Deck 17: Processes of Evolution

Question 1

​Figure 17.3

If the population of flowers illustrated in the accompanying Punnett square is in genetic equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype in the new generation will be ____.

A) ​p2
B) ​2pq
C) ​p2 + q²
D) ​q²
E) ​p2 + 2pq

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During a two week course of antibiotics, bacteria can go through over ____ generations.

A) ​100
B) ​500
C) ​1000
D) ​10,000
E) ​1,000,000

Answer 2

C

Question 3

​Figure 17.6

When the rodenticide warfarin was first introduced, rats were very susceptible to it. The development of resistance to warfarin by rats was the result of​

A) ​special creation.
B) ​natural selection of individuals that expressed genes for resistance.
C) ​the high biotic potential of insects.
D) ​a naturally occurring example of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
E) ​mutation induced by DDT.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

​Figure 17.9

Male mallard ducks have had emerald green head feathers and wings with metallic blue patches for hundreds of years, whereas females have been drab, brown-feathered ducks. This phenotypic situation suggests that mallards may be an example of ____.

A) ​directional selection
B) ​Polyploidy
C) ​allopatric speciation
D) ​disruptive selection
E) ​sexual selection

Question 5

What is the term for a group of organisms of the same species that occupies a specified area?

A) ​Individuals
B) ​Species
C) ​Population
D) ​Polyploids
E) ​Tribe

Question 6

The Hardy-Weinberg law is

A) ​useful in determining the extent to which a sexually reproducing population is evolving.
B) ​used to predict when genetic drift will occur in a sexually reproducing population.
C) ​useful in determining the extent to which polyploidy is occurring in specific plant populations.
D) ​used to predict when specific groups of organisms will become extinct.
E) ​useful in determining if a patient has a genetic disease.

Question 7

​Figure 17.6

As the trees in England become less sooty due to pollution controls on factories, which of the moths in the accompanying figure will be selected against?

A) ​The dark moth on the dark tree
B) ​The light moth on the light tree
C) ​All of the light moths equally
D) ​The dark moth on the light tree
E) ​All of the dark moths equally

Question 8

Which statement about gene mutations is FALSE?​

A) ​All mutations are transmitted to the next generation.
B) ​Mutations are rare but their rates can be predicted.
C) ​Mutations with beneficial effects will be favored by natural selection.
D) ​Many mutations reduce an individual's chance of surviving and reproducing.
E) ​Mutations with neutral effects neither help nor hurt the individual.

Question 9

Four of the following maintain genetic equilibrium and allele frequencies. Which one is the exception?

A) ​lack of gene flow
B) ​large population interbreeding freely
C) ​differential survival and reproduction
D) ​random mating
E) ​absence of mutations

Question 10

​Figure 17.9

The graph above shows the survival of sociable weavers as a function of body mass. Sociable weaver body mass seems to be an example of ____.

A) ​directional selection
B) ​stabilizing selection
C) ​sexual selection
D) ​disruptive selection
E) ​artificial selection

Question 11

In the United States, superbugs cause serious illness in over ____ people per year.

A) ​1000
B) ​100,000
C) ​1,000,000
D) ​2,000,000
E) ​5,000,000

Question 12

If the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent, the frequency of the recessive allele is what percent?

A) ​16
B) ​25
C) ​40
D) ​50
E) ​67

Question 13

Which individuals will be LEAST favored when selection pressures acting on a population result in stabilizing selection?

A) ​individuals at the lower end of the range of variation only
B) ​individuals at the upper end of the range of variation only
C) ​individuals distributed randomly within the range of variation
D) ​the intermediate individuals within the range of variation
E) ​extreme individuals at both ends of the range of variation

Question 14

Four of the following five events shuffles existing alleles into different combinations in sexually reproducing organisms. Which one is the exception?

A) ​changes in chromosome number
B) ​mutation
C) ​independent assortment of chromosomes
D) ​crossing over
E) ​fertilization

Question 15

Disruptive selection occurs when

A) ​the environment controls which organisms will survive.
B) ​humans determine which organisms will survive.
C) ​the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
D) ​the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive.
E) ​the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme.

Question 16

Four of the following characterize a population in genetic equilibrium. Which one is the exception?​

A) ​large population size
B) ​no mutations
C) ​differential reproduction
D) ​absence of gene flow
E) ​random mating

Question 17

​Figure 17.3

If the frequency of a recessive gene in a population in genetic equilibrium is 40 percent, in the next generation. the frequency of that gene would be ____.

