Deck 15: Appendix A: Brief, basic Chemistry

Question 1

Abolitionists maintain that animals do not have the same rights as humans.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

An ontogenetic explanation is one that describes the development of a structure or behavior.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A person who believes that hormones released at different stages of the menstrual cycle affect a person's mood is using a(n)____ explanation.​

A)functional
B)​ontogenetic
C)​physiological
D)evolutionary

Answer 3

​physiological

Question 4

Invertebrate nerve action follows the same basic principles as human nerves.​

Question 5

Gottfried Leibniz (1714)posed the question: "Why is there something rather than nothing?" 

Question 6

A fundamental property is one that ____.​

A)answers all questions
B)​occurs only in certain parts of the nervous system
C)​cannot be reduced to something else
D)cannot be explained

Question 7

Perception occurs primarily in sense organs.​

Question 8

Jill studies how hormones influence sexual behavior of rats.She is most likely a ____.​

A)biological psychologist
B)​neuroscientist
C)​clinical psychologist
D)psychiatrist

Question 9

Neurons vary enormously in size,shape,and functions.​

Question 10

Minimalists do not tolerate any kind of animal research.​

Question 11

The dispute between abolitionists and animal researchers is a dispute between two ethical positions.​

Question 12

The underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species.​

Question 13

The universe could have been different in many ways,nearly all of which would have made life impossible​

Question 14

Research scientists are free to do as they wish when conducting research with animals.​

Question 15

A cognitive neuroscientist is most likely to ____.​

A)conduct behavioral tests to determine the abilities and disabilities of people with various kinds of brain damage
B)​study scans of brain anatomy or activity to analyze and explore people's knowledge, thinking, and problem solving
C)​relate behaviors to the functions they have served and, therefore, the presumed selective pressures that caused them to evolve
D)identify educational needs of schoolchildren, devise a plan to meet the needs, and then help teachers implement it

Question 16

Chalmers explanation of the mind-body problem has largely laid the issue to rest.​

Question 17

The mind-body problem refers to how the mind controls the body.

Question 18

Electrical stimulation of your brain can produce a hand experience even if you had no hand.​

Question 19

Mental activity and certain types of brain activity are,so far as we can tell,inseparable.​

Question 20

Biological psychologists are primarily interested in the study of the physiological,evolutionary,and ____.​

A)social influences on attitudes
B)​developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
C)​cultural mechanisms of society as a whole
D)psychological influences on disease

Question 21

Explaining differences in running speed as a function of differences in muscle fiber types is an example of a(n)____ explanation.​

A)ontogenetic
B)​physiologicalphysiological
C)​evolutionary
D)functional

Question 22

​The view of the brain from above is called the ____ view.

A)anterior
B)ventral​
C)dorsal​
D)posterior​

Question 23

​Consciousness occurs ____.

A)in all kinds of nervous systems some of the time
B)in certain parts of certain kinds of nervous system all of the time​
C)in certain parts of certain kinds of nervous systems some of the time​
D)in all kinds of nervous systems all of the time​

Question 24

​Consciousness does not occur when you are ____.

A)in a coma
B)​daydreaming
C)​watching television
D)exercising

Question 25

​Some animals have camouflage that matches their typical surroundings in order to provide protection from predators.What type of explanation does this illustrate?

A)evolutionary
B)functional​
C)ontogenetic​
D)physiological​

Question 26

​An evolutionary explanation of why we get goose bumps when cold is that ____.

A)our sympathetic nervous system is activated
B)we inherited the mechanism from our remote ancestors who had more hair​
C)we have a preference for being warm​
D)our children are often raised in cold environments​

Question 27

​Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests that there is a(n)____ explanation.

A)ontogenetic
B)​evolutionary
C)​behavioral
D)physiological

Question 28

​Which explanation of human behavior focuses most on learning through experience? 

A)physiological
B)ontogenetic​
C)evolutionary​
D)functional​

Question 29

​An adult male sparrow sings its normal song ____.

A)if he hears the song during a sensitive period early in his life
B)only when he hears a female bird singing​
C)if his own species' song is the first song he hears when young​
D)regardless of whether or not he has ever heard his species' song from another bird​

Question 30

Which type of explanation best describes how a structure or behavior develops?​

A)physiological
B)​ontogenetic
C)​evolutionary
D)functional

Question 31

A particular area of a songbird brain grows under the influence of testosterone; hence,it is larger in breeding males than in females or immature birds.That brain area enables a mature male to sing.What type of explanation is illustrated here?

A)evolutionary
B)ontogenetic
C)neurological
D)physiological

Question 32

A person who studies the genetic predisposition to be aggressive in combination with early aggressive experiences is seeking a(n)____ explanation.

