Deck 14: Body Image in Sport and Exercise

Question 1

Marcel is an athlete on your team who has missed multiple practices and games. When you confront him, he tells you that his nose is so big that it gets in the way of his sight lines and he feels he cannot be an effective team member since he just keeps focusing on his nose. You are worried because Marcel may be demonstrating signs of ________.

A) bulimia nervosa
B) body dysmorphia
C) hubristic pride
D) none of the above

Answer 1

body dysmorphia

Question 2

Self-presentation motivation is defined as

A) real or imagined pressure to change one's physique.
B) the desire to regulate others' impressions, concerns with how one is perceived by others, and attempts to construct desirable images to obtain others' approval the number of social relationships one has.
C) people's inherent desire to present favourably.
D) B and C

Answer 2

B and C

Question 3

Which statement is FALSE?

A) Body image concerns can deter people from starting an exercise program.
B) Body image concerns can motivate people to start exercising.
C) Body image can deter people from adhering to an exercise program.
D) Body image concerns are only relevant to women.

Answer 3

Body image concerns are only relevant to women.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of affective body image?

A) shame
B) guilt
C) pride
D) dissatisfaction

Question 5

Which of the following attributes is responsible for the overall impact of body image on development, health, and well-being?

A) body image affect
B) body image dissatisfaction
C) body image reflection
D) body image investment

Question 6

Which of the following CANNOT be said about cognitive behavioural therapy?

A) It is a problem-based and action oriented approach used to address dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviours and cognitions.
B) It involves the use of psychoeducation, biofeedback, desensitization, and cognitive dissonance, which are delivered by trained therapists, can include.
C) It involves individuals arguing against the body ideals in a way that is incongruent with their personal beliefs.
D) It is less practical to implement in sport and physical education settings.

Question 7

If a friend of yours exclaims "I am better looking than everyone on this party," he/she is displaying ________.

A) authentic pride
B) hubristic pride
C) exaggerated body confidence
D) all of the above

Question 8

The term "muscle dysmorphia" is best described as

A) negative thoughts one's appearance and experiences of clinically significant levels of distress that impairs functioning.
B) a specified condition within body dysmorphic disorder, is a chronic preoccupation with insufficient muscularity and inadequate muscle mass.
C) preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance, which causes severe distress and impairment in daily functioning.
D) over-exaggerated and inaccurate perceptions of flaws related to body parts and characteristics.

Question 9

Which of the following is/are a source of sociocultural influence(s) on body image?

A) peers
B) parents
C) articles in the newspaper or on the Internet
D) all of the above

Question 10

The first multidimensional approach to body image was introduced by ________.

A) Henry Head
B) Thomas Cash
C) Paul Schilder
D) Seymour Fisher

Question 11

The extent to which an individual feels his/her current state is discrepant from the state he/she should be reflects

A) actual: ought discrepancy.
B) ideal: ought discrepancy.
C) actual: ideal discrepancy.
D) none of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true regarding social physique anxiety?

A) It can motivate engagement or avoidance of physical activity.
B) It reflects the anxiety a person experiences as a result of perceived or actual judgments from others.
C) It has been identified as a most studied perceptual body image construct.
D) It is higher among women than men.

Question 13

People suffering from body dysmorphic disorder can be diagnosed with which of the following eating disorders?

A) anorexia nervosa
B) bulimia nervosa
C) binge eating disorder
D) A and B
E) all of the above

Question 14

Body image begins early in life as a result of which of the following?

A) socialization processes
B) increasing awareness of attractiveness
C) social comparison
D) B and C
E) all of the above

Question 15

Lexi feels anxious when she watches herself exercising in a mirror. Her response is an indication of the ________ dimension of her body image.

A) cognitive
B) affective
C) perceptual
D) behavioural

Question 16

Dania has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. It is likely that she also suffers from ________.

A) binge eating
B) body hubris
C) body dysmorphic disorder
D) body cathexis

Question 17

Which of the following is describes body dysmorphia?

A) chronic preoccupation with insufficient muscularity and inadequate muscle mass
B) over-exaggerated and inaccurate perceptions of flaws related to body parts and characteristics
C) preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance, which causes severe distress and impairment in daily functioning
D) abnormal eating habits that result in insufficient or excessive consumption of food

Question 18

Which of the following may potentially influence body image?

A) sociocultural factors
B) sex
C) illness
D) all of the above

Question 19

As a physical activity expert, you are looking further understand the role that sociocultural factors have on body image. What theoretical perspective could you adopt to investigate this question?

A) social cognitive theory
B) tripartite influence model
C) A and B
D) neither of the above

Question 20

It is thought that body image can serve which of the following function(s)?

