Deck 19: Glacial Modification of Terrain

Question 1

The most significant erosive work of glaciers is accomplished by ________.

A) erratics
B) plucking
C) ablation
D) firn
E) abrasion

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Hills rounded and sheared off by glacial erosion are called ________.

A) moraines
B) roche moutonnees
C) calderas
D) kettles
E) till

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mountain streams running from a tributary valley to a main valley that has been glaciated frequently create ________.

A) end moraines
B) till
C) waterfalls
D) cirques
E) kames

Answer 3

C

Question 4

At its maximum extent, ice covered almost ________ of the Earth's land surface.

A) 1/3
B) 1/2
C) 3/4
D) 1/10
E) 4/5

Question 5

The movement of a glacier is normally measured in ________ per day.

A) centimeters
B) meters
C) tens of meters
D) kilometers
E) tens of kilometers

Question 6

The shape of a(n) ________ can be likened to an amphitheater.

A) roche moutonnee
B) horn
C) arete
D) cirque
E) till

Question 7

Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition, is known as ________.

A) till
B) drumlin
C) roche moutonnee
D) striations
E) kettles

Question 8

The maximum extent of a glacier is marked by a ________.

A) hanging valley
B) lateral moraine
C) terminal moraine
D) valley train
E) tarn

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT have a major concentration of contemporary mountain glaciers?

A) Cascade Mts., Washington
B) British Columbia, Canada
C) Appalachian Mts.
D) Central Asia
E) New Zealand

Question 10

________ is granular snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice.

A) Névé
B) Ablation
C) A cirque
D) An esker
E) A tarn

Question 11

A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is a(n) ________.

A) cirque
B) till
C) nunatak
D) outwash plain
E) erratic

Question 12

A nunatak is a rocky pinnacle poking through a(n) ________.

A) moraine
B) ice field
C) outwash plain
D) tarn
E) esker

Question 13

The Pleistocene Epoch ________.

A) didn't create glaciers over all the land surface
B) had several interglacial periods
C) may not yet have ended
D) is associated with the Laurentide ice sheet
E) is correctly described by all of the above

Question 14

The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by ________.

A) ablation
B) accumulation
C) periglacial means
D) abrasion
E) basal slip

Question 15

Antarctica's ice sheet encompasses about ________ percent of the world's total land ice.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 55
D) 75
E) 85

Question 16

The approximate maximum thickness of contemporary glacial ice is ________ meters.

A) 4
B) 40
C) 400
D) 4,000
E) 40,000

Question 17

At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in North America extended as far south as ________.

A) the Gulf of Mexico
B) Florida
C) Minnesota
D) The Ohio River
E) Montana

Question 18

According to the map in the textbook, the southernmost extent of contemporary glaciers in the United States is in California and ________.

A) Wyoming
B) Minnesota
C) Colorado
D) Florida
E) Maine

Question 19

The movement of a glacier along its bottom, lubricated by meltwater, is known as ________.

A) basal slip
B) equilibrium glide
C) glacial flour
D) fjord
E) firn

Question 20

The main sediment type carried by streams in glacial regions is ________.

A) nunatak
B) glacial flour
C) stoss
D) ablation
E) névé

Question 21

A(n) ________ is created by a group of cirques eroding into a mountain peak.

A) horn
B) cyclopean step
C) arete
D) tarn
E) truncated spur

Question 22

The blunt edge of a drumlin faces ________.

A) perpendicular to the ice flow
B) in the direction opposite to the flow of ice
C) along with the direction of ice flow
D) into the wind
E) none of the above

Question 23

Most of the material carried by a glacier is moved at the ________.

A) sides
B) bottom
C) surface
D) middle
E) none of the above

Question 24

A pluvial consequence of the Pleistocene glaciation has been the formation of ________.

A) geysers
B) sinkholes
C) lakes
D) fjords
E) erratics

Question 25

Glaciers carve ________-shaped valleys.

A) V
B) U
C) Q
D) S
E) T

Question 26

Comparing two locations on a glacier, it is likely they are

A) both in equilibrium.
B) moving at different rates.
C) moving at a rate of about 30 meters per day.
D) moving in opposite directions.
E) moving uphill.

Question 27

Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed ________.

A) kettles
B) kames
C) aretes
D) eskers
E) outwash plains

Question 28

The long profile of a glaciated valley floor is ________.

A) a smooth curve
B) irregular
C) logarithmic
D) steep
E) none of the above

Question 29

Some Pleistocene glaciers were still retreating as recently as ________ years ago.

