Deck 11: Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

Question 1

Which area(s)of the brain exert(s)control over the autonomic nervous system?
1)cerebrum
2)cerebellum
3)hypothalamus
4)pons
5)medulla
6)thalamus

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B) 1, 3, 5
C) 1, 3, 4, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 5
E) 2, 3, 4, 5

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

A) It is dominant during "resting and digesting."
B) Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs.
C) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division.
D) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs.
E) All of the statements apply.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division.

A) somatic
B) sensory
C) autonomic
D) somatic and sensory
E) somatic and autonomic

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center?

A) pons
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) hypothalamus

Question 5

Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrine
E) glutamate

Question 6

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division.

A) somatic
B) sensory
C) autonomic
D) somatic and sensory
E) somatic and autonomic

Question 7

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

A) increases heart rate.
B) increases gastric motility.
C) causes sweat glands to release sweat.
D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate.
E) causes the pupils to dilate.

Question 8

The motor end plate is

A) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.
B) the same as the neuromuscular junction.
C) the same as the synaptic cleft.
D) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells.
E) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

Question 9

Match the following with its description.
A.acetylcholine
B.norepinephrine
C.cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D.adrenergic receptor
E.cholinergic muscarinic receptor
parasympathetic tissue receptor

Question 10

Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion?

A) preganglionic neuron
B) postganglionic neuron
C) somatic motor neuron
D) preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron
E) preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

Question 11

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because

A) it is a source of catecholamines.
B) it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.
C) it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.
D) it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.
E) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

Question 12

"Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving

A) two nerves from the spinal cord.
B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Sweat glands contain

A) cholinergic receptors.
B) alpha receptors.
C) beta receptors.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Each of these statements is True EXCEPT one.Identify the exception.

A) Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines.
B) β₁ receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) β₂ receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood.
D) Activation of α receptors opens Na⁺ channels in the membrane.

Question 15

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system?
1)blood pressure
2)heart rate
3)water balance
4)temperature regulation

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 2, 3, 4
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 16

Match the following with its description.
A.acetylcholine
B.norepinephrine
C.cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D.adrenergic receptor
E.cholinergic muscarinic receptor
released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

Question 17

Match the following with its description.
A.acetylcholine
B.norepinephrine
C.cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D.adrenergic receptor
E.cholinergic muscarinic receptor
target receptor for preganglionic neurons

Question 18

Nicotine is thought to cause approximately ________ deaths per year, worldwide.

A) 500
B) 5,000
C) 50,000
D) 500,000
E) 5,000,000

Question 19

The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are

A) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons.
B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.
C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
D) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons.

Question 20

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the

A) sympathetic division.
B) parasympathetic division.
C) craniosacral division.
D) intramural division.
E) somatomotor division.

Question 21

Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.

Question 22

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
It contains cholinergic neurons.

Question 23

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

Question 24

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
The ganglia are found in a chain that runs close to the spinal cord or along the descending aorta.

Question 25

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system.

Question 26

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS.

Question 27

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
Inside the ganglia are interneurons, which modulate messages.

Question 28

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

Question 29

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities.

Question 30

Match the following with its description.
A.acetylcholine
B.norepinephrine
C.cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D.adrenergic receptor
E.cholinergic muscarinic receptor
sympathetic tissue receptor

Question 31

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Question 32

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS.

Question 33

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target.

Question 34

The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output.

Question 35

________ are swellings that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

Question 36

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Question 37

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse.

Question 38

Match the following with its description.
A.acetylcholine
B.norepinephrine
C.cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D.adrenergic receptor
E.cholinergic muscarinic receptor
primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

Question 39

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

Question 40

Match the answers to the questions.
A.True only for the sympathetic division
B.True only for the parasympathetic division
C.True for both divisions
The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.

Question 41

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic antagonist
B.parasympathetic antagonist
blocks sweating

Question 42

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic antagonist
B.parasympathetic antagonist
blocks secretion of pancreatic enzymes

Question 43

________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells.

A) All, norepinephrine
B) Most, norepinephrine
C) All, acetylcholine
D) Most, acetylcholine

Question 44

The drug Chantix, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor.

A) agonist
B) antagonist

Question 45

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors.Why?

A) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons.
B) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons.
C) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues.
D) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands.
E) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.

Question 46

Autonomic neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________.

Question 47

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are ________ and ________.

Question 48

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic agonist
B.parasympathetic agonist
decreased activity in digestive tract

Question 49

If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?

A) constriction of respiratory tubes
B) hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)
C) increase in fatty acids in the blood
D) localized sweating
E) decreased heart rate

Question 50

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic antagonist
B.parasympathetic antagonist
blocks secretion of adrenal catecholamines

Question 51

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

Question 52

A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications.He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation.Which class of drugs did the child most likely take?

A) ACE inhibitor
B) beta blocker
C) calcium channel blocker
D) diuretic

Question 53

Explain what is meant by antagonistic control.

Question 54

If the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated?

A) It acts on AMPA receptors.
B) It acts at the neuromuscular junction.
C) It acts on muscarinic receptors.
D) It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.
E) It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

Question 55

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from beta₂ receptors.

