Deck 10: Reproductive Behaviors

Question 1

Estrogens are present only in females​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The sex hormones include the estrogens,progesterone,and the androgens.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Steroid hormones produce their effects by ____.​

A)disrupting cell membranes
B)​opening ion channels
C)​increasing cholesterol levels
D)entering cells and affecting gene expression

Answer 3

entering cells and affecting gene expression

Question 4

Testosterone levels continue to increase throughout a human male's lifetime.​

Question 5

Which hormone(s)is/are likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females?​

A)peptide hormones
B)​androgens
C)​progesterone
D)estrogens

Question 6

Birth-control pills prevent pregnancy by interfering with the usual feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary.​

Question 7

Two major classes of sex hormones are ____.​

A)luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
B)​dopamine and serotonin
C)​steroids and thyroid hormones
D)androgens and estrogens

Question 8

In humans,testosterone produces its organizing effects on the hypothalamus by itself.​

Question 9

Progesterone prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and promotes the maintenance of pregnancy.​

Question 10

Drugs that reduce testosterone levels in males will most likely reduce their sexual behavior.​

Question 11

There are obvious differences in external anatomy of homosexual humans compared to heterosexual humans.​

Question 12

In general,men are more jealous of sexual infidelity than women.​

Question 13

Girls with CAH are more likely to participate in "tomboyish" activities.​

Question 14

Hormones are capable of inducing long-lasting changes throughout the body.​

Question 15

Which hormone(s)is/are likely to be found more abundantly in females than in males?​

A)peptide hormones
B)​androgens
C)​progesterone
D)estrogens

Question 16

Organizing effects of hormones usually occur early in development.​

Question 17

Activating effects can occur at any time in life when a hormone temporarily activates a particular response.​

Question 18

Androgen insensitivity syndrome leads to a genetic male with a female external appearance of the genitals.​

Question 19

Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal a female in its external anatomy.​

Question 20

Which is true of androgens and estrogens?​

A)Only males have androgens; only females have estrogens.
B)​Only males have estrogens; only females have androgens.
C)​Males and females have androgens and estrogens in similar amounts.
D)Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.

Question 21

Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones?​

A)whether an organism develops as male or female
B)​the degree of sexual activity at any time
C)​the timing of migration or hibernation
D)current metabolic rate

Question 22

What determines whether a mammal develops male or female external genitals?​

A)the amount of testosterone during prenatal development
B)​the amount of estrogens during prenatal development
C)​the difference (subtraction) between testosterone and estrogen levels in prenatal development
D)the ratio (division) between testosterone and estrogen levels in prenatal development

Question 23

Wolffian ducts are found in ____.​

A)genetic female fetuses only
B)​genetic male fetuses only
C)​female and male fetuses early in development
D)female and male fetuses until shortly before birth

Question 24

How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?​

A)Reproductive structures are influenced by hormone levels; genitals are not.
B)​Reproductive structures for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; genitals develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures.
C)​Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures.
D)Genital development is controlled by estrogen; the reproductive structures are controlled by androgen.

Question 25

What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male,regardless of its chromosomes?​

A)exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
B)​deprivation of estradiol during an early stage of development
C)​exposure to neither testosterone nor estradiol during an early stage of development
D)an infusion of testosterone at puberty

Question 26

The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is ____.​

A)testosterone
B)​androgen
C)​progesterone
D)estradiol

Question 27

How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?​

A)Reproductive structures are influenced by hormone levels; genitals are not.
B)​Reproductive structures for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; genitals develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures
C)​Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures.
D)Genital development is controlled by estrogen; the reproductive structures are controlled by androgen.

Question 28

What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?​

A)the X chromosome
B)​the sex region Y (SRY) gene
C)​the sexually dimorphic nucleus
D)Müllerian inhibiting hormone

Question 29

Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy ____.​

A)male
B)​female
C)​intermediate between male and female
D)fully both male and female

Question 30

What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?​

A)a lack of estradiol
B)​moderate levels of estradiol during an early stage of development
C)​a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
D)a high level of testosterone during the late part of puberty

Question 31

Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development?​

A)Wolffian ducts
B)​primitive gonads
C)​Müllerian ducts
D)Müllerian inhibiting hormone

Question 32

Müllerian ducts are found in ____.​

A)genetic female fetuses only
B)​genetic male fetuses only
C)​female and male fetuses early in development
D)female and male fetuses until shortly before birth

Question 33

If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth,it will ____.​

A)still develop into a male
B)​still develop into a male, but will act very much like a female
C)​develop into something intermediate between female and male
D)develop into a female

