Deck 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism

Question 1

The active site of an enzyme ____.

A) ​is where the coenzyme is located
B) ​is a specific bulge or protuberance on an enzyme
C) ​is a groove or crevice in the structure of the enzyme complementary to the substrate
D) ​will react with only one substrate no matter how many molecules may resemble the shape of the substrate
E) rigidly resists any alteration of its shape​

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Endergonic reactions ____.

A) ​result in products with less energy than the reactants
B) ​require a net input of energy
C) ​occur in the breakdown of glucose
D) ​are used by cells to provide energy for biological reactions
E) break down large molecules into smaller molecules​

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the key activity of panel II in the accompanying figure?​

A) The enzyme is consumed as the products form.
B) ​The substrate leaves the active site.
C) The conversion of substrates to products occurs.
D) ​The product leaves the enzyme.
E) The product decomposes to the reactants.​

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The activation energy of a reaction refers to the minimum amount of energy ____.

A) ​released by the reaction
B) ​in the reactants
C) ​in the products
D) ​necessary to cause a reaction to proceed on its own
E) variation between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products​

Question 5

What is the item labeled "C" in the accompanying figure?

A) ​The reactant
B) ​The substrate
C) ​The active site
D) ​The transition state
E) The product​

Question 6

What is the item labeled "B" in the accompanying figure?​

A) ​The enzyme
B) ​The substrate
C) ​The active site
D) ​The transition state
E) The product​

Question 7

Enzymes ____.

A) control the speed of a reaction​
B) ​change shapes to facilitate certain reactions.
C) ​may place physical stress on the bonds of the substrate.
D) ​always work on their own.
E) ​lower activation energy.

Question 8

An enzyme lowers activation energy by ____.

A) ​keeping substrates apart
B) ​orienting substrates randomly
C) ​breaking the laws of thermodynamics
D) ​shutting out water molecules
E) physically breaking chemical bonds​

Question 9

According to the first law of thermodynamics, ____.

A) ​the energy of a system always increases
B) ​the amount of energy in the universe is changeable
C) ​chemical reactions do not create or destroy energy
D) ​energy is always stable
E) energy always decreases​

Question 10

An enzyme is thought to optimize the fit between substrates by restraining and stretching or squeezing them into certain shapes and moving them to the transition state, as described by the ____ model of enzyme activity.

A) ​lock and key
B) ​induced-fit
C) ​template
D) ​activation
E) conformational​

Question 11

What are the effects of long term excessive alcohol consumption on the liver?

A) fat accumulation and abnormal discoloration of the liver
B) scarring, hardening, and increased fat metabolism
C) increased ability to degrade fats and toxins
D) decreased production of ethanol and cholesterol
E) scarring, hardening, and fat accumulation

Question 12

What is a key characteristic of enzyme behavior?​

A) ​Enzyme shape is stable during catalysis.
B) ​The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate molecules, thereby promoting interaction of their reactive parts.
C) ​All enzymes have an active site where coenzymes are temporarily bound.
D) ​Each enzyme can catalyze multiple reactions.
E) Enzyme activity is not affected by pH and temperature.​

Question 13

Energy is commonly defined as ____.

A) ​a form of heat
B) ​thermodynamics
C) ​the capacity to change
D) ​the capacity to do work
E) the ability to do work​

Question 14

CO₂ and H₂O will not form glucose on their own because ____.

A) ​CO₂ does not contain sufficient energy
B) ​H₂O does not contain sufficient energy
C) ​neither CO₂ nor H₂O contain sufficient energy
D) ​the concentration of CO₂ is too low in the atmosphere
E) the bonds of CO₂ and H₂O are too stable to be broken without an input of energy​

Question 15

The second law of thermodynamics states that ____.

A) ​energy can be transformed into matter, and because of this, something is obtained for nothing
B) energy can be destroyed during nuclear reactions such as those that occur inside the sun​
C) ​if energy is gained by one region of the universe, another place in the universe also must gain energy in order to maintain the balance of nature
D) ​energy tends to flow from concentrated to less concentrated forms
E) energy tends to be stable over time​

Question 16

In order to work best, enzymes ____.

