Deck 7: Ethnicity and Nationalism

Question 1

Traditionally, in order to be Jewish, a person must have a Jewish mother, follow the Jewish religion, and abide by kosher food limitations. Although they are not ironclad, these customs set "traditional" Jewish people apart from others. What concept does this serve to illustrate?

A) ethnic boundary markers
B) ethnic-making projects
C) socially significant traits
D) religious determinism

Answer 1

ethnic boundary markers

Question 2

What do we call the process through which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture, but retain a distinct ethnic culture of their own?

A) assimilation
B) biculturalism
C) multiculturalism
D) naturalization

Answer 2

multiculturalism

Question 3

Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed, self-identification with a particular ethnic group can change through what process?

A) situational negotiation of identity
B) rationalization of self
C) naturalization of identity
D) ethnodetermination

Answer 3

situational negotiation of identity

Question 4

Since the 1600s, there has been an influx of many different nationalities into the United States. What particular process do many of today's immigrants experience after they gain entry?

A) assimilation
B) indoctrination
C) naturalization
D) nationalization

Question 5

Every year, Americans gather in summer to celebrate Independence Day-the Fourth of July. Parades, fireworks, and hot dogs are all part of this annual ritual. What particular component of ethnicity is embodied in this celebration?

A) citizenship status
B) origin myth
C) ethnic boundaries
D) negotiated identity

Question 6

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups are described as a(n) ________.

A) society.
B) ethnic group.
C) cultural dominion.
D) nation.

Question 7

Illegal border crossings in the southwestern United States have led to the enactment of laws to try to stop the influx of immigrants. Sometimes the legal language is written in a manner that signifies "American-ness," using veiled racial markers to clearly identify those who are "in" and those who are "out." This particular kind of demarcation is called ________.

A) apartheid
B) cultural wall
C) ethnic boundary
D) segregation

Question 8

When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant group, what are they practicing?

A) nationalization
B) integration
C) absorption
D) assimilation

Question 9

Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden-the country they live in-illustrates which concept?

A) dominion
B) state
C) nation-state
D) society

Question 10

According to legend, the Aztecs wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island where an eagle was standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. According to prophecy, this would be their new home. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco, where tradition says their ancestors found the eagle. What concept about ethnicity does this demonstrate?

A) tall tale
B) origin myth
C) folktale
D) ethnohistory

Question 11

A man from Cuba and a man from Peru both move to the United States. Although they did not identify with one another while living in their countries of origin, they both come to identify themselves as members of the same group ("Hispanic") within the United States. This example illustrates:

A) ethnic variation.
B) flexible nationalism.
C) national identification.
D) situational negotiation of identity.

Question 12

Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick's Day parade and drinks horchata with his Mexican relatives the next day. In these two different ethnic activities, Carlos is:

A) demonstrating a rigid concept of self.
B) applying situational negotiation of identity.
C) employing rationalization of identity.
D) using simulated nationalism.

Question 13

What term originally referred to a distinct group of people with a shared place of origin, but is now most commonly used to refer to a country?

A) state
B) realm
C) nation
D) nation-state

Question 14

What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?

A) community
B) nation-state
C) state
D) society

Question 15

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. Anthropologists call these ________.

A) culturally significant traits
B) ethnic boundary markers
C) ethnic-making projects
D) social signifiers

Question 16

The place where a person is born determines his or her affiliation with which entity?

A) community
B) nation-state
C) assimilation
D) ethnicity

Question 17

The term ________ was formerly used to identify people with a shared geographic place of origin, but it is now synonymous with ________.

A) state; nation
B) nation-state; nation
C) nation; nation-state
D) nation; society

Question 18

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called ________.

A) creation story
B) folktale
C) origin myth
D) history

Question 19

The text recounts the problems experienced by the French soccer team in the World Cup including tempers and refusals to practice. The tensions on the French soccer team reflect a deeply held perspective on what being "French" really means and is a window into the problems that surround what concept?

A) nation
B) nationality
C) ethnicity
D) lineage

Question 20

The text describes the way that immigrants from India have established their own cultural norms within New York City. The way the Indian community has chosen to celebrate its ethnicity by holding a large India Day festival is an example of what aspect of ethnicity?

A) ethnic cleansing
B) ethnic boundary marking
C) national boundary making
D) situational negotiation of identity

Question 21

Some Native American groups strategically expand into an "ethno-corporation," chosing to see their ethnicity as ________.

