Deck 11: Emotional Behaviors

Question 1

Activity in the amygdala can change without the person being consciously aware of an emotional stimulus.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The pattern of physiological reactions for each emotion is easily distinguishable by the person who is experiencing them.​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The sympathetic nervous system is to ____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ____.​

A)fight; flight
B)​emergencies; relaxation
C)​assertiveness; aggressiveness
D)striated muscles; smooth muscles

Answer 3

​emergencies; relaxation

Question 4

According to the ____ theory,we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal.​

A)Lange-Jung
B)​Lange-Papez
C)​James-Jung
D)James-Lange

Question 5

The amygdala is one of the main areas for integrating both environmental and genetic influences,and then regulating the current level of anxiety.​

Question 6

Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of the following three components: ____.​

A)actions, cognitions, and emotions
B)​feelings, actions, and emotions
C)​cognitions, actions, and emotions
D)cognitions, feelings, and actions

Question 7

Activation of the HPA axis occurs during prolonged stress.

Question 8

Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of three components.​

Question 9

Prolonged high cortisol levels are associated with increased hippocampal damage.​

Question 10

The more important contributions to emotions come from the effects of the autonomic nervous system,not muscle activity.​

Question 11

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder are more likely to have a suppressed startle reflex.​

Question 12

People with damage to either the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala show difficulties processing emotional information.​

Question 13

Amygdala damage will result in the complete loss of the startle response.​

Question 14

Temporary increases in cortisol can enhance immune function.

Question 15

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts; the ____ nervous system (which prepares the body for emergency action),and the ____ nervous system (which calms the body).​

A)sympathetic; parasympathetic
B)​parasympathetic; sympathetic
C)​somatic; craniosacral
D)craniosacral; somatic

Question 16

Low serotonin turnover is associated with reduced aggression.​

Question 17

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for intense,vigorous,emergency activity is the ____.​

A)somatic nervous system
B)​craniosacral nervous system
C)​sympathetic nervous system
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 18

Brief activation of the sympathetic nervous system can enhance activity of the immune system.​

Question 19

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,we experience physiological changes first and then label these changes as an emotion.​

Question 20

The limbic system-the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus-has been regarded as non-critical for emotion.​

Question 21

The behavioral inhibition system is associated with ____.​

A)low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood
B)​maximum arousal, increased fear, and negative mood
C)​lack of arousal, decreased action, and pleasant mood
D)increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust

Question 22

Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory?​

A)Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions.
B)​Sometimes people have trouble reporting what they are feeling.
C)​Changes in arousal are reported as changes in emotions.
D)Some people feel stronger emotions than others do.

Question 23

Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that ____.​

A)autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion
B)​the James-Lange theory is incorrect
C)​feelings are the same thing as emotions
D)lack of physiological feedback makes us happy

Question 24

The amygdala is part of the ____.​

A)pyramidal system
B)​sympathetic nervous system
C)​parasympathetic nervous system
D)limbic system

Question 25

The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?​

A)reflexes
B)​fine motor control
C)​spatial orientation
D)emotional

Question 26

Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with ____.​

A)decreased emotional experiences
B)​fear, but not other emotions
C)​behavioral activation
D)behavioral inhibition

Question 27

The area that is activated by feeling disgusted is the same area of the brain responsible for ____.​

A)sight
B)​smell
C)​taste
D)hearing

Question 28

Which system is most likely to be active when moderate physiological arousal occurs while approaching a member of the opposite sex?​

A)behavioral inhibition system
B)​behavioral activation system
C)​behavioral attenuation system
D)behavioral attraction system

Question 29

Which of the following is characterized by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal?​

A)locked-in syndrome
B)​pure autonomic failure
C)​panic attack
D)prosopagnosia

Question 30

Increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the right hemisphere is associated with the ____.​

A)behavioral inhibition system
B)​behavioral activation system
C)​behavioral attenuation system
D)behavioral attraction system

Question 31

The group of forebrain structures that appear to be critical for emotion comprise the ____.​

A)pyramidal system
B)​sympathetic nervous system
C)​parasympathetic nervous system
D)limbic system

Question 32

Individuals with pure autonomic failure ____.​

A)do not experience emotions
B)​are paralyzed
C)​are always fearful
D)do not experience much intensity of emotion

Question 33

In the revised James-Lange theory of emotion,what occurs first?​

A)cognitive appraisal
B)​actions
C)​physiological changes
D)feeling

Question 34

A search for the happiness center in the brain is unlikely to be successful because ____.​

A)brain areas associated with particular emotions vary considerably
B)​happiness is only an epiphenomenon
C)​fear activates brain areas identical to those of happiness
D)no one has been able to define happiness

Question 35

The behavioral activation system is associated with ____.​

A)low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood
B)​maximum arousal, increased fear, and negative mood
C)​lack of arousal, decreased action, and pleasant mood
D)increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust

Question 36

 Investigators have found that individuals who suffer prefrontal cortex damage ____.​

A)often make bad decisions
B)​become more logical than usual in their reasoning
C)​become excessively inhibited in their dealings with others
D)perform poorly on IQ tests

Question 37

Which of the following is characterized by extreme physiological arousal?​

A)locked-in syndrome
B)​pure autonomic failure
C)​panic attack
D)prosopagnosia

Question 38

According to the James-Lange theory,we experience emotion ____.​

A)first, then come our actions
B)​and act upon that emotion, simultaneously
C)​after we experience autonomic arousal
D)and must label it before we can act on it

Question 39

Children with a rare condition called ____ are unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile.​

A)Lange syndrome
B)​Möbius syndrome
C)​James syndrome
D)Fregoli syndrome

Question 40

When people were forced to smile by clenching a pen between their teeth,how did they rate a cartoon they were reading?​

A)funnier than if they were not forced to smile
B)​just as funny as when they were frowning
C)​not as funny as when they were holding a pen between their lips
D)as frightening

Question 41

The concentration of 5-HIAA in the blood,cerebrospinal fluid,or urine provides an estimate of ____.​

A)serotonin stores
B)​serotonin turnover
C)​dopamine stores
D)dopamine turnover

Question 42

Blood and urine levels of which chemicals are related to a history of violent suicide attempts?​

A)high amount of serotonin turnover
B)​low amount of serotonin turnover
C)​high levels of L-dopa
D)low levels of L-dopa

Question 43

A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAOA to the probability of antisocial behavior.The effect of the gene varied from small to great,depending on what?

A)whether the person lived in a large or small town
B)​whether the person lived alone or with others
C)​whether the person was maltreated during childhood
D)whether the person's diet was high or low in fats and carbohydrates

Question 44

Under what circumstances do the criminal behaviors of monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins?​

A)when the monozygotic twins have been raised apart
B)​when the dizygotic twins have been raised together
C)​in adulthood
D)in childhood

Question 45

Some cats "play" with a mouse before killing it.How can this kind of behavior best be explained?​

A)the cat's perverse pleasure in prolonging the mouse's pain
B)​an instinctive need for additional pursuit behaviors prior to eating
C)​a conflict between attack and escape behaviors
D)regression to infantile patterns of activity in the hippocampus

Question 46

If a hamster in its home territory attacks an intruder,what will the hamster do if a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?​

A)Withdraw from the second intruder.
B)​Play with the second intruder.
C)​Attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously.
D)Attack the second intruder but less vigorously than the first.

Question 47

Many studies have found that violent criminals and arsonists released from prison had a greater probability of committing other violent crimes if they ____.​

A)underwent surgical removal of the amygdala
B)​ate diets low in corn
C)​had lower than normal serotonin turnover
D)had higher than normal serotonin turnover

Question 48

A study administering testosterone to women found which of these effects?​

A)Testosterone increased their violent dreams.
B)​Testosterone increased the amount of time they looked at angry faces.
C)​Testosterone caused them to report feeling angry for no apparent reason.
D)Testosterone made them want to play pool, drink beer, and spit.

Question 49

Depression is linked to ____ serotonin and aggressive behavior is linked to ____ serotonin.​

A)low; low
B)​low; high
C)​high; low
D)high; high

Question 50

​Studies of aggressive and criminal behaviors in adulthood have found that ____.

A)there doesn't appear to be a genetic link
B)​there appears to be more aggression by twins than non-twins
C)​monozygotic twins resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins
D)dizygotic twins resemble each other more closely than monozygotic twins

Question 51

Directly stimulating the ____ of a hamster results in priming it to attack,even without the previous experience of fighting.​

A)corticomedial amygdala
B)​cortex
C)​temporal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 52

The term "serotonin turnover" refers to the amount of serotonin that is ____.​

A)released at synapses and resynthesized
B)​currently present in the brain
C)​radioactively labeled
D)converted into another transmitter

Question 53

What potential advantage does a moderately aggressive monkey possess?​

A)They are more likely to get mates and food.
B)​They have better memories of other monkeys they have defeated.
C)​They are less depressed.
D)Their immune system becomes stronger with each fight.

Question 54

When faced with moral dilemmas involving killing one person to save five others,____.​

A)people with the weakest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others
B)​people with the strongest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others
C)​people with the strongest somatic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others
D)people with the weakest somatic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others

Question 55

Why do individuals with prefrontal cortex damage often make bad decisions?​

A)They can't understand complexly worded questions.
B)​They don't anticipate the unpleasantness of likely outcomes.
C)​They conform readily to whatever other people are doing.
D)They can't predict the consequences of one decision or another.