A) motivate physical activity behaviour avoidance
B) motivate physical activity behaviour participation
C) increase the use of appearance management techniques
D) A and B
E) all of the above

Question 21

Affective, cognitive, and behavioural body image factors do not differ between young and older age groups and are generally stable.

Question 22

You are hired as a program coordinator for body image in high school. Working with the counsellors and teachers, you develop a program based on theory, research, and practice. Based on Yager and colleagues (2013), you can expect your program to

A) be successful for males and females.
B) improve body image for females but not males.
C) improve body image for younger but not older adolescents.
D) A and C

Question 23

Jax takes many selfies and then chooses the best one to post as his messenger profile photo. He is displaying a tendency to favourably ________.

A) self-monitor
B) self-promote
C) self-present
D) self-manage

Question 24

There are many negative health behaviours associated with body image dissatisfaction. These include

A) lower alcohol consumption and drug use.
B) greater cosmetic surgery and body change strategies.
C) avoidance of sexual behaviours.
D) all of the above

Question 25

Paul is asked to manipulate a body figure on a computer screen to be reflective of his own body size and shape. This is a cognitive measure of body image.

Question 26

Hubristic pride is a feeling that comes from feeling a sense of satisfaction from having fulfilled one's intentions.

Question 27

Based on studies linking body image and biological functioning markers, higher body image dissatisfaction may be associated with

A) less cortisol release and more C-reactive protein.
B) more cortisol release and less C-reactive protein.
C) more cortisol release and more C-reactive protein.
D) less cortisol release and less C-reactive protein.

Question 28

People who compare themselves to those who are worse off than they are on physical attributes of value engage in downward social comparison.

Question 29

You have a group of adolescent male physical education students. Ash is one of the boys in the class who has demonstrated signs of social physique anxiety. Based on the work of Kowalski and colleagues, you can expect that Ash will most likely use which of the following coping strategies?

A) behavioural avoidance
B) cognitive dissonance
C) journal writing
D) acceptance
E) all of the above

Question 30

Individuals who experience a high drive for muscularity report higher social physique anxiety, higher body satisfaction and higher self-esteem than individuals who report a low drive for muscularity.

Question 31

According Brunet and colleagues' (2012) research, young women who judge themselves as inferior to their ideal self will engage in more physical activity.

Question 32

Beth and Elliott are best friends who attend the University of Toronto together and exercise together whenever they can. None of Daniel's friends came to university, so he tends to work out alone. Drawing on findings by Carron and Prapavessis (1997), we would expect Elliott's level of social physique anxiety to be

A) the same as Daniel's.
B) lower than Daniel's.
C) higher than Daniel's.
D) The findings of Carron and Prapavessis cannot be used to answer this question.

Question 33

Which of the following individuals is likely to report the highest level of social physique anxiety?

A) Sandra, who works out in a gym with mirrors
B) Sally, who works out at home to aerobics videos
C) Sue, who trains for gymnastics events
D) all of the above

Question 34

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent binge eating and purging through self-induced vomiting, laxative use, and excessive exercise.

Question 35

________ is a negative emotion that occurs when a person feels they lack another person's superior quality.

A) Shame
B) Guilt
C) Anxiety
D) Envy

Question 36

Males and females are equally likely to present with body and muscle dysmorphia.

Question 37

Which country was the first to implement a Photoshop law pertaining to images printed in the media?

A) India
B) Italy
C) Indonesia
D) Israel

Question 38

The meaning and importance of body image is also referred to as one's body image investment.

Question 39

Chaiton et al. (2009) documented that weight was indirectly associated with ________ through its influence on pressure to be thin and body dissatisfaction.

A) anxiety
B) depression
C) body dissatisfaction
D) none of the above

Question 40

Low body dissatisfaction scores suggests people are satisfied and happy with their bodies.

Question 41

You are a behavioural counselling expert brought in to "Meet the Teacher" night at school to discuss body image with parents. What are some of the topics you would discuss with them as areas of focus to help them manage their child's body image?

Question 42

Drawing on literature presented throughout the chapter, develop a comprehensive program to help adults improve body image investment and evaluation.

Question 43

Based on Higgins' self-discrepancy theory, people compare themselves to internalized standards self-guides. There are two types of self-guides. The degree to which people's self-view of themselves differ from these self-guides can result in two types of self-discrepancies. What are they and provide an example for each.

Question 44

According to Leary and Kowalski (1990), there are two discrete sets of processes involved in self-presentation. List and define them.

Question 45

Provide examples for (a) downward social comparison and (b) upward social comparison. Discuss the consequences of each type of social comparison.

Question 46

What is the definition of normative discontent?

Question 47

As a researcher interested in the association between body image and mental health, you want to get an accurate assessment of the different dimensions of body image. List the body image dimensions and provide one example of a measure that you could use for each dimension.