A) ​20 percent
B) ​40 percent
C) ​80 percent
D) ​2pq
E) ​unpredictable

Question 18

Which statement is TRUE?

A) ​Environment can readily alter some genotypes.
B) ​Genotype is manifested in phenotype.
C) ​Unlike phenotypic variation, genetic variation is easily observable.
D) ​Variation dies with individuals.
E) ​Phenotype is seen physically in the genotype.

Question 19

Sexual dimorphism has arisen as a result of ____.

A) ​stabilizing selection
B) ​heterozygote superiority
C) ​kin selection
D) ​sexual selection
E) ​directional selection

Question 20

Stabilizing selection occurs when

A) ​the environment controls which organisms will survive.
B) ​humans determine which organisms will survive.
C) ​the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
D) ​the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive.
E) ​the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme.

Question 21

Four of the following are characteristics of a species. Which one is the exception?

A) ​They exist in one or more groups.
B) ​They produce fertile offspring.
C) ​They are reproductively isolated from other groups.
D) ​They are identical in appearance.
E) ​They interbreed.

Question 22

Which of the following is the best definition of sympatric speciation?​

A) ​species that evolve due to geographical distance
B) ​mechanical isolation acts to prevent speciation
C) ​breeding behavior that prevents the organisms from breeding due to differences in their breeding time
D) ​ecological isolation
E) ​divergence within a population leads to speciation in the absence of a physical barrier to gene flow.

Question 23

Gene flow ____.

A) ​has a homogenizing influence between two populations
B) ​speeds up the divergence of two populations
C) ​increases the genetic variation between populations
D) ​is promoted by isolating mechanisms
E) ​promotes inbreeding

Question 24

An organism is found to be almost unchanged from its 200 million year old fossil. This is an example of ____.

A) ​stasis
B) ​coevolution
C) ​mass extinction
D) ​adaptive radiation
E) ​idealized design

Question 25

What is the type of speciation that can occur in an instant with a change in chromosome number?

A) ​temporal
B) ​mechanical
C) ​behavioral
D) ​ecological
E) ​sympatric

Question 26

What is a type of postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism?​

A) ​temporal isolation
B) ​mechanical isolation
C) ​behavioral isolation
D) ​hybrid sterility
E) ​sexual deselection

Question 27

Adaptive radiation is demonstrated by ____.

A) ​the dinosaurs going extinct
B) ​coelecanths remaining similar over hundreds of millions of years
C) ​the evolution of mammals after dinosaurs went extinct
D) ​rats and resistance to warfarin
E) ​warbler body mass and survival

Question 28

Parapatric speciation occurs most often ____.

A) ​within in the same home range
B) ​populations inhabiting different areas while maintaining contact along a common border
C) ​within a group of interbreeding populations
D) ​on either side of geographic barriers
E) ​by polyploidy

Question 29

Allopatric speciation requires ____.

A) ​accelerated gene flow
B) ​physical separation
C) ​physical diversity
D) ​behavioral diversity
E) ​sexual selection

Question 30

Speciation caused by a change in the course of a river is an example of ____ speciation.

A) ​divergent
B) ​parapatric
C) ​allopatric
D) ​convergent
E) ​sympatric

Question 31

The persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in some African populations is the result of ____.

A) ​a high rate of mutation of the normal allele to the sickle-cell anemia allele
B) ​the advantage of the heterozygous form over the homozygous forms
C) ​nonrandom mating
D) ​a decline in the occurrence of malaria in Africa
E) ​genetic drift

Question 32

Speciation occurs ____.

A) ​after populations become reproductively isolated
B) ​when mutations generate observable differences
C) ​when transitional forms develop between different populations
D) ​when natural selection pressures reach their maximum
E) ​randomly as mutations build up in a population

Question 33

When a population goes through a bottleneck, ____.

A) ​genetic drift is likely to occur
B) ​mutation rates increase
C) ​extinction rates decrease
D) ​natural selection decreases in intensity
E) ​inbreeding decreases

Question 34

Prezygotic reproductive isolation occurs ____.

A) ​just after the union of the egg and sperm nuclei
B) ​during embryo development
C) ​during fetal development
D) ​after birth
E) ​before the mating pair comes into contact

Question 35

The situation in which an embryo produced as a result of a mating between individuals of different species is incompatible with the mother and is subsequently aborted is an example of ____.

