Deck 8: Water and Minerals

Question 1

Dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds water intake.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The thirst sensation is activated when blood volume is low, thus the solute level is more concentrated.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

All of the following are true about thirst EXCEPT that

A) thirst is caused by dryness in the mouth.
B) signals from the brain make us feel thirsty.
C) thirst is a weak urge, which does not reflect our need for water.
D) thirst alone cannot be relied on to maintain water balance.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When intracellular concentrations of protein and sodium are high, you would expect that water is drawn into the

A) blood capillaries
B) cells
C) extracellular fluid
D) red blood cells

Question 5

Adam has just returned from his long run of 6 miles in which he forgot his water bottle. Which of the following processes is most likely happening in Adam's body?

A) The pituitary gland is signaling the liver to conserve energy.
B) The antidiuretic hormone is signaling the kidneys to reabsorb water, thus increasing the amount of water lost in the urine.
C) The antidiuretic hormone is signaling the kidneys to reabsorb water, thus decreasing the amount of water lost in the urine.
D) His thirst mechanism has become impaired.

Question 6

Explain how water functions in the regulation of body temperature.

Question 7

Explain the roles of blood pressure and osmosis in the regulation of water distribution.

Question 8

Like carbohydrate, water provides 4 kcal of energy per gram.

Question 9

Clothing that keeps the body from sweating helps decrease the amount of sweat produced and keeps the body cool and hydrated.

Question 10

The majority of water in the body is intracellular, or located inside the cell.

Question 11

Too much water is a problem for the human body because it can change the osmotic balance.

Question 12

Because water is an excellent solvent, the chemical reactions of metabolism that support life take place in water.

Question 13

In regard to the kidneys' role in regulating water balance in the body, the term reabsorption means the amount of the substance that is:

A) absorbed back in to the blood after being filtered.
B) excreted in the urine.
C) filtered into the urine.
D) secreted from the kidneys into lymph for absorption by the liver.

Question 14

The distribution of water between intra- and extra-cellular spaces depends on concentration differences of _____, or dissolved substances, including protein, sodium, and potassium.

A) reverse osmotic particles
B) solutes
C) solutions
D) solvents

Question 15

If antidiuretic hormone levels decrease, you would expect that

A) less water is excreted in the urine.
B) more water is excreted in the urine.
C) no change in amount of water excreted in the urine.

Question 16

Water is moved by___________, which forces water from the capillary blood vessels into the spaces between the cells of the surrounding tissues.

A) blood pressure
B) diffusion
C) intercellular pressure
D) osmosis

Question 17

Bernhard is a football player on your university football team and he is eating high amounts of protein. Considering his high protein intake, how should he adjust his water intake and why?

A) He needs to increase his daily water intake to help the kidneys excrete the protein waste products.
B) He needs to increase his daily water intake to help the heart pump the protein more efficiently to the muscles.
C) He needs to decrease his daily water intake so that a more concentrated source of protein gets to the muscles.
D) He needs to decrease his daily water intake so that the intestine more efficiently absorbs the protein that enters the intestinal tract.

Question 18

Identify the sources of water intake and water output.

Question 19

Urine color charts help people monitor their ________ status.

A) blood glucose
B) electrolyte
C) hydration
D) protein

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the human body?

A) Assistance in the regulation of body temperature
B) Protection and lubrication of joints
C) Regulation of blood glucose
D) Transportation of water-soluble nutrients

Question 21

What occurs when a cofactor binds to an enzyme?

A) The enzyme is activated.
B) The enzyme is no longer able to function.
C) Minerals can more easily bind to the enzyme.
D) The enzyme can cross the cell membrane for transport.

Question 22

Which list below best reflects the minerals that keep blood healthy and immune function strong?

A) Iron, copper, and magnesium
B) Iron, copper, calcium, zinc, selenium, and magnesium
C) Iron, calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, and magnesium
D) none of these choices

Question 23

When a nerve cell is at rest, potassium is concentrated _____ the nerve cell and sodium is concentrated _____ the nerve cell.

A) inside, inside
B) inside, outside
C) outside, inside
D) outside, outside

Question 24

Which list below best reflects the minerals that aid transmission of nerve impulses and provide for optimal muscle contraction?