A) 900
B) 9,000
C) 90,000
D) 900,000
E) 9,000,000

Question 30

Which of the below correctly describes the ice in a mountain glacier?

A) never stops moving downhill
B) moves downhill only during times of high temperature
C) moves downhill when snow accumulation exceeds ablation
D) On the average, it moves downhill once every hundred years.
E) never stops moving uphill

Question 31

A dark band of rock debris down the middle of a glacier from the union of two adjacent glaciers is a(n) ________.

A) kame
B) medial moraine
C) lateral moraine
D) terminal moraine
E) arete

Question 32

In square kilometers, which of the following is CLOSEST to the amount of land surface covered by Pleistocene ice?

A) 1 thousand
B) 50 thousand
C) 1 million
D) 50 million
E) 1 billion

Question 33

The lower part of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice from melting and sublimation is the zone of ________.

A) evaporation
B) striation
C) ablation
D) till
E) névé

Question 34

Snow is changed by ________ into glacial ice.

A) rain
B) basal slip
C) ablation
D) pressure and weathering
E) millions of years of time

Question 35

A deglaciated cirque often contains a basin in which a(n) ________ can be found.

A) tarn
B) moraine
C) knickpoint
D) arete
E) erratic

Question 36

Materials deposited during a lengthy pause in glacial retreat are known as ________.

A) terminal moraines
B) recessional moraines
C) lateral moraines
D) eskers
E) till plains

Question 37

________ is compressed snow which might change into glacial ice.

A) Nunatak
B) Névé
C) Cirque
D) Ablation
E) Calcium carbonate

Question 38

Glaciers often polish rock to form grooves and smaller, similar features called ________.

A) paternosters
B) till
C) drumlins
D) finger lakes
E) striations

Question 39

________ was completely covered by glacial ice during the Pleistocene Epoch.

A) South Africa
B) South America
C) North America
D) Australia
E) None of the above

Question 40

The first feature carved by a mountain glacier is a(n) ________.

A) arete
B) horn
C) cirque
D) moraine
E) erratic

Question 41

During the Pleistocene, ________ was a time of ice retreat.

A) an interglacial
B) the Holocene
C) Wisconsin time
D) Würm time
E) Kansan time

Question 42

Which of the following is a feature of mountain glaciation?

A) kettle
B) kame
C) esker
D) bergschrund
E) valley train

Question 43

During the last Ice Age, sea level was ________.

A) a few centimeters lower than today's sea level
B) a few centimeters higher than today's sea level
C) the same as today's sea level
D) much lower than today's sea level
E) much higher than today's sea level

Question 44

The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the ________.

A) Nebraskan
B) Illinoian
C) Wisconsin
D) Kansan
E) Mindel

Question 45

The Driftless Area is in ________.

A) Montana
B) California
C) Texas
D) Florida
E) Wisconsin

Question 46

Today, Antarctic ice shelves are ________.

A) tiny
B) gone
C) collapsing
D) bigger than in Pleistocene time
E) extending close to South America

Question 47

The slow melting of blocks of stagnant ice in the land surface is the cause of ________.

A) cirques
B) kettle holes
C) eskers
D) roche moutonnees
E) ground moraines

Question 48

The Pleistocene Epoch began at least ________.

A) in the 20th century
B) 2.5 million years ago
C) over 20 million years ago
D) in the 1600s A.D.
E) 10,000 years ago

Question 49

According to the map in the textbook, which continent had the greatest percentage of its land covered by ice?

A) Asia
B) North America
C) South America
D) Europe
E) Australia

Question 50

How many major glacial episodes are included in the Pleistocene Epoch?

A) none
B) 2
C) as many as 18 or 19
D) as many as 50 or 60
E) as many as 100 or 150

Question 51

________ tends to smooth the surface over which a glacier moves.

A) Abrasion
B) Plucking
C) Ablation
D) Quarrying
E) None of the above

Question 52

Lubrication for downslope glacial movement is provided by ________.

A) cyclopean stairs
B) névé
C) medial moraines
D) meltwater
E) gravity

Question 53

Where several valley glaciers have joined together, one result is ________.

A) medial moraines
B) paternoster lakes
C) drumlins
D) eskers
E) aretes

Question 54

In a roche moutonnee, the ________ side faces the direction to which the ice is traveling (downstream).

A) lee
B) fill
C) stoss
D) striation
E) none of the above

Question 55

The zone beyond a glacier's limit and not directly touched by ice is the ________ zone.

A) ablation
B) accumulation
C) periglacial
D) moraine
E) névé

Question 56

In some places, Pleistocene glaciation depressed the Earth's crust as much as ________ meters.