Question 34

Sexual differentiation begins with ____.​

A)Wolffian ducts
B)​chromosomes
C)​Müllerian ducts
D)hormones

Question 35

In general,when do hormones produce "organizing effects"?​

A)whenever the levels of some other hormone have decreased
B)​during early stages in development
C)​during adulthood
D)temporarily at any time in life

Question 36

If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward,at maturity her ____.​

A)pituitary and ovaries will not produce their hormones
B)​ovaries will no longer produce hormones, although her pituitary will
C)​pituitary and ovaries will produce steady levels of hormones instead of cyclic levels of hormones
D)pituitary and ovaries will produce cyclic levels of hormones instead of steady levels

Question 37

An organizing effect differs from an activating effect of a hormone in that an organizing effect ____.​

A)inhibits the effects of another hormone
B)​lasts only briefly
C)​activates excitatory receptors
D)produces more long-lasting effects

Question 38

Genetic males with testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity)develop looking and acting female.This condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which effect?​

A)It decreases the production of cortisol.
B)​It prevents the production of testosterone.
C)​It causes a conversion of testosterone into estradiol within certain cells.
D)It prevents testosterone from having its usual effects.

Question 39

In comparison to activating effects,organizing effects of hormones take place ____.​

A)later in life and produce more long-lasting effects
B)​later in life and produce more temporary effects
C)​earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects
D)earlier in life and produce more temporary effects

Question 40

When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in rats?​

A)well before birth
B)​shortly before and after birth
C)​during their juvenile period
D)at approximately two months of age

Question 41

The estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it ____.​

A)is chemically converted to testosterone
B)​is prevented from entering the developing cells
C)​is chemically unstable at the body temperature of a fetus
D)would have no effect on cells even if it did enter them

Question 42

Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?​

A)testosterone
B)​dopamine
C)​estrogen
D)luteinizing hormone

Question 43

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the ____.​

A)thalamus
B)​Wolffian ducts
C)​anterior hypothalamus
D)male brain, only

Question 44

The most effective way to stimulate sexual behavior in a female rodent is to inject her with ____.​

A)prolactin followed by estradiol
B)​progesterone following by parathyroid hormone
C)​alpha fetoprotein followed by cholecystokinin
D)a combination of estradiol and progesterone

Question 45

One way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____.​

A)synchronizing activity between the hypothalamus of the left and right hemispheres
B)​suppressing the release of competing hormones such as testosterone
C)​decreasing the rate of overall body activity
D)increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area

Question 46

According to rodent studies,testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on ____.​

A)alpha-fetoprotein
B)​the sex region Y gene
C)​the thalamus
D)the hypothalamus

Question 47

Sildenafil (Viagra)works by ____.​

A)increasing sensitivity to female's pheromones
B)​increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis
C)​decreasing dopamine release in the hypothalamus
D)blocking pain receptors in the spinal cord

Question 48

In castrated male rats,the medial preoptic area ____.​

A)does not have as much dopamine as other rats
B)​has normal levels of dopamine released in the presence of a receptive female
C)​has as much dopamine as normal rats, but the presence of a receptive female does not evoke much release of it
D)releases the same level of dopamine, but not testosterone, as a normal rat

Question 49

In normal female rats,release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed by ____.​

A)serotonin
B)​testosterone
C)​a combination of testosterone and estrogen
D)estradiol

Question 50

Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is ____.​

A)chemically converted to testosterone
B)​bound to alpha-fetoprotein
C)​dissolved in the fat supplies of the fetus
D)not effective on cells even if it did enter them

Question 51

The hypothalamus of a female who is exposed to testosterone early in life will ____.​

A)decrease in size
B)​develop a cyclic pattern of hormone release
C)​develop more like a typical male hypothalamus (noncyclic)
D)become inactive

Question 52

Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol)prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmitter ____.​

A)serotonin
B)​norepinephrine
C)​dopamine
D)acetylcholine

Question 53

Whereas dopamine stimulates sexual activity,the neurotransmitter ____ inhibits it,in part by blocking dopamine release.​

A)testosterone
B)​estrogen
C)​serotonin
D)estradiol

Question 54

Decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity.​

A)estrogen
B)​oxytocin
C)​testosterone
D)estradiol

Question 55

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is part of the ____.​

A)thalamus
B)​Wolffian ducts
C)​anterior hypothalamus
D)male brain, only

Question 56

By blocking dopamine release,some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also ____.​