Question 56

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic agonist
B.parasympathetic agonist
fat breakdown

Question 57

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic agonist
B.parasympathetic agonist
salivation

Question 58

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic antagonist
B.parasympathetic antagonist
blocks urination

Question 59

Match the response with the type of chemical.
A.sympathetic agonist
B.parasympathetic agonist
pupil dilation

Question 60

Map the divisions of the autonomic nervous system down to their receptors.

Question 61

Phenelzine is a common MAO inhibitor that has been used to treat depression.It is not, however, prescribed as often as other antidepressants due to its effects on the autonomic nervous system.Describe several side effects that may result from taking phenelzine and explain why they might occur.

Question 62

At the molecular level, what are the effects of nicotine on the nervous system? How are these effects exerted? How are these effects similar to or different from those of curare? How do these effects explain some of the physiological consequences of smoking?

Question 63

Describe the different types of cholinergic receptors in the nervous system.Which neurotransmitter binds to each type?

Question 64

Which tissues contain both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, and how does this relate to their autonomic control?

Question 65

What steps are necessary to terminate neurotransmitter action? What would happen if these steps failed?

Question 66

Diagram the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction.Be sure to include the somatic motor neuron, axon terminal, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, motor end plate, and appropriate neurotransmitter(s), ion channel(s), and membrane receptor(s).

Question 67

Anne Frank wrote a diary about the years she and a few others spent in hiding from the Nazis during World War II.These people lived in the upstairs rooms of a shop, accessible only by a hidden stairway; Anne called these quarters the Secret Annex.One day Nazis raided the shop below, but were unsuccessful in locating the hideaways or finding proof of their presence during this particular raid.Clearly hearing what was occurring downstairs, Anne and her cohorts cowered in silence, for they feared being transported to "death camps." Later, Anne wrote that most of the residents of the Secret Annex experienced diarrhea shortly after this close call.Explain this response by their digestive systems.

Question 68

Describe the different types of adrenergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system.Which neurotransmitter binds to each type? For those that bind more than one neurotransmitter, how does the response to the neurotransmitters compare?

Question 69

You and your fellow deep-sea scientists have discovered a new form of marine invertebrate, and are anxious to determine the similarities and differences to animals already characterized.Chemical analysis reveals the following concentrations of permeable cations:

Nernst equation: E_ion = 61/z × log [ion]_out/[ion]_in
Your studies of the neuromuscular junction reveal that the excitatory neurotransmitter opens a channel permeable to all three cations.Calculate the equilibrium potential for each cation.In which direction will each cation move when the channel is open? Does movement of ions promote muscle depolarization? Explain your answer.

Question 70

You and your fellow deep-sea scientists have discovered a new form of marine invertebrate, and are anxious to determine the similarities and differences to animals already characterized.Chemical analysis reveals the following concentrations of permeable cations:

Nernst equation: E_ion = 61/z × log [ion]_out/[ion]_in
Control of the neuromuscular junction in this new invertebrate is found to involve dual innervation, where one motor neuron secretes an excitatory neurotransmitter and another secretes an inhibitory neurotransmitter onto the muscle.How does this compare to the human neuromuscular junction? Propose three different types of inhibitory receptors/channels that would produce inhibition of the invertebrate muscle, specifying ion and direction of ion flow.For each ion, calculate the equilibrium potential.What similarity do you notice in the equilibrium potentials of the ions involved, and how is that significant? How may inhibition be accomplished in human muscle?

Question 71

In a laboratory experiment, adding curare, which binds to acetylcholine receptors, to the solution around a muscle decreases the size of the end-plate potential.Adding prostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase blocker, increases the size of the end-plate potential.Explain why.

Question 72

Explain the use of the terms fight and flight in describing sympathetic motor responses.How does sympathetic activity explain your increased "jumpiness" when you are home alone at night, watching a horror movie on TV?

Question 73

Describe the general rules for the identity of neurotransmitters secreted by pre- and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division.Be sure to specify the types of receptors, where relevant, and describe the exceptions.

Question 74

Describe the major anatomical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels introduced in Chapter 8, with the acetylcholine receptor/channel.What may be confusing to the beginning physiology student trying to understand the ion specificity of the acetylcholine receptor? What type of change in the cell is produced by ion movement through each type of channel?

Question 76

Both alpha-bungarotoxin and curare bind to the same neurotransmitter receptor, but only curare binds reversibly.Which receptor is involved? List some locations for this receptor.Would either toxin be appropriate to use as a paralytic during surgery? Explain your answer.Are all such receptors necessarily affected by a given toxin in the same way? Explain the significance of your answer.

Question 77

Though you are an attentive parent, you lost track of your inquisitive toddler for a few minutes, just long enough for him to wander into the garage and open a package of insecticide that you use to control insects in your garden.You have no idea if any of the poison has been ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through his skin.You take the package away from your child and read under the "caution" section that it is an anticholinesterase.Given that this poison was made for insects, not humans, should you be worried? Explain your answer.What would happen to the child if he has indeed been affected? Explain which type of synapses could be affected.Propose an antidote (it's OK if you don't remember a specific compound, just describe what type of effect may reverse the effects of the insecticide).

Question 78

To perform surgery with a minimum of pain for the patient and hassle for the surgeon, a patient may be administered a general anesthetic to prevent sensation and consciousness, as well as a paralytic to prevent reflexive muscle spasms.From what you have learned of motor control, suggest mechanisms by which a paralytic can prevent muscle contraction.With paralytics, what extra measure must be taken to keep the patient alive? Name such a paralytic agent.