Deck 13: Introduction to Landform Study

Question 1

In the formation of igneous rocks, large crystal size is closely related to ________.

A) percentage of silica
B) percentage of oxygen
C) fast cooling
D) slow cooling
E) absence of light

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is ________.

A) quartz
B) marble
C) limestone
D) gneiss
E) slate

Answer 2

E

Question 3

When subjected to metamorphism, limestone usually becomes ________.

A) gneiss
B) basalt
C) schist
D) marble
E) sandstone

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Igneous rocks deposited on the surface and then cooled are known as ________.

A) clastic
B) core
C) intrusive
D) extrusive
E) detrital

Question 5

The banding characteristic of metamorphic rocks is ________.

A) stratification
B) relief
C) foliation
D) magma
E) uniformitarianism

Question 6

The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on ________.

A) magnet fields
B) magma intrusions
C) foliation
D) oxidation
E) Earth surface features

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT necessarily an attribute of a mineral?

A) It must be found in nature.
B) It must be made up of inorganic substances.
C) It must have economic value.
D) It must have the same chemical composition wherever found.
E) It must form a regular pattern of crystals.

Question 8

________ is a dark, fine-grained extrusive rock.

A) Tufa
B) Basalt
C) Granite
D) Conglomerate
E) Shale

Question 9

An inner segment of the Earth which is rigid, dense, and solid and lies directly beneath the Moho is called the ________.

A) outer core
B) mantle
C) crust
D) inner core
E) magma

Question 10

Which material accumulated from the remains of plants and animals can produce limestone?

A) slate
B) carbon
C) calcium carbonate
D) carbon dioxide
E) clay

Question 11

The proof for the long-doubted idea of drifting continents came in the form of ________.

A) observation of coastlines
B) understanding of mountains
C) animal distributions
D) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns
E) glacial ice

Question 12

The deepest penetration by humans into the Earth's crust is a drill core about ________ kilometers deep.

A) 0.5
B) 12
C) 31
D) 360
E) 6,702

Question 13

The viewpoint that past processes are the same as the present ones which created our present land surface is known as ________.

A) uniformitarianism
B) foliation
C) diastrophism
D) plate tectonics
E) volcanism

Question 14

________ and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores.

A) Aluminum
B) Quartz
C) Basalt
D) Iron
E) Titanium

Question 15

Earth's inner core is thought to consist of ________.

A) a rigid mass
B) hydrogen/helium gas
C) sulfur
D) magma
E) superheated water

Question 16

Sedimentary deposits built into relatively regular layers are known as ________.

A) strata
B) detrital striations
C) granite
D) clastic inclusions
E) intrusive exfoliation

Question 17

Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center?

A) crust
B) mantle
C) Moho
D) outer core
E) inner core

Question 18

The main types of external geomorphic processes do NOT include ________.

A) fluvial
B) aeolian
C) diastrophism
D) solution
E) glacial

Question 19

Sedimentary rocks are the most common bedrock on the continents and comprise about ________ percent of the surface.

A) 5
B) 25
C) 55
D) 75
E) 95

Question 20

The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is ________.

A) schist
B) granite
C) opal
D) sandstone
E) quartz

Question 21

The chemical binder for many sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, is ________.

A) calcium carbonate
B) boron
C) nitrogen
D) basalt
E) phosphorous

Question 22

Crustal movements of various kinds in the Earth's crust are collectively called ________ activity.

A) 1st order
B) tectonic
C) detrital
D) clastic
E) metamorphic

Question 23

The largest and most important mineral family consists of the ________.

A) sulfides
B) oxides
C) silicates
D) bromides
E) halides

Question 24

Shale is usually metamorphosed into ________.

A) slate
B) marble
C) gneiss
D) basalt
E) tufa

Question 25

The earliest era in the geologic time scale is ________.

A) Precambrian
B) Mesozoic
C) Paleozoic
D) Cenozoic
E) Archaeozoic

Question 26

The initial formation of Earth involved the solidification and cooling of ________.

A) sediments
B) magma
C) metamorphic rocks
D) ice
E) strata

Question 27

The thickest of Earth's interior layers is the ________.

A) crust
B) mantle
C) outer core
D) inner core
E) Moho

Question 28

When magma cools rapidly, it results in ________.