A)physiological
B)​behavioral
C)​evolutionary
D)ontogenetic

Question 33

Human language developed as the result of genes and the opportunity to hear language during a sensitive period in early life.What type of explanation is this?

A)physiological
B)​ontogenetic
C)​evolutionary
D)functional

Question 34

A(n)____ explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.​

A)functional
B)​ontogenetic
C)​physiological
D)evolutionary

Question 35

A(n)____ explanation describes eating in terms of the hypothalamus affecting insulin production,which affects the availability of glucose in cells.​

A)physiological
B)​ontogenetic
C)​evolutionary
D)functional

Question 36

​In a small population of sheep,the dominant male may produce many more offspring than the other males,spreading his genes.This is an example of ____.

A)assimilation
B)artificial selection​
C)genetic drift​
D)recombination​

Question 37

A(n)____ describes development,including the influences of genes,nutrition,experiences,and their interactions.​

A)functional
B)​ontogenetic
C)​physiological
D)evolutionary

Question 38

​Which type of explanation describes why a particular structure or behavior is advantageous?

A)physiological
B)​ontogenetic
C)​evolutionary
D)functional

Question 39

​Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species?

A)physiological
B)ontogenetic​
C)evolutionary​
D)solipsistic​

Question 40

Understanding how genes,nutrition,and experience work together to produce a tendency toward a particular sexual orientation is an example of a(n)____ explanation.​

A)ontogenetic
B)​evolutionary
C)​functional
D)common sense

Question 41

​Which field is least likely to focus primarily on research?

A)neuroscience
B)psychophysiology​
C)neurochemistry​
D)neurology​

Question 42

​Certain pairs of species have similar songs.For example,dunlins and Baird's sandpipers,two shorebird species,give their calls in distinct pulses,unlike other shorebirds.What type of explanation is suggested here?

A)evolutionary
B)​ontogenetic
C)​neurological
D)physiological

Question 43

​Perception occurs in ____.

A)waves
B)the brain​
C)receptors​
D)transducers​

Question 44

​To propose that consciousness is a fundamental property essentially means that ____.

A)we know it to be the fundamental unit of life
B)we know it to be transient, and occurring at random times​
C)we have given up on explaining it​
D)we have a better understanding of how it occurs in the brain​

Question 45

​In many species,a young male bird learns its song by listening to adult males.Development of the song requires certain genes and the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period early in life.What type of explanation is illustrated here?

A)evolutionary
B)ontogenetic​
C)neurological​
D)physiological​

Question 46

​What idea states that minds are one type of substance and matter,like the brain,is another type of substance?

A)dualism
B)monism​
C)exceptionalism​
D)relativism​

Question 47

​A comparative psychologist ____.

A)compares the reactions different people have in similar situations
B)considers the evolutionary histories of different species and their behaviors​
C)compares nervous system responses of different people​
D)helps people with emotional distress​

Question 48

​According to Tinbergen,the argument that humans are essentially different from all other animals and that the gap between humans and animals can never be bridged ____.

A)assumes that it will be futile even to search for animal roots
B)is essential to the meaningful study of human neuropsychology​
C)is the only scientifically-defensible point of view​
D)will stimulate research into the relationship between the mind and brain​

Question 49

​A(n)____ investigates the chemical reactions in the brain.

A)neurochemist
B)psychophysiologist​
C)comparative psychologist​
D)neurologist​

Question 50

​According to David Chalmers,consciousness is ____.

A)a fundamental property of matter
B)not necessary for brain functioning​
C)easy to observe​
D)independent of the brain​

Question 51

​A stroke patient might seek the aid of a(n)____ to increase the functions of daily life.

A)neuroscientist
B)clinical psychologist​
C)occupational therapist​
D)neurochemist​

Question 52

​Someone who investigates how the functioning of the brain and other organs influences behavior is most likely to be called a ____.

A)sociobiologist
B)neuropsychologist​
C)behavioral neuroscientist​
D)comparative psychologist​

Question 53

​A neuropsychologist ____.

A)has an M.D.and specializes in the treatment of brain damage
B)conducts research on animal behavior ​
C)is more often a teacher than a practitioner​
D)tests the abilities and disabilities of people with brain damage​

Question 54

​Which specialist is most likely to work with people with brain damage?

A)comparative psychologist
B)biopsychologist​
C)neuropsychologist​
D)psychobiologist​

Question 55

​After much analysis,string theorists in the 1980s concluded that _____.

A)the universe could have taken a vast number of forms
B)while other universes are possible, they are highly improbable​
C)the universe can only take a small number of forms​
D)ours is likely the only universe that could ever exist​

Question 56

​Nearly all neuroscientists and philosophers support the position of ____.