A) Calcium, sodium, iron, and magnesium
B) Iron, copper, selenium, and magnesium
C) Sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride
D) Sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium

Question 25

A deficiency of a trace mineral is just as damaging to your health as a deficiency of a major mineral.

Question 26

Which of the following minerals help regulate fluid balance?

A) Sodium, potassium, and chloride
B) Sodium, potassium, and fluoride
C) Sodium, fluoride, and chloride
D) Sodium, chloride, and iodine

Question 27

Diets that are high in ____ are associated with an increased incidence of hypertension.

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) sodium
D) sugar

Question 28

Based on the MyPlate icon, explain why consuming a variety of foods from all of the food groups is necessary to obtain the minerals. Be sure to name a few key nutrients from each food group.

Question 29

In general, minerals in plant foods have an absorption rate that is _______ than that in animal foods.

A) higher
B) the same
C) lower

Question 30

A woman of childbearing years who is not pregnant has _______ absorption rate of calcium as compared to a woman who is pregnant.

A) a higher
B) the same
C) a lower

Question 31

Dried fruits are good sources of which of the following minerals?

A) Calcium and zinc
B) Fructose and iron
C) Iron and potassium
D) Potassium and zinc

Question 32

A major mineral is one that

A) is needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day.
B) is needed for structural support of the body.
C) is retained by the body at a high rate.
D) makes up 10% or more of total body weight.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a trace mineral?

A) calcium
B) iodine
C) iron
D) zinc

Question 34

Dehydration due to diarrhea is a major cause of child death in the developing world.

Question 35

All of the following minerals are needed for the functioning of antioxidant enzymes EXCEPT for

A) copper
B) phosphorus
C) sulfur
D) zinc

Question 36

Which of the following is not a function of magnesium?

A) Assists with regulation of fluid balance
B) Keeps blood balanced
C) Maintains the health of bones
D) Generates energy for exercise

Question 37

Most of the minerals have only one primary function in the body.

Question 38

Phytic acid, tannins, and oxalates _____the absorption of many minerals.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) have no effect on

Question 39

Water intoxication is a condition that occurs when a person drinks enough water to significantly lower the concentration of ____ in the blood.

A) chlorine
B) glucose
C) sodium
D) protein

Question 40

Which of the following does NOT increase a person's need for water?

A) Following a high-fiber diet
B) Following a low-sodium diet
C) Following a high-protein diet
D) Competing in a local 5K run

Question 41

How does the small amount of sodium that is found in sport drinks, like Gatorade, help to regulate fluid balance? In your response, include the following terms: thirst, osmosis, intra- and extra-cellular spaces, and kidneys.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT associated with increased risk of developing osteoporosis?

A) Being female
B) Long-term alcohol abuse
C) Using tobacco products
D) Walking daily for exercise

Question 43

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys.

Question 44

If you cut back on your salt intake, you will find that your taste buds become more sensitive to the presence of salt, and foods taste saltier.

Question 45

This graph illustrates the sources of salt in our diets. Which of the following would be the best strategy to reduce salt in the diet?

A) Choose foods that are lower in sodium when reading food labels.
B) Do not put so much salt in water when cooking.
C) Identify the foods that are naturally high in sodium and do not eat so much of those foods.
D) Use the salt shaker at the table in lower amounts.

Question 46

Which of the following is FALSE about hypertension?

A) Dietary intake of sodium, but not magnesium or calcium, affects blood pressure.
B) It is more common in African Americans than non-Hispanic whites.
C) Risk for developing hypertension increases as you age.
D) Regular exercise can delay the onset of hypertension.

Question 47

Based on the information in this graph, what is the correct observation? Processed foods are generally _____ in sodium and _____ in potassium than unprocessed foods.

A) higher, higher
B) higher, lower
C) lower, higher
D) lower, lower

Question 48

Which of the following minerals are emphasized in the DASH diet?

A) Calcium and magnesium
B) Magnesium and zinc
C) Sodium and iron
D) All of these are emphasized.

Question 49

The health problem most commonly associated with electrolyte imbalance is hypertension.

Question 50

Outward symptoms of hypertension include which of the following?

A) Flushed face
B) Migraine headache
C) Impaired vision
D) There are no outward symptoms.