A) an opportunity
B) an independent nation-state
C) a loss
D) American

Question 22

As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes this process of "blending in"?

A) melting pot
B) discrimination
C) enculturation
D) amalgamation

Question 23

What metaphor has been used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture?

A) nationalism
B) tossed salad
C) melting pot
D) whitening

Question 24

Which of the following might an anthropologist consider to be a kind of "imagined community"?

A) New York Times editorials
B) Burning Man
C) Facebook groups
D) Meetups

Question 25

Despite their often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious differences, and the fact that most will never meet each other, the majority of people in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called "America." What concept does this demonstrate?

A) ethnic making
B) nation building
C) imagined community
D) diaspora

Question 26

The sense of connection that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation even among members who will likely never meet refers to ________.

A) nationalism
B) imagined community
C) invented identity
D) nation-state

Question 27

In New York, the annual India Day Parade excluded the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) for 15 years before allowing the group to participate. This exclusion happened despite the existence of the hijra, a third gender that is legally recognized in India. In considering the process of assimilation, the exclusion of SALGA might be understood as a(n):

A) form of segregation.
B) exclusive nationalism.
C) type of ethnic prejudice.
D) type of ethnic boundary marker.

Question 28

What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?

A) United Kingdom
B) England
C) France
D) South Africa

Question 29

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?

A) multiculturalism
B) assimilation
C) situational negotiation of identity
D) genocide

Question 30

The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily by occupation; however, the Belgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different from and superior to the Hutu farmers. Eventually, these two groups of people also began to see each other as different, which led to a terrible genocide. This was set in motion by the promotion of misinformation about the Tutsi, accomplished by those in a position of power, who are called ________.

A) negotiators
B) racists
C) identity entrepreneurs
D) ethnic cleansers

Question 31

The French have a strong sense of connection to their history and culture that binds them together. This is not the case in some countries like Iraq, where different groups have been pitted against each other in a battle for survival. In addition to historic factors like colonialism, what plays a role in Iraq's social divisions?

A) nationalism
B) ethnicity
C) assimilation
D) citizenship

Question 32

What is the primary difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?

A) Assimilation is the same thing as multiculturalism.
B) Assimilation is a fully voluntary process.
C) Assimilation means preserving ethnic identity.
D) Assimilation implies a loss of ethnic identity.

Question 33

What do we call the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group?

A) apartheid
B) assimilation
C) mass murder
D) genocide

Question 34

Chinese immigrants in the United States have a long history, but many Chinese American communities still have a distinct Chinese character where they retain many aspects of their traditional Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate?

A) amalgamation
B) biculturalism
C) integration
D) multiculturalism

Question 35

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are ________.

A) achieved communities
B) conglomerates
C) multicultural
D) imagined communities

Question 36

Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. The development of schools, road systems, and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure today?

A) imagined community
B) ethnic state
C) nation-state
D) citizen coalition

Question 37

In Zimbabwe, guerrilla fighters of different ethnicities turned to Shona spirit mediums to receive the blessing of ancient Shona kings and gain legitimacy and unity in their fight against British colonialism. This allowed them to promote what?

A) colonialism
B) conversion to the Shona religion
C) nationalism
D) distinct ethnic groups

Question 38

Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:

A) never existed at all.
B) has only existed since World War I.
C) has only existed for 200 years.
D) has existed for at least 2,000 years.

Question 39

A long history of violence, repression, and war in the tiny nation of Eritrea has resulted in a large out-migration of the citizenry. As a means of "striking back," many of these migrants have banded together to maintain close emotional ties to their homeland. These groups of people living outside their homelands but maintaining strong emotional and material ties to it are referred to as ________.

A) refugees
B) diaspora
C) asylum seekers
D) immigrants

Question 40

Many immigrant groups-Arab, Czech, French, Irish, Italian, Greek, Jewish, and others-have contributed to what has been known as a "melting pot" in America. Now, anthropologists and others prefer the term ________, which better reflects the role of ethnicity in the United States.

A) multiculturalism
B) illegals
C) assimilation
D) immigration

Question 41

In a brief essay, compare and contrast how the Bafokeng and Native American tribes have formed corporations to achieve specific goals. Use specific examples from the class to illustrate your answer.

Question 42

The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation known as Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. because:

A) they wanted to recover land taken by white settlers.
B) they wanted to get wealthy from platinum mining.
C) the corporation wanted to make the Bafokeng people wealthy.
D) the corporation wanted to take advantage of native sovereignty.

