Deck 12: Aging and Involvement in Sport and Physical Activity

Question 1

Rowe and Khan's model of successful aging has three components

A) absence of chronic disease, sport involvement, and active engagement with life.
B) sport involvement, social involvement, physical involvement.
C) engagement with life, maintenance of physical functioning, high energy levels.
D) absence of chronic disease, maintenance of cognitive and physical functioning, and active engagement with life.

Answer 1

absence of chronic disease, maintenance of cognitive and physical functioning, and active engagement with life.

Question 2

What are the three most common physical activities for adults over sixty-five?

A) walking, gardening, and exercise classes
B) gardening, golf and walking
C) walking, gardening, and bicycling
D) walking, gardening, and home exercise
E) gardening, home exercise, and swimming

Answer 2

walking, gardening, and home exercise

Question 3

Master athletes have shown the iceberg profile, which involves

A) lower scores on tension, depression, fatigue, and confusion and higher scores on vigour than normative samples.
B) lower scores on tension, but higher scores on confusion and fatigue than normative samples.
C) higher scores on tension, and lower scores on depression, fatigue, and confusion and vigour than normative samples.
D) lower scores on tension and vigour, and higher scores on depression, fatigue, and confusion than normative samples.

Answer 3

lower scores on tension, depression, fatigue, and confusion and higher scores on vigour than normative samples.

Question 4

Older adults who will not become involved in physical activity because of a low perception of their current health and fitness levels are an example of what type of determinant of physical activity?

A) social and cultural factors
B) physical and environmental factors
C) demographic and biological factors
D) behavioural attributes
E) psychological, cognitive and emotional factors

Question 5

Disidentification can be a useful tool for ________.

A) maintaining performance
B) maintaining self-esteem
C) increasing motivation
D) improving awareness of stereotypes
E) all of the above

Question 6

Researchers examining older adults have confirmed the importance of ________ in predicting program initiation, attendance, and adherence.

A) perceived health
B) self-efficacy
C) perceived fitness
D) perceived ability
E) self-esteem

Question 7

By the year 2050, the number of Canadian adults over the age of one hundred is expected be ________.

A) doubled
B) tripled
C) quadrupled
D) 10 times higher
E) 20 times higher

Question 8

There may be a dynamic, reciprocal relationship between physical activity and ________ beliefs, in that positive ________ beliefs promote physical activity and physical activity promotes ________ beliefs.

A) social; social; social
B) gender; gender; gender
C) enjoyment; enjoyment; enjoyment
D) age; age; age
E) ecological; ecological; ecological

Question 9

Which is the most common barrier to exercise in seniors?

A) lazy/not motivated
B) health problems/pain
C) too busy/no time
D) fatigue
E) exercise is no fun

Question 10

A health care practitioner who characterizes female older adults as fragile or delicate and encourages them not to engage in physical activity because it is risky is an example of which type of determinant of physical activity?

A) social and cultural factors
B) physical and environmental factors
C) demographic and biological factors
D) behavioural attributes
E) emotional factors

Question 11

"Reconceptualizing your self-image to remove the value associated with a domain, thereby reducing the impact of negative performance" is known as ________.

A) implicit priming
B) explicit priming
C) self-handicapping
D) disidentification
E) stereotype threat

Question 12

The likelihood that participation rates will decline as age increases is an example of which type of determinant of physical activity?

A) social and cultural factors
B) physical and environmental factors
C) demographic and biological factors
D) behavioural attributes
E) emotional factors

Question 13

Canada's Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living for Older Adults recommends up to ________ minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on most days, including a variety of endurance, flexibility, strength and balance activities.

A) twenty
B) thirty
C) forty
D) forty-five
E) sixty

Question 14

In general, ________ and ________ skills appear to be more resistant to age-related decline than physiological factors such as aerobic capacity.

A) cognitive; psychological
B) psychological; motor
C) cognitive; physical
D) cognitive; motor
E) motor; physical

Question 15

Generally, the best predictor of physical activity involvement in people of all ages is

A) enjoyment.
B) the chance to win trophies, earn medals.
C) the opportunity to meet new people.
D) having a good coach.
E) setting records.

Question 16

Which of the following is a conclusion based on the studies by Meisner and Baker examining aging attitudes and involvement in preventive health behaviours?

A) Older adults with positive expectations about their aging are more likely to be physically active.
B) Older adults with positive expectations about their aging are less likely to be physically active.
C) Older adults with positive expectations about their aging are more likely to attend regular physician visits.
D) Older adults with neutral expectations about their aging are more likely to be physically active.
E) A and C

Question 17

Which of the following is a benefit of exercise in older adults?