A) small crystals
B) large crystals
C) detritus
D) foliation
E) earthquakes

Question 29

Foliation refers to this characteristic of rocks:

A) numerous joints.
B) large crystals.
C) small crystals.
D) wavy, banded lines.
E) hollow cores.

Question 30

The most widespread oxides are those that combine oxygen and ________.

A) water
B) calcite
C) native elements
D) silver
E) iron

Question 31

The basic classification of rock types is based on their ________.

A) crystal structure
B) color
C) origin
D) petrology
E) pH

Question 32

Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from ________.

A) magma
B) granite
C) pieces of other rocks
D) silt
E) oxygen

Question 33

The most recent era on the Earth is ________.

A) Permian
B) Eocene
C) Precambrian
D) Miocene
E) Cenozoic

Question 34

The "plates" in plate tectonics are in the ________.

A) crust
B) asthenosphere
C) lithosphere
D) outer core
E) inner core

Question 35

________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles.

A) Granite
B) Basalt
C) Limestone
D) Shale
E) Sandstone

Question 36

Granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite are ________ rocks.

A) igneous extrusive
B) igneous intrusive
C) sedimentary clastic
D) metamorphic foliated
E) sedimentary chemical and organic

Question 37

Marble is metamorphosed ________.

A) gneiss
B) shale
C) limestone
D) schist
E) slate

Question 38

Limestone is composed primarily of ________.

A) igneous material
B) calcite
C) tufa
D) cations
E) silt

Question 39

A strongly metamorphosed rock with narrow foliation is

A) schist.
B) basalt.
C) gneiss.
D) tufa.
E) limestone.

Question 40

The Pleistocene is a part of the ________ period.

A) Tertiary
B) Quaternary
C) Cambrian
D) Permian
E) Silurian

Question 41

________ have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States.

A) Igneous rocks
B) Intrusive rocks
C) Sedimentary rocks
D) Basaltic rocks
E) Metamorphic rocks

Question 42

The ________ is the thinnest layer.

A) crust
B) mantle
C) asthenosphere
D) outer core
E) inner core

Question 43

________ are formed from skeletal remains of coral and other lime-secreting sea animals.

A) Schists
B) Shales
C) Limestones
D) Sandstones
E) none of the above

Question 44

The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the

A) mantle.
B) ocean basins.
C) continents.
D) outer core.
E) inner core.

Question 45

________ is the detailed knowledge of characteristics of different kinds of rock.

A) Geology
B) Tectonics
C) Metamorphism
D) Petrology
E) Seismology

Question 46

Sandstone is usually metamorphosed into ________.

A) limestone
B) quartzite
C) magma
D) slate
E) none of the above

Question 47

The Rocky Mountains started to be uplifted ________ years ago.

A) 0.65 million
B) 6.5 million
C) 65 million
D) 650 million
E) 6.5 billion

Question 48

The first life appeared during ________ time.

A) Pleistocene
B) Triassic
C) Precambrian
D) Holocene
E) dinner

Question 49

The vast majority of all sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones, and ________.

A) shales
B) schists
C) magmas
D) detritus
E) none of the above

Question 50

Which of the following is the SHORTEST amount of time?

A) era
B) period
C) epoch
D) Earth history
E) the Precambrian

Question 51

The lithosphere is sometimes defined as the

A) crust and upper mantle.
B) upper and lower mantle.
C) lower mantle and outer core.
D) outer and inner core.
E) asthenosphere and mesosphere.

Question 52

The present estimate of the Earth's age is about ________ years.

A) 50 million
B) 500 million
C) 2.8 billion
D) 4.6 billion
E) none of the above

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks?

A) fragmented parts of preexisting rocks
B) extrusion of magma
C) skeletal remains of coral
D) stratification
E) cementation

Question 54

Which of the following illustrates the concept of "relief"?

A) uplift of sediments after erosion of overlying sediments
B) the vertical distance between lowest and highest points in an area
C) the cessation of volcanic activity
D) the substitution of one subaerial process for another
E) all of the above

Question 55

The most commonly occurring type of metamorphic rocks are gneiss and ________.

A) magma
B) shale
C) coal
D) schist
E) none of the above

Question 56

The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by ________.

A) computer modeling
B) seismic wave analysis
C) gravity studies
D) lunar cycles
E) none of the above

Question 57

With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE?

