannot be synthesized to meet the body's needs. When this occurs these amino acids are referred to as ____ amino acids.

A) essential
B) nonessential
C) conditionally essential
D) equally essential

Question 9

Indicate each of the general structures for a, b, and c.

Question 10

The shape of a protein is essential to its function.

Question 11

The order and chemical properties of _____ in a polypeptide chain determine how the polypeptide fold, and thus the shape of the molecule formed.

A) amino acids
B) carboxylic acids
C) lipoproteins
D) water molecules

Question 12

In general, plant proteins are used _____ efficiently as animal proteins to build proteins in the human body.

A) less
B) equally as
C) more

Question 13

A diet that includes a variety of plant proteins can easily meet most people's protein needs.

Question 14

Plant foods generally are excellent sources of

A) fiber.
B) phytochemicals.
C) unsaturated fats.
D) all of these choices.

Question 15

Animal foods provide a more concentrated source of protein in the diet as compared to plant foods.

Question 16

In general, plant sources of protein provide _____absorbable forms of iron, zinc, and calcium as compared to animal protein sources.

A) less
B) equally
C) more

Question 17

A diet that is based on plant proteins alone cannot meet most people's protein needs.

Question 18

Foods are denatured by all of the following means EXCEPT by

A) chilling.
B) heat.
C) mechanical agitation.
D) the addition of acid.

Question 19

Animal products provide B vitamins and readily absorbable sources of minerals, such as iron, zinc, and calcium.

Question 20

The three-dimensional shape of a protein is impacted by all of the following EXCEPT the

A) chemical properties of the amino acids.
B) folding of the polypeptide.
C) number of essential amino acids.
D) order of the amino acids.

Question 21

The process by which amino acids enter the body involves an energy-requiring amino acid transport system.

Question 22

If there is a shortage of an essential amino acid in the body, the absence of that amino acid limits protein synthesis.

Question 23

Amino acids are used to make all of the following EXCEPT

A) creatine.
B) histamine.
C) melanin.
D) Vitamin D.

Question 24

The role of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion is to

A) break down polypeptide chains.
B) denature the protein.
C) slow peristalsis.
D) stimulate production of digestive enzyme in pancreas.

Question 25

Review where digestive processes of protein occur. Select the letter that indicates where transport proteins move the products of protein digestion into the mucosal cell.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 26

The amino acid pool is comprised of the

A) only molecules that have been broken down from body proteins.
B) protein molecules only consumed in the diet.
C) protein molecules only consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body glycogen.
D) protein molecules consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body proteins.

Question 27

Which of the following scenarios is a possibility if an amino acid supplement overwhelms the amino acid transport system?

A) The amino acids from the supplement will use an alternate transport system.
B) The amino acids from the supplement will be eliminated from the body.
C) The amino acids from the supplement will compete with each other, increasing absorption of other amino acids
D) The amino acids from the supplement will compete with each other, slowing absorption of other amino acids.

Question 28

The ____ amino acid is the essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration relative to the body's needs.

A) essentiality
B) framework
C) limiting
D) priority

Question 29

Proteins have both structural and regulatory functions in the body.

Question 30

Transamination is the process by which transfer RNA reads the genetic code and delivers the needed amino acids to the ribosome.

Question 31

Review where digestive processes of protein occur. Select the letter that indicates where mechanical breakdown of protein occurs.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 32

The effective chemical digestion of protein in the stomach requires a/an ____ environment?

A) acidic
B) alkaline
C) basic
D) neutral

Question 33

When your diet is high in iron, the gene that codes for the protein ferritin, which stores iron, is turned on. This scenario best describes which of the following processes?

A) energy production
B) gene expression
C) mineral synthesis
D) transamination

Question 34

During the synthesis of a protein, a shortage of one amino acid will not stop synthesis, but two or more missing amino acids will impact protein synthesis negatively.

Question 35

Review where digestive processes of protein occur. Select the letter that indicates where Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of protein.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 36

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of steps that occur in protein synthesis?

A) translation → transcription → mRNA takes genetic code to ribosomes
B) mRNA takes genetic code to ribosomes → translation → transcription
C) transcription → mRNA takes genetic code to ribosomes → translation
D) mRNA takes genetic code to ribosomes → transcription → translation

Question 37

Kendra is aware that amino acids and protein are important in making muscle, but she would like to know other functions that they have in the body. Explain to Kendra other functions of protein.

Question 38

Review where digestive processes of protein occur. Select the letter that indicates where protein-digesting enzymes are released from this organ, which aids brush border enzymes to breakdown protein.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 39

What is the condition called that is depicted in this photograph?
SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

A) marasmus
B) edema
C) osmosis
D) myosin

Question 40

Nekesa is considering taking a nutrition supplement of the amino acid arginine. Considering what you know about the absorption of amino acids, why would you caution her against this?

Question 41

Epidemiological studies suggest that diets that are rich in animal protein and low in fluid contribute to the formation of kidney stones.

Question 42

High-protein diets do not increase water loss.

Question 43

Most of the nitrogen we lose is lost in/through our

A) feces.
B) skin.
C) sweat.
D) urine.