Question 51

As illustrated in this picture, you feel a pinprick because it stimulates nerves under the skin. Describe the roles that sodium and potassium play in nerve impulse transmission. In your response, make sure to address the following: How are electrolyte concentrations of sodium and potassium disrupted? How does the nerve impulse travel through the nerve to signal the brain? How are electrolyte concentrations restored?

Question 52

Excess body weight is associated with _____risk of osteoporosis development.

A) increased
B) reduced
C) no (there is no relationship between body weight and osteoporosis development)

Question 53

When blood calcium levels are low, parathyroid hormone will

A) increase.
B) not change.
C) decrease.

Question 54

A low vitamin D intake is the most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis.

Question 55

Consuming a diet that follows the DASH pattern lowers blood pressure in individuals with elevated blood pressure even when sodium levels are not severely restricted.

Question 56

Postmenopausal bone loss occurs in women for about _____ after the menstrual cycle stops.

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 1 year
D) 5 years

Question 57

A healthy blood pressure is _____ mm of mercury.

A) 110/70
B) 120/80
C) 130/90
D) 140/90

Question 58

Most people in the US need to _____ their sodium intake and _____ their potassium intake to meet recommendations for a healthy diet.

A) increase, increase
B) increase, decrease
C) decrease, increase
D) decrease, decrease

Question 59

When a nerve cell is stimulated, the cell membrane becomes ______ permeable to _______.

A) more, chloride
B) less, chloride
C) more, sodium
D) less, sodium

Question 60

Which of the following groups of individuals should consume no more than1500 mg sodium daily?

A) African Americans
B) Those with hypertension or diabetes
C) Those older than 51 years of age.
D) All of these should reduce their sodium consumption.

Question 61

When the hormone calcitonin is activated, blood calcium levels will

A) increase.
B) not change.
C) decrease.

Question 62

Based on this visual, discuss how anemia is the last stage of iron deficiency.

Question 63

The protein molecule that is found in red blood cells that transports oxygen to body cells is called

A) hapocorrin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) myoglobin.
D) transferrin.

Question 64

Based on this visual, which of the following statements is false?

A) Fruits are poor sources of calcium.
B) Grains are good sources of calcium.
C) Tofu is higher in calcium than sunflower seeds.
D) Yogurt is higher in calcium than 1% milk and cheddar cheese.

Question 65

The pictures that you see here are of normal red blood cells and red blood cells when someone has iron deficiency anemia. Describe the differences between the cells. Why does too little iron cause the red blood cells to change?

Question 66

Hemochromatosis is caused by overconsumption of iron supplements in children.

Question 67

_____ enhances the bioavailability of non-heme iron.

A) Calcium
B) Niacin
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D

Question 68

All calcium in the body is found in the bone.

Question 69

Which of the following minerals stabilizes ATP's structure?

A) Calcium
B) Magnesium
C) Phosphorus
D) Zinc

Question 70

The main source of calcium in the North American diet is from calcium supplements.

Question 71

Which of the following minerals have a role in blood pressure regulation?

A) calcium and magnesium
B) calcium and phosphorus
C) phosphorus and magnesium
D) potassium and zinc

Question 72

Which of the following does not inhibit the absorption of calcium?

A) Oxalates
B) Phytates
C) Tannins
D) Vitamin D

Question 73

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency.

Question 74

The bioavailability of iron varies based on the need for iron in the body.

Question 75

Heme iron is more bioavailable than non-heme iron.

Question 76

Magnesium absorption is enhanced by the presence of

A) active vitamin D
B) calcium
C) iron
D) phytates

Question 77

Because selenium is part of the enzyme glutathione-peroxidase, it _____ the body's need for vitamin E.

A) increases
B) has no effect on
C) decreases

Question 78

Vegetarians have a separate RDA for iron due to their limited consumption of non heme iron.

Question 79

Magnesium is a component of the green color pigment chlorophyll; therefore, leafy greens are good sources of this mineral.

Question 80

Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs with the development of iron deficiency anemia?

A) decrease in stored iron → low hemoglobin concentration → low blood plasma iron
B) low hemoglobin concentration → decrease in stored iron → low blood plasma iron
C) decrease in stored iron → low blood plasma iron → low hemoglobin concentration
D) low blood plasma iron → decrease in stored iron → low hemoglobin concentration