A) 1.2
B) 12
C) 120
D) 1,200
E) 12,000

Question 57

Long tongues of ice which surround the margin of continental ice sheets are called ________.

A) periglacials
B) nunataks
C) névé
D) outlet glaciers
E) none of the above

Question 58

________ are the largest landforms produced by mountain glaciation.

A) Lateral moraines
B) Terminal moraines
C) Eskers
D) Drumlins
E) Kames

Question 59

About ________ percent of the world's land ice resides in places other than Greenland and Antarctica.

A) 4
B) 24
C) 54
D) 84
E) 94

Question 60

In some places, the crust of the Earth is rising as much as ________ per decade because of crustal adjustment after the Pleistocene ice melted.

A) 2 centimeters
B) 20 centimeters
C) 2 meters
D) 20 meters
E) 2 kilometers

Question 61

The longest recorded glacial advance in 24 hours was on the order of ________.

A) 3 centimeters
B) 30 centimeters
C) 3 meters
D) 30 meters
E) 300 meters

Question 62

Which of the following is a periglacial landform?

A) patterned ground
B) proglacial lakes
C) permafrost
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 63

In southwestern Wisconsin and parts of surrounding states is a non-glaciated area referred to as the ________ Area.

A) Pleistocene
B) Wisconsin Ice Age
C) Driftless
D) Alpine
E) Moraine

Question 64

Which of the following correctly describes contemporary glaciation?

A) Major ice shelves are collapsing.
B) It accomplishes most of today's erosion and deposition.
C) There are no longer ice sheets.
D) There are no longer mountain glaciers.
E) It is associated with much different effects than Pleistocene glaciers.

Question 65

Which of the following is FALSE?

A) Most rock debris is found near the bottom of a glacier.
B) Glacial flour comes out of the terminus of a glacier.
C) Glacial debris is rarely larger than 1 meter across.
D) A glacier moves its load downvalley at varying speeds depending upon conditions.
E) The middle of a mountain glacier tends to move faster than the edges.

Question 66

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) alpine glaciation
B) cirques
C) eskers
D) nunataks
E) medial moraines

Question 67

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) continental glaciation
B) till plain
C) arete
D) drift
E) glacial erratics

Question 68

In Europe the Wisconsin glacial stage is known as the "________".

A) French
B) Alpine
C) Würm
D) Stoss
E) Beraschrund

Question 69

If you were to dig into a drumlin, you would find ________.

A) unsorted glacial till
B) sorted glacial till
C) sorted river deposits
D) unsorted river deposits
E) deposition left by the wind

Question 70

During the Pleistocene, the ________ ice was the most extensive continental ice sheet in the world.

A) Alaskan
B) European
C) North Polar
D) Greenland
E) Laurentide

Question 71

It is estimated that ________ percent of all contemporary erosion is accomplished by glaciers.

A) 0
B) 7
C) 43
D) 76
E) nearly 100

Question 72

The amount of erosion done by glaciation is NOT affected by the ________.

A) thickness of the ice
B) roughness of terrain
C) periglacial conditions
D) bedrock structure
E) rate of ice flow

Question 73

Which of the following does NOT belong with the following?

A) ablation
B) glacial growth
C) accumulation
D) equilibrium line
E) periglacial processes

Question 74

The time since 11,000 before present is most properly known as the ________ Epoch.

A) Pleistocene
B) Permian
C) Holocene
D) Wisconsin
E) dinosaur

Question 75

The ________ is the world's largest ice shelf.

A) Ross Ice Shelf
B) Larsen Ice Shelf
C) Hawaiian Ice Shelf
D) Greenland Ice Shelf
E) Juneau Ice Shelf

Question 76

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) outlet glaciers
B) cirque glaciers
C) piedmont glaciers
D) alpine glaciers
E) valley glaciers

Question 77

Glacial runoff primarily occurs ________.

A) as ice in the winter
B) at night
C) after heavy snows
D) in the daytime
E) in the zone of accumulation

Question 78

Subarctic Asia was not heavily glaciated in the Pleistocene because of ________.

A) lack of adequate precipitation
B) tropical latitudes
C) warm ocean currents
D) heavy vegetation cover
E) high mountain ranges

Question 79

In Alaska, glaciers are ________.

A) static in size
B) shrinking very slowly
C) shrinking significantly
D) growing very slowly
E) growing significantly

Question 80

Which of the following terms is synonymous for "glacier flow"?

A) glacier advance
B) glacier equilibrium
C) glacier ablation
D) glacier wastage
E) none of the above