A) ​temporal isolation
B) ​hybrid inviability
C) ​mechanical isolation
D) ​gametic mortality
E) ​behavioral isolation

Question 36

The effectiveness of geographic barriers in promoting speciation is related most to ____.

A) ​the absolute size of the barrier
B) ​the inability of the organisms to overcome the barrier
C) ​the speed at which the barrier forms
D) ​how long the barrier exists
E) ​the size of the population it separates

Question 37

The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of ____.

A) ​natural selection
B) ​genetic isolation
C) ​the bottleneck effect
D) ​the founder effect
E) ​the wild card effect

Question 38

What can result in speciation within a few generations?​

A) ​development of a physical barrier
B) ​polyploidy arising in a plant species
C) ​postzygotic isolating mechanisms
D) ​change in environmental conditions
E) ​the introduction of a new predator into an area

Question 39

Two or more alleles of a gene present at relatively high frequencies in a population's gene pool is known as ____.

A) ​disruptive selection
B) ​sexual dimorphism
C) ​directional selection
D) ​stabilizing selection
E) ​balanced polymorphism

Question 40

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
p + q

Question 41

Individuals of a(n) __________ share a gene pool.

Question 42

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.​
a.​a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.​encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.​the genes of an entire population
d.​the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.​the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.​the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.​the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.​heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.​pesticide-resistant pests
gene pool

Question 43

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.​
a.​Mutation
b.​gene flow
c.​genetic drift
d.​natural selection
This is most likely to lead to the loss of genetic variation in a small population.

Question 44

__________ selection favors intermediate forms of a trait where __________ selection favors extreme forms.

Question 45

__________ shifts the range of variation in traits in one direction.

Question 46

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.​
a.​a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.​encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.​the genes of an entire population
d.​the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.​the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.​the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.​the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.​heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.​pesticide-resistant pests
directional selection

Question 47

__________ occurs in different patterns depending on the species and selection pressures.

Question 48

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
q²

Question 49

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.​
a.​a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.​encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.​the genes of an entire population
d.​the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.​the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.​the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.​the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.​heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.​pesticide-resistant pests
species

Question 50

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.​
a.​Mutation
b.​gene flow
c.​genetic drift
d.​natural selection
The reduced contribution of one phenotype in comparison to another to the next generation is an example of this.

Question 51

Deviations from __________ indicate that a population is evolving.

Question 52

Microevolution is change in the __________ of a population.

Question 53

Mutations are the original source of new alleles, but may be adaptive, __________ or __________.

Question 54

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
genetic equilibrium

Question 55

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.​
a.​Mutation
b.​gene flow
c.​genetic drift
d.​natural selection
The occurrence of mimicry is best explained as the ultimate result of this process.

Question 56

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.​
a.​Mutation
b.​gene flow
c.​genetic drift
d.​natural selection
This process produces new genetic variation within a species.

Question 57

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
2pq

Question 58

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.​
a.​Mutation
b.​gene flow
c.​genetic drift
d.​natural selection
This process can rapidly offset the effects of genetic isolation when two populations come into secondary contact.

Question 59

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.​
a.​a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.​encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.​the genes of an entire population
d.​the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.​the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.​the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.​the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.​heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.​pesticide-resistant pests
balanced polymorphism

Question 60

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
p²

Question 61

With __________ speciation, populations in physical contact speciate.

Question 62

__________ counters the effects of mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.

Question 63

Imagine the birds that eat peppered moths went extinct. What would happen to the peppered moth population?

Question 64

__________ is rapid diversification into new species that occupy novel niches.

Question 65

__________ selection leads to forms of traits that enhance reproductive success and may result in sexual dimorphism.

Question 66

__________ species of many plants (and a few animals) originated by chromosome doublings and hybridizations.

Question 67

In __________ speciation, populations in contact along a common border speciate.

Question 68

Consider the sources of variation in traits among individuals of a species. Which of these can be controlled and which cannot be controlled?

Question 69

Give an example of exaptation in humans.

Question 70

In __________ speciation, a geographic barrier interrupts gene flow between populations.

Question 71

Reproductive isolation is marked by the __________of gene flow between populations.

Question 72

Do human beings meet the five conditions necessary for the Hardy-Weinberg law? Explain.

Question 73

__________ occurs when two species act as agents of selection upon one another.

Question 74

__________ can lead to the loss of genetic diversity.