A) ​always need coenzymes
B) ​randomly grab surrounding molecules
C) ​need low pH
D) ​need high temperatures
E) need set environmental conditions​, specific for each enzyme

Question 17

The enzyme responsible for breaking down alcohol is ____.

A) ​alcohol methylase
B) ​alcohol polyphosphorylase
C) ​hydroxyl alcoholgenase
D) ​transmethylogenase
E) alcohol dehydrogenase​

Question 18

What type of energy is the energy in chemical bonds?​

A) ​solar energy
B) ​activation energy
C) ​kinetic energy
D) ​potential energy
E) thermal energy​

Question 19

What statement is an application of the first law of thermodynamics?​

A) ​The level of entropy increases as time passes.
B) ​Living organisms represent an exception to the laws of energy.
C) ​The quantity of energy does not increase or decrease in the universe.
D) ​Fungi and plants do not make their own energy but derive it from somewhere else.
E) The amount of energy found in the compounds on one side of an equation is equal to that on the other side.​

Question 20

What is a key characteristic of exergonic reactions?​

A) ​They consume energy.
B) ​They require glucose fusion.
C) ​Their products have more energy than the reactants.
D) ​They convert some energy to less biologically useful forms.
E) They involve the formation of bonds.​

Question 21

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
active site

Question 22

The rate of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane will be lowest when ____.
I)concentration gradients are steep
II)temperatures are low
III)solutes are small molecules​

A) ​I only
B) ​II only
C) ​I and III
D) ​II and III
E) I, II, and III​

Question 23

In some cases, inhibitors or activators of enzyme-catalyzed reactions act by ____.

A) ​binding to the substrates
B) ​affecting the supply of ATP
C) ​reversibly binding to an enzyme's allosteric site
D) ​reducing or increasing the concentration of enzymes
E) binding to the products​

Question 24

During receptor-mediated endocytosis, ____.

A) ​plasma membrane receptors bind molecules to be expelled
B) ​a small channel forms beneath the receptors
C) ​a pit opens inside a cell
D) ​a vesicle forms
E) a vesicle is destroyed​

Question 25

The figure above represents ____.

A) ​an exergonic reaction
B) ​a metabolic pathway
C) ​allosteric inhibition
D) ​allosteric regulation
E) an endergonic reaction​

Question 26

The action of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is known as ____.

A) ​pinocytosis only
B) ​phagocytosis only
C) ​exocytosis and phagocytosis
D) ​endocytosis and pinocytosis
E) phagocytosis and endocytosis​

Question 27

What method of movement requires the expenditure of ATP molecules?​

A) ​simple diffusion
B) ​facilitated diffusion
C) ​osmosis
D) ​active transport
E) bulk flow​

Question 28

Allosteric enzymes ____.

A) ​have regions that bind with inhibitor or activator molecules
B) ​are associated with important energy-carrying nucleotides
C) ​are not affected by temperature or pH
D) ​have two active sites
E) have a broader range of working conditions​

Question 29

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
enzyme

Question 30

What term best describes the role of certain metal ions and coenzymes in metabolic processes?​

A) ​reactants
B) ​intermediates
C) ​cofactors
D) ​products
E) catalysts​

Question 31

In oxidation-reduction reactions, ____.

A) ​both molecules give up electrons
B) ​both molecules gain electrons
C) ​cells harvest energy
D) ​the molecule that accepts electrons is reduced
E) hydrogen ions are usually absorbed​

Question 32

A "high-energy bond" in ATP ____.

A) ​absorbs a large amount of free energy when the phosphate group is attached during hydrolysis
B) ​is formed when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and one phosphate group
C) ​is similar to the bonds in glucose molecules
D) ​forms as part of an endergonic reaction
E) cannot be readily used in reactions​

Question 33

In the image above, the substance indicated as "B" is a(n) ____.