A)increase sexual activity
B)​decrease sexual activity
C)​cause permanent organizational defects
D)shrink the SDN

Question 57

Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates ____.​

A)arousal
B)​orgasm
C)​sperm production
D)sexually receptive postures in the female

Question 58

A means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing ____.​

A)testosterone levels
B)​estrogen levels
C)​prolactin
D)the alpha-fetoprotein level in their blood

Question 59

What hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm?​

A)insulin
B)​aldosterone
C)​melatonin
D)oxytocin

Question 60

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is ____.​

A)larger in males than in females
B)​larger in females than in males
C)​present in males, absent in females
D)present in females, absent in males

Question 61

Hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior?​

A)care for newborns during the first few days
B)​continuation of care after the first few days
C)​the parental care sometimes shown by males
D)all aspects equally

Question 62

Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by ____.​

A)increasing the release of estrogen
B)​increasing the release of FSH
C)​interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
D)inactivating both ovaries

Question 63

One objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that ____.​

A)in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring
B)​women are more jealous than men
C)​women can't be sure that their mate is the father
D)there are no men who share this strategy

Question 64

In one study,women in the follicular phase,when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest,preferred male faces that were ____.​

A)more masculine in appearance
B)​somewhat feminine
C)​about halfway between feminized and masculinized
D)larger than normal

Question 65

Sex differences are to ____ as gender differences are to ____.​

A)anatomy; behaviors
B)​adults; children
C)​excitation; inhibition
D)scientists; the public

Question 66

Pheromones of newborn rats ____.​

A)inhibit maternal behavior
B)​stimulate maternal behaviors directly
C)​stimulate the release of hormones that affect maternal behaviors
D)stimulate paternal behaviors, but not maternal behaviors

Question 67

If a never pregnant female rat is left for 5-10 days with a litter of babies,she will ____.​

A)most likely kill them
B)​initially ignore them, but eventually will become more attentive
C)​initially be attentive, but eventually will ignore them
D)immediately respond to them as though she gave birth to them

Question 68

At what point in the menstrual cycle,if any,are women who are NOT on birth-control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?​

A)at any point in the menstrual cycle
B)​just after the end of menstruation
C)​during the periovulatory period
D)just before the next menstrual period

Question 69

People typically experience a state of complete relaxation shortly after orgasm; this occurs due to the release of ____.​

A)testosterone
B)​oxytocin
C)​prolactin
D)progesterone

Question 70

A woman's hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle.​

A)pineal gland
B)​ovaries
C)​thyroid
D)adrenal glands

Question 71

Which mate-selection preference is stronger for men than for women?​

A)acceptable odor
B)​likelihood of being a good provider
C)​youthfulness
D)intelligence

Question 72

Pregnant women often experience nausea because of the heightened activity of the ____ receptor.​

A)serotonin 3
B)​progesterone
C)​estradiol
D)dopamine 2

Question 73

What does a coral goby fish do if its mate dies after eggs have been laid?​

A)A male will abandon the eggs and find a new mate.
B)​A female will care for her young and then die.
C)​Either sex will care for the eggs and, if necessary, change sex to form a new mating pair.
D)Either sex will abandon the eggs to find a new mate.

Question 74

In the middle of the menstrual cycle,an increased release of estradiol causes a(n)____.​

A)decrease in the release of FSH
B)​decrease in the release of LH
C)​sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone
D)increase in the release of testosterone

Question 75

Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.​

A)drop in testosterone levels
B)​surge of prolactin and oxytocin
C)​decrease of prolactin and increase of oxytocin
D)increase of prolactin and decrease of oxytocin

Question 76

If a never pregnant female rat is left for 5-10 days with a litter of babies,she will ____.​

A)most likely kill them
B)​initially ignore them, but eventually will become more attentive
C)​initially be attentive, but eventually will ignore them
D)immediately respond to them as though she gave birth to them

Question 77

The hormones LH,FSH,and estradiol reach a peak ____.​

A)in the first month of pregnancy
B)​at the start of the menstrual period
C)​at the end of the menstrual period
D)around the time of ovulation

Question 78

Follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the ____.​

A)pineal gland
B)​anterior pituitary
C)​thyroid
D)ovum

Question 79

The most widely used and most effective birth control pill is one that contains which hormone(s)?​

A)luteinizing hormone
B)​androgen, but not estrogen
C)​both estrogen and androgen
D)both estrogen and progesterone

Question 80

At this point,the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are ____.​

A)primarily inherited
B)​primarily learned from cultural influence
C)​used to justify our behaviors
D)lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them