Question 43

Identify three things that are used as ethnic boundary markers, and explain in what cultures they are used and how.

Question 44

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate?

A) ethnic cleansing
B) patriotism
C) fascism
D) expulsion

Question 45

In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white settlers who had taken it through the formation of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. This effort has subsequently flourished. This a good example of ________.

A) national agency
B) black supremacy
C) an ethno-corporation
D) a multinational corporation

Question 46

In the text, the author notes that the French national soccer team imploded at the 2010 World Cup because one of the team's stars questioned if some members of the team were actually French. They have to be citizens of France to play on the team. Explain why this became an issue for the French team.

Question 47

China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China. One way this is done is by the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-born Chinese Han people. Although no clear evidence suggests that this is done through force, most observers agree that this is a case of ________.

A) genocide
B) ethnic cleansing
C) ethnocide
D) repatriation

Question 48

In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether or not to make their nation an independent country, separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was defeated, what particular sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking independence?

A) a desire for ethnic cleansing
B) nationalism
C) the sentiment of being in diaspora
D) rebellion

Question 49

Colonial powers redrew the political boundaries of much of the world to suit their economic needs, without regard to local ethnic groups, politics, or religions. When colonialism ended, these new boundaries often resulted in civil war, ethnic cleansing, and ethnic conflict. In cases such as Yugoslavia, it has also led to ________.

A) political stability
B) ethno-corporations
C) ethnic diversity
D) genocide

Question 50

In the opening discussion of Chapter 7, the author discusses how Jerome and Kevin-Prince Boateng have become soccer stars. Their father was Ghanian and their mothers were German; one played soccer for the German national team and the other played for the Ghanian national team. In a brief essay, explain how they can have different nationalities that allow them to play on different national teams. Do they have different ethnicities as well? Why?

Question 51

A particular ethnic group may attempt to assert its domination over a nation-state and to affirm its values, ambitions, and common destiny. What is this an expression of?

A) ethnic cleansing
B) patriotism
C) situational negotiation of identity
D) nationalism

Question 52

The United States has been described as a so-called melting pot for immigrants, but not all immigrant groups follow the same trajectory. In a brief essay, compare and contrast the experiences of Italian, Jewish, Greek, or other European immigrants with those of immigrants from China or India.

Question 53

The concepts of ethnicity, nation-state, nationality, and nationalism are closely related, and the terms themselves can have a serious impact on countries in the world today. In a brief essay, discuss the situation in Iraq with regard to nation, nation-state, ethnicity, and nationality, and provide examples to support your points.

Question 54

Explain what is meant when we say that a nation is an imagined community, and give an example.

Question 55

The stark contrast between 1987 and 1994 in Bosnia that Tone Bringa found-all four hundred Muslim villagers had fled or been killed-is a powerful illustration of what kind of action?

A) ethnic cleansing
B) ethnocide
C) situational negotiation of identity
D) creating a nation-state

Question 56

Adolf Hitler rose to power on the basis of a claim to "Aryan supremacy." The Nazi rise to dominance, however, happened largely because the Nazis leveraged and made full use of ________.

A) genocide
B) citizenship
C) multiculturalism
D) nationalism

Question 57

The chapter opens with an account of the World Cup soccer match and the way in which the nationality of some of the players challenges the ideas of ethnicity and nationality. How does the example later in the chapter about Argentina convey a strong sense of how soccer supports ethnicity and nationality?

A) Soccer matches bring in huge amounts of tourist dollars.
B) Members of the Argentinian soccer team are all native Argentinians.
C) Soccer acts as a force to unify national identity.
D) Most members of the national soccer team have strong political ties.

Question 58

In a brief essay, identify three ways that various immigrants from India have created a new and unique Indian American identity in the United States. Is this assimilation or multiculturalism, and why?

Question 59

According to the text, what ended 500 years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?

A) ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
B) differences in religious beliefs
C) growing ethnic rivalries as a result of economic inequality
D) interference from the United States

Question 60

Explain why England is called the "90-minute nation," and why it has become a point of contention for people who identify as English.

Question 61

Define ethnic cleansing versus genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.

Question 62

The text notes that for most of the world's people, ethnicity is not a pressing matter in daily life; instead, it becomes active when power relationships undergo negotiation in a community or nation. In a brief essay, give an example and explain how ethnicity has been activated to accomplish some end. Explain the power relationship under negotiation, who was involved, and how ethnicity was activated to accomplish the goal. Describe the outcome of these efforts.

Question 63

Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.