Question 56

In a study of serotonin turnover in male monkeys,it was found that those with ____.​

A)low levels were most submissive
B)​high levels had the most scars
C)​high levels were the most aggressive
D)low levels were usually dead by age six

Question 57

According to a number of animal studies,under which condition is the probability of violent behavior greatest?​

A)low acetylcholine turnover
B)​high acetylcholine turnover
C)​low serotonin turnover
D)high serotonin turnover

Question 58

Not all children who are abused become violently aggressive in adolescence or adulthood.Of the following,which has been demonstrated to influence violence by these people?​

A)genes regulating testosterone receptors
B)​genes regulating the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)​genes regulating secretion of aldosterone
D)genes regulating monoamine oxidase

Question 59

Male aggressive behavior depends heavily on ____.​

A)acetylcholine
B)​estrogen
C)​testosterone
D)dopamine

Question 60

Impulsive behavior and poor decisions are common symptoms of ____.​

A)parietal damage
B)​prefrontal damage
C)​occipital damage
D)temporal damage

Question 61

What area of the brain seems to be a key area for learned fears?​

A)occipital cortex
B)​somatosensory cortex
C)​corpus callosum
D)amygdala

Question 62

Many cells in the amygdala get input from sensory modalities,especially the ____ nuclei.​

A)basolateral and central
B)​lateral and medial
C)​hypothalamic
D)brain stem

Question 63

Startle responses are greater when a person is ____.​

A)depressed
B)​anxious
C)​violent
D)aggressive

Question 64

When asked to draw pictures expressing different emotions,which emotion will cause the most difficulty for a person with Urbach-Wiethe disease?​

A)happiness
B)​disgust
C)​sadness
D)fear

Question 65

To measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans,researchers measure variations in an individual's ____.​

A)rate of eyelid blinking
B)​attention to a flickering light
C)​salivary reflex
D)startle reflex

Question 66

The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is able to reinfect cats when the cats ____.​

A)come into close contact with other infected cats
B)​are bitten by scared rats
C)​eat fearless infected rats
D)are bitten by mosquitos carrying the parasite

Question 67

A startle reflex occurs in response to ____.​

A)grief
B)​depression
C)​anxiety
D)an unexpected loud noise

Question 68

Recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed ____,and a fearful expression is faster if it is directed ____.​

A)toward you; to the side
B)​to the side; toward you
C)​toward you; toward you
D)to the side; to the side

Question 69

Which effect is likely to result from damage to the amygdala?​

A)lack of a startle response 
B)​a normal startle response, but an absence of learned fears
C)​an enhanced startle response and an enhanced response to learned fears
D)a fear response to any novel stimulus

Question 70

If a treatment suddenly lowered your serotonin level ____.​

A)you would experience depression
B)​you would become violent
C)​you would become both depressed and violent
D)we could not predict how and when your behavior would change

Question 71

It is possible to predict (with moderate accuracy)people's political attitudes toward the use of the military,the death penalty,and so forth by monitoring which of the following?​

A)differences in fMRI response between the left and right hemispheres
B)​size of the hippocampus
C)​amygdala responses to a sudden loud noise
D)fluctuations in testosterone levels between morning and evening

Question 72

The amygdala send axons to the ____,which in turn sends axons to the pons to control the startle reflex.​

A)midbrain
B)​caudate nucleus
C)​cingulate gyrus
D)pineal gland

Question 73

After damage to the amygdala,what happens to a rat's startle reflex?​

A)The rat shows no startle reflex.
B)​The rat's startle reflex does not vary from one situation to another.
C)​The rat shows an exaggerated startle reflex.
D)The rat shows a startle reflex only when in the presence of danger signals.

Question 74

Which of the following has been associated with an increased probability of suicide attempts?​

A)high dopamine turnover
B)​high GABA turnover
C)​low serotonin turnover
D)low substance-P turnover

Question 75

In people suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder,the startle response is ____.​

A)generally absent
B)​generally weaker than in other people
C)​the same as in other people
D)generally stronger than in other people

Question 76

Looking at a picture of people showing emotional expressions causes the greatest activity in the ____.​

A)frontal lobe
B)​hippocampus
C)​fornix
D)amygdala

Question 77

According to one hypothesis,if serotonin is released during aggressive behavior,then individuals with low serotonin release are more aggressive because of ____.​

A)increased depression
B)​decreased serotonin synthesis
C)​increased serotonin receptor sensitivity
D)decreased serotonin receptor sensitivity

Question 78

Across studies involving amygdala damage,the general conclusion seems to be that the amygdala is important for ____.​

A)focusing attention on emotional stimuli 
B)​only the expression of emotion
C)​only the interpretation of emotion
D)the normal startle response

Question 79

After a loud noise,information travels from the medulla to the ____,and then to the neck muscles.​

A)pons
B)​caudate nucleus
C)​cochlear nucleus
D)hypothalamus

Question 80

Damage to the amygdala impairs ____.​

A)motor coordination
B)​circadian rhythms
C)​learned fears
D)language comprehension