A) All minerals have probably been discovered.
B) Over 500,000 minerals exist.
C) "Mineral" is a synonym for "rock".
D) All minerals crystals are too small to be seen.
E) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust.

Question 58

The altitudinal difference between the highest and lowest points in an area is known as ________.

A) topography
B) landscape
C) regolith
D) the strata
E) relief

Question 59

Some sedimentary rocks are formed chemically and known as ________.

A) magma
B) igneous intrusive rocks
C) granites
D) basalts
E) None of the above

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals?

A) They can be man-made.
B) They are totally inorganic.
C) Each always has the same chemical composition.
D) Each has a regular pattern of atoms.
E) They all are composed of crystals.

Question 61

Approximately 100 elements occur in nature. How many of them are widespread in making the minerals and rocks of the crust?

A) all of them
B) three-quarters of them
C) half of them
D) a quarter of them
E) none of them

Question 62

Erosion, compaction, and sedimentation are most closely associated with ________ rocks.

A) basaltic
B) metamorphic
C) igneous
D) intrusive
E) sedimentary

Question 63

The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form ________.

A) last year
B) in the 1960s
C) in the 1910s
D) in the 1800s
E) in the 1700s

Question 64

In a Focus section in the "Introduction to Landform Chapter" the authors write about a hike in Horseshoe Park in the Colorado Rockies and looking back at North America from a spacecraft. The point of this Focus section is to understand more about ________ and the landscape.

A) local relief
B) rocks
C) folding
D) volcanoes
E) scale

Question 65

The map of rock distribution in the United States clearly shows ________ rocks are the most extensive type.

A) igneous intrusive
B) sedimentary
C) metamorphic
D) igneous extrusive
E) big

Question 66

Approximately ________ different minerals are known.

A) 44
B) 440
C) 4,400
D) 440,000
E) 4,400,000

Question 67

Life appeared on Earth

A) as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history.
B) very early in Earth's history.
C) after most of Earth's history was already over.
D) the day before yesterday.
E) within the last 1 million years.

Question 68

________ is what causes sedimentary deposits to form into rock.

A) Weight of the overburden
B) Pressure
C) Precipitation of materials from water
D) Chemical cementation
E) All of the above

Question 69

Which of the following is thought to be liquid?

A) asthenosphere
B) mantle
C) crust
D) inner core
E) outer core

Question 70

As they are created, sedimentary rock strata align ________.

A) horizontally
B) vertically
C) along faults
D) along folds
E) with Earth's magnetic field

Question 71

In terms of Earth history, life appeared

A) almost directly after the beginning.
B) after 99% of the time had elapsed.
C) before the first true "landscapes".
D) before the Grand Canyon began.
E) after the continents started to drift.

Question 72

The basic elements for an analytical approach to landform development do NOT include which of the following?

A) structure
B) slope
C) normality
D) process
E) drainage

Question 73

Which of the following associations is generally TRUE?

A) external processes: creative and uplifting
B) internal processes: wearing-down and destructive
C) external processes: poorly understood
D) internal processes: well understood
E) external processes: decrease local relief

Question 74

Isostasy refers to the recognition that the ________ floats on the denser mantle.

A) inner core
B) outer core
C) aluminum
D) crust
E) atmosphere

Question 75

Rapid cooling in molten, extrusive materials makes the resulting materials ________.

A) soft
B) hard
C) fine-grained
D) large-grained
E) dense

Question 76

Most processes which shape topography are ________.

A) no longer active
B) unknown
C) very rapid
D) very slow
E) quite abrupt

Question 77

In the book's section about scale and pattern, it is apparent that ________.

A) ordinary human experience transcends all the scales
B) scale is meaningless in landform study
C) the smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away
D) the largest scale would consider the North American continent
E) landform scale has precise definitions in kilometers

Question 78

Within the Earth is molten mineral matter called ________.

A) extrusive material
B) bedrock
C) soil
D) magma
E) rock

Question 79

Density ________ with depth in the Earth's crust.

A) decreases
B) remains largely the same
C) increases
D) is insignificant
E) is not correlated

Question 80

Which is a fundamental question at the heart of any geographic inquiry?

A) What?
B) Where?
C) Why?
D) So what?
E) all of the above