A) ​inhibitor
B) ​regulatory molecule
C) ​substrate
D) ​coenzyme
E) cofactor​

Question 34

What affects the rate of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane?
I)concentration gradient
II)temperature
III)molecular size

A) ​I only
B) ​II only
C) ​I and II
D) ​II and III
E) I, II, and III​

Question 35

Which statement below characterizes metabolic pathways?​

A) ​They are a random sequences of reactions.
B) ​They are always biosynthetic.
C) ​They are always degradative.
D) ​They are enzyme-mediated sequences of reactions.
E) They are always linear reactions.​

Question 36

The mosaic of the fluid mosaic model refers to ____.

A) specific proteins in membranes​
B) ​the liquid inside a cell
C) ​the phospholipids in membranes
D) ​the passage of materials into cells
E) the diverse molecules making up membranes​

Question 37

In the image above, the substance indicated as "C" is a(n) _____.

A) ​inhibitor
B) ​regulatory molecule
C) ​substrate
D) ​coenzyme
E) cofactor​

Question 38

Allosteric inhibition generally results from ____.

A) ​excess substrates
B) ​binding of regulatory molecules at sites other than the active sites
C) ​a change in the temperature of the system
D) ​a lack of coenzymes
E) changes in pH​

Question 39

During the process of phosphorylation, ____.

A) ​a molecule gains a phosphate group
B) ​a molecule synthesizes a phosphate group
C) ​molecules become more stable
D) ​molecules are passed to enzymes
E) ADP is produced from ATP​

Question 40

Which of the following is a form of active transport?​

A) ​osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion​
C) ​simple diffusion
D) ​exocytosis
E) glucose transport​

Question 41

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
movement of molecules across a membrane would be equal

Question 42

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term
a.​oxidation
b.​reduction
c.​phosphorylation
d.​electron transport chain
This process involves a series of enzymes and requires membranes.

Question 43

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
movement of molecules would be out of this fluid​

Question 44

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term
a.​oxidation
b.​reduction
c.​phosphorylation
d.​electron transport chain
This process leads to the formation of ATP from ADP plus inorganic phosphate.

Question 45

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
fluid with a high solute concentration relative to another fluid

Question 46

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
entropy​

Question 47

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
allosteric enzyme​​

Question 48

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
adenosine triphosphate​

Question 49

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term
a.​oxidation
b.​reduction
c.​phosphorylation
d.​electron transport chain
This process occurs when an electron is received by an electron acceptor molecule, such as NADP+.

Question 50

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
feedback inhibition​

Question 51

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
activation energy​​

Question 52

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
movement of molecules would be into this fluid

Question 53

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term
a.​oxidation
b.​reduction
c.​phosphorylation
d.​electron transport chain
This process occurs when an electron transport molecule gives up an electron.

Question 54

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
catalase​

Question 55

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
pressure that prevents the movement of water

Question 56

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
movement of water molecules across a membrane

Question 57

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
phosphorylation​

Question 58

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
pressure from a fluid against a boundary

Question 59

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.amount of energy to start a reaction
b.coenzyme that carries electrons
c.attachment of a phosphate group by a high-energy bond
d.an excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.by binding a regulatory molecule, it changes the activity of a metabolic pathway
g.affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.important energy currency in metabolism
i.enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.a measure of the degree of energy change after a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed
NADP+​​

Question 60

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
fluid with a low solute concentration relative to another fluid

Question 61

A chemical interaction in which the products contain less free energy than the reactants is called a(n) ____________________ reaction.

Question 62

____________________ enzymes are controlled by having regulatory molecules bind outside the active site and result in a change in their overall structure.

Question 63

Describe how the laws of thermodynamics would impact the Earth were the sun's light suddenly blocked.

Question 64

The enzyme that works in conjunction with ATP to produce bioluminescence is called ____________________.

Question 65

Discuss the role of turgor in the crisp lettuce purchased at the grocery store looking much limper by the time it gets home.

Question 66

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
spontaneous movement of molecules

Question 67

Compare and contrast facilitated and active transport.

Question 68

​Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.​diffusion
b.​hypertonic
c.​hypotonic
d.​isotonic
e.​osmosis
f.​osmotic pressure
g.​turgor
fluid with the same solute concentration relative to another fluid

Question 69

The loss of an electron by a molecule is called ____________________.