A) increase in cardiovascular function
B) increased muscle mass and strength
C) improved flexibility
D) improved psychological health
E) all of the above

Question 18

In the past 160 years, our average life expectancy has increased at a rate of about ________ per year.

A) 1 month
B) 2 months
C) 3 months
D) 4 months
E) 5 months

Question 19

Older women are, in general

A) less physically active than young women
B) more physically active than older men
C) just as active as younger women
D) less physically active than older men.
E) Both A and D

Question 20

The notion that older hockey players who continue their training as they age will be able to maintain their skills is associated with what theory?

A) Cognition Theory
B) Compensation Theory
C) Selective Maintenance Theory
D) Dual Process Theory
E) Physical Sustainability Theory

Question 21

The World Masters Games are the largest multi-sport event in the world, next to the Olympics.

Question 22

"Prejudice by one age group toward other age groups" is best described as a definition of ________.

A) negative aging attitudes
B) ageism
C) bias
D) misconception
E) none of the above

Question 23

Older adults with a higher level of education are more likely to be involved in physical activity than those with a lower level of education.

Question 24

When working with older athletes, which of the following sport psychology concepts are applicable?

A) Training programs and interventions should reflect the uniqueness of competition at this level.
B) Athlete's experiences and knowledge should be acknowledged.
C) One's attitudes about older adults should be assessed for bias (e.g., stereotypes).
D) Consultants should consider ways in which they can access athlete's knowledge.
E) all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following is not one of the benefits of competition reported in Dr. Rylee Dionigi's study of masters athletes?

A) opportunities to travel
B) testing their capabilities
C) gaining satisfaction that they can "still do it"
D) social connections and companionship
E) All of the above were noted as benefits of competition.

Question 26

Findings from research with older adults indicate that feelings of self-efficacy are easily modified.

Question 27

Using the Profile of Mood States, Masters track and field athletes demonstrated a higher score than normative samples in which state?

A) tension
B) depression
C) vigour
D) fatigue
E) confusion

Question 28

Getting older involves the inevitable loss of the ability to function in society.

Question 29

Current data on the Canadian older adult population indicate

A) the vast majority do not meet physical activity guidelines.
B) most spend too much time in sedentary activities.
C) the majority are not active enough for health benefits.
D) physical activity levels decease with advancing age.
E) all of the above

Question 30

Baker, Horton, Pearce, and Deakin's study of elite ________ suggests that skilled motor performance declines much less with age than performance in sports such as running and swimming.

A) rowers
B) archers
C) cyclists
D) golfers
E) gymnasts

Question 31

Loss of muscle mass that typically accompanies aging is known as ________.

A) hypertrophy
B) sarcopenia
C) narcopenia
D) osteoporosis
E) myopenia

Question 32

Many Canadians run the risk of spending a significant portion of their seniors years in complete dependence.

Question 33

An increased lifespan does not necessarily mean a better quality of life.

Question 34

An older adults who does not exercise because of heart disease is using an example of which barrier to exercise in seniors?

A) lazy/not motivated
B) too busy/no time
C) fatigue
D) health problems/pain
E) don't like exercise

Question 35

Persons over eighty-five are the fastest growing segment of the population.

Question 36

In general, physiological factors such as aerobic capacity appear more resistant to age related decline than factors such as memory.

Question 37

Among Canadian adults, females are consistently more active than males.

Question 38

Older adults may be limiting their involvement in physical activity because of internalized negative stereotypes about their group.

Question 39

Older adults who live below the poverty line and claim that registration fees for recreation programs at local community centres are too high are an example of which determinant of physical activity and sport involvement?

A) social and cultural factors
B) physical and environmental factors
C) demographic and biological factors
D) behavioural attributes
E) emotional factors

Question 40

Which one of the following represents a difference between Masters runners and their non-active counterparts?

A) lower consumption of alcohol
B) better sleep patterns
C) higher self-esteem
D) fewer physical problems
E) all of the above

Question 41

"Greater involvement in physical activity and exercise promotes a greater likelihood of aging successfully" is an example of a dose-response relationship.

Question 42

What are some of the reasons that master athletes are important from a research perspective?

Question 43

Compare the reasons Masters athletes give for participating in competitive sport with the reasons given by younger athletes.

Question 44

List the six most common barriers to exercise in older adults and briefly describe the data on the most common barrier.

Question 45

Why might seniors hold negative stereotypes about their own social group (i.e., about themselves)?

Question 46

Distinguish between compensation theory and selective maintenance theory.