A)monism
B)exceptionalism​
C)dualism​
D)relativism​

Question 57

​Neurons ____.

A)convey messages to glands
B)have an oval or round shape​
C)are typically very large​
D)are usually smaller than glia​

Question 58

​A psychiatrist is most likely to ____.

A)help people with emotional distress
B)perform brain surgery​
C)treat people with brain damage​
D)relate behaviors to the functions they have served in their evolutionary past​

Question 59

​Who is most associated with the idea that consciousness should be regarded as a fundamental property?

A)Chalmers
B)Descartes​
C)Leibniz​
D)Tinbergen​

Question 60

​The sea dragon is a fish that looks and acts like kelp in order to attract its food.A researcher proposes that this is due to a genetic modification that expands smaller appendages already present in these fish's ancestors.What type of explanation is this?

A)functional
B)evolutionary​
C)ontogenetic​
D)biological​

Question 61

​A(n)____ research might relate the behaviors of different species to their habitats.

A)evolutionary psychologist
B)cognitive neuroscientist​
C)behavioral neuroscientist​
D)comparative psychologist​

Question 62

​The view of the brain from below is called the ____ view.

A)anterior
B)linear​
C)ventral​
D)dorsal​

Question 63

​A(n)____ therapist is most likely to provide exercise and other treatments to help people with muscle or nerve problems,pain,or anything else that impairs movement.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral​
C)occupational​
D)physical​

Question 64

​Mr.Spindero periodically visits a hospital clinic where he takes various paper and pencil tests that document the progression of his dementia.A(n)____ is most likely to be administering the tests.

A)neurologist
B)psychologist​
C)neuropsychologist​
D)cognitive neuroscientist​

Question 65

​A(n)____ explanation of the brain might invoke the gradual maturation of the frontal parts of the brain.

A)ontogenetic
B)evolutionary​
C)physiological​
D)functional​

Question 66

​A(n)____ explanation of the brain invokes the chemical reactions that enable hormones to influence brain activity.

A)ontogenetic
B)evolutionary​
C)physiological​
D)functional​

Question 67

​Following her stroke,Mrs.Hakim,who has limited use of her right arm,will likely work with a(n)____ therapist who helps her relearn how to dress herself.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral​
C)occupational​
D)physical​

Question 68

​The term ontogenetic comes from the Greek word that relating to the ____.

A)origin of being
B)cause of actions​
C)meaning of life​
D)goals of actions​

Question 69

​A(n)____ is most likely to have a PhD and study the anatomy,biochemistry,or physiology of the nervous system.

A)psychiatrist
B)neuroscientist​
C)neurologist​
D)neurosurgeon​

Question 70

​A(n)____ explanation of the brain invokes the routes by which brain activity controls muscle contractions.

A)ontogenetic
B)evolutionary​
C)physiological​
D)functional​

Question 71

​What type of explanations call attention to behavioral similarities among related species?

A)ontogenetic
B)evolutionary​
C)physiological​
D)functional​

Question 72

​A(n)____ explanation describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

A)ontogenetic
B)evolutionary ​
C)physiological ​
D)functional​

Question 73

​When asked why a particular behavior occurs,people typically rely on ____ explanations.

A)functional
B)commonsense​
C)alternative​
D)cost-benefit​

Question 74

​After nine-year-old Shane suffers a traumatic brain injury when he was hit by a car accident,a(n)____ therapist helps him learn how to walk again.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral​
C)developmental​
D)physical​

Question 75

​A(n)____ explanation relies on activity of the brain and other organs.

A)ontogenetic
B)evolutionary​
C)physiological​
D)functional​

Question 76

​Which type of psychologist would be most likely to study which brain regions and neurotransmitter systems were involved with schizophrenia?

A)clinical
B)biological​
C)comparative​
D)developmental​

Question 77

​A(n)____ explanation reconstructs the ancestral history of a behavior or structure.

A)ontogenetic
B)evolutionary​
C)physiological​
D)functional​

Question 78

​Most ____ have a mixture of psychological and medical training and work in hospitals and clinics.

A)psychophysiologists
B)neurochemists​
C)neuropsychologists​
D)physiological psychologists​

Question 79

​A(n)____ people improve their ability to perform functions of daily life.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral​
C)occupational​
D)physical​

Question 80

​A researcher who uses scans of brain anatomy or activity,to analyze and explore how people with autism spectrum disorders process facial expressions is most likely a(n)____.

A)cognitive neuroscientist
B)comparative psychologist​
C)psychophysiologist​
D)neurologist​