Question 44

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of kwashiorkor?

A) Decreases in intelligence and learning ability
B) Energy deficiency
C) Muscle wasting
D) Swollen belly

Question 45

The food label must indicate whether the product contains any of the most common food allergens.

Question 46

Protein-energy malnutrition is only seen in children.

Question 47

The amino group is removed by the process of transamination and converted into the waste product urea.

Question 48

Why is protein-energy malnutrition more common in children than adults?

A) The child's stomach cannot digest protein from the diet.
B) Adults eat protein sources from the diet that have a higher absorption rate.
C) Because children are growing, their protein needs per unit body weight are higher.
D) Children do not eat enough total calories so that protein must be used as an energy source.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a common food allergen?

A) Chicken
B) Eggs
C) Low-fat milk
D) Wheat germ

Question 50

Someone whose nitrogen output is greater than their nitrogen intake is said to be in

A) nitrogen balance
B) positive nitrogen balance
C) negative nitrogen balance
D) There is insufficient information provided to determine the status.

Question 51

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the lining of the small intestine.

Question 52

Marasmus is a form of malnutrition that negatively impacts which of the following developing organs the worst?

A) The brain
B) The liver
C) The kidneys
D) The teeth

Question 53

A food intolerance is an adverse reaction to a food that involves production of antibodies.

Question 54

Because our bodies do not store protein, functional body proteins, such as enzymes and muscle proteins, must be broken down to yield amino acids.

Question 55

The word kwashiorkor literally means "the disease that the first child gets when a second child is born". Describe the circumstances that lead to the first born child developing kwashiorkor.

Question 56

When the diet does not provide enough energy to meet the body's needs (e.g. consuming a very-low-calorie-weight-loss diet) body protein is used to provide energy.

Question 57

You would expect that a child who is growing to be in _____ nitrogen balance.

A) negative
B) positive
C) neither negative nor positive (equilibrium)

Question 58

Amino acids can be used by the body to make glucose and fatty acids.

Question 59

Kwashiorkor is an overall energy deficiency whereas marasmus is a protein deficiency.

Question 60

As validated by evidence-based research, the major health concern with high-protein diets is

A) dehydration.
B) kidney stone formation.
C) urinary calcium excretion.
D) a high intake of saturated fat and cholesterol.

Question 61

Endurance and strength athletes have a greater protein daily recommendation than non-athletes; therefore, they must use amino acid supplements.

Question 62

A diet that provides 10% of calories from protein will meet the RDA for protein, but this is a relatively low-protein diet compared with typical eating patterns in the U.S.

Question 63

Protein and amino acid supplements are rarely needed to increase protein needs.

Question 64

Of the following, which is the highest quality plant protein source?

A) Black beans
B) Rice
C) Soy
D) Wheat germ

Question 65

A poorly planned vegan diet is likely to be deficient in all of the following EXCEPT

A) calcium.
B) phytochemicals.
C) vitamin D.
D) vitamin B12.

Question 66

Which of the following is the most likely responsible for the health-promoting effects (reduced incidence of obesity, high blood pressure, and some types of cancer) of vegetarian diets?

A) High intake of fiber
B) High intake of tofu
C) Low intake of sodium
D) The total dietary pattern

Question 67

Why are vegans at risk for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency?

Question 68

Protein requirements per unit of body weight are _______ for infants and children than for adults.

A) less
B) the same
C) greater

Question 69

Soy provides phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have estrogen-like effects. What are the beneficial aspects of isoflavones?

Question 70

A ____ excludes all animal flesh except fish.

A) lacto vegetarian
B) lacto-ovo vegetarian
C) pescetarian
D) vegan

Question 71

Rice is high in the amino acids methionine but low in the amino acid lysine. Beans are high in lysine but low in methionine. Explain why eating rice and beans together increases the protein quality of a meal, as compared to eating a vegetarian meal that contains rice and no beans. Use the following terms in your response: essential amino acids, incomplete dietary protein, high quality protein, protein complementation. Is it necessary to eat the rice and beans at the same meal?

Question 72

Protein quality is a measure of how good the protein in a food is at providing the non-essential amino acids the body needs to synthesize proteins.

Question 73

Children who followed a vegetarian lifestyle will be malnourished.

Question 74

Most Americans consume more than enough grams of protein daily.

Question 75

What are some of the health benefits of consuming soy products?

Question 76

Enzyme supplements that function inside body tissues provide no benefits because the enzyme is broken down into amino acids during digestion.

Question 77

Plant proteins are referred to as incomplete dietary protein.

Question 78

The body will receive _______ total protein from a diet that contains protein from meat and dairy foods as compared to a diet that contains protein from wheat and rice, nuts, and pinto beans.

A) less
B) the same amount
C) more

Question 79

MyPlate and the Dietary Guidelines include recommendations regarding both animal and plant sources of protein to meet your need for protein and essential amino acids.

Question 80

Protein _______ is a measure of how good the protein in food is at providing the essential amino acids the body needs.

A) adequacy
B) availability
C) definability
D) quality