Deck 18: Organizating Information About Species

Question 1

Birds are thought to have evolved from dinosaurs. In considering birds and comparing them to dinosaurs, which trait would be derived?​

A) brain
B) ​legs
C) ​eyes
D) ​lack of teeth
E) ​bones

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Four of the statements are true of cladistics. Which statement is false?​

A) ​It involves making hypotheses about the evolutionary relationship between clades.
B) ​It is a precise science.
C) ​It can lead to the creation of a cladogram.
D) ​It may involve parsimony analysis.
E) ​It may use outgroups to 'root' the tree.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which explanation is NOT a reason for why Hawaiian honeycreepers are vulnerable to extinction.

A) ​reduction of their habitats
B) ​frequent volcanic eruptions
C) ​encroachment of humans into their habitats
D) ​importation of new predators and competitors into their habitats
E) ​warming of their habitats, supporting mosquitoes that carry avian malaria pathogens

Answer 3

B

Question 4

For the clade of winged organisms, which of the following would be considered the outgroup? ​

A) insect
B) bat
C) eagle
D) penguin
E) honeycreeper

Question 5

Finches have lived in Hawaii for

A) ​1000 years.
B) ​100 000 years.
C) ​4 million years.
D) ​5 million years.
E) ​63 million years.

Question 6

The convergence in external morphology of sharks, penguins, and porpoises is attributed to​

A) ​reduced genetic variability in these groups.
B) ​selection pressures that are common to these groups.
C) ​reproductive isolation of these groups.
D) ​identical genes in all three groups.
E) ​use and disuse of the limbs.

Question 7

A monophyletic group has how many common ancestors?​

A) ​one
B) ​two
C) ​three
D) ​many
E) ​it is variable

Question 8

Which of the following serve as examples of morphological convergence?​

A) ​sharks, penguins, and porpoises
B) ​panthers and tigers
C) ​apes and monkeys
D) ​sharks, skates, and rays
E) ​mice, rats, and gerbils

Question 9

Which organisms are considered most primitive based upon the structure of their limbs?​

A) ​bats
B) ​reptiles
C) ​porpoises
D) ​penguins
E) ​birds

Question 10

Similar body parts are not always homologous. They may have evolved independently in separate lineages as adaptations to the same ____.

A) ​reproductive isolation of these groups
B) ​environmental pressures
C) ​reduced genetic variability in these groups
D) ​identical genes in all three groups
E) ​genetic bottleneck

Question 11

The five-toed limb of stem reptiles was modified into a limb suitable for digging. This is an exampleof ____.

A) ​convergent evolution
B) ​morphological divergence
C) ​analogous evolution
D) ​morphological convergence
E) ​distal modification

Question 12

____ is the study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms.

A) ​Embryology
B) ​Molecular archeology
C) ​Evolution
D) ​Comparative morphology
E) ​Composition

Question 13

Which group is the sister group to humans?​

A) ​earthworm
B) ​lizard
C) ​tuna
D) ​mouse
E) ​duck

Question 14

Using hair as the derived trait, four of the following organisms fit in the clade. Which one does not fit?

A) whale
B) ​crocodile
C) ​wolf
D) ​elephant
E) ​tiger

Question 15

Four of the following organisms belong in the clade of class Reptilia. Which one does not?​

A) ​turtle
B) ​fish
C) ​birds
D) ​lizards
E) ​snakes

Question 16

The bones in the forelimbs of a mammal ____.

A) ​can often be traced to a common ancestor
B) ​offer no evidence to support the theory of evolution
C) ​perform the same function no matter which species they are in
D) ​may exhibit either analogy or homology but not both when compared to the forelimb of another animal
E) ​show convergence with some invertebrate structures

Question 17

Four of these factors have played a part in the extinction of honeycreepers in HawaII. Which one is the exception?​

A) ​loss of habitat
B) ​human activities
C) ​imported species
D) ​depletion of the ozone layer
E) ​disease

Question 18

Four of these factors play a role in phylogeny. Which one does not?​

A) ​number of digits
B) ​DNA sequence for a gene
C) ​amino acid sequence of an enzyme
D) ​number of petals
E) ​number of individuals

Question 19

Changes in an organism's genome that have no effect on an individual's survival or reproduction are called ____.

A) ​amino acid substitutions
B) ​deleterious mutations
C) ​Hox genes
D) ​neutral mutations
E) ​mitochondrial DNA

Question 20

Which of the following are examples of homologous structures?​

A) ​whale flipper and cat leg
B) ​human eye and octopus eye
C) ​bird and insect wings
D) ​body shape of sharks and dolphins
E) ​penguin wing and fish fin

Question 21

Body appendages as diverse as crab legs, beetle legs, sea star arms, butterfly wings, fish fins, and mouse feet start out as ____.

A) ​clusters of cells in the limb buds
B) ​cerebral cells
C) ​cardiac cells
D) ​offshoots of the sperm cell
E) ​offshoots of the egg

Question 22

Four of these statements are true about mitochondria. Which one is not true?​

A) ​They have DNA.
B) ​Their DNA can experience mutations.
C) ​In animals, the mitochondria come from the mother.
D) ​They undergo genetic recombination during fertilization.
E) ​Their DNA can be used as molecular clock.

Question 23

Expression of the Hoxc6 gene causes ____.

A) ​ribs to develop on a vertebra
B) ​the development of eyes
C) ​limb bud development
D) ​gill arches to close
E) ​the development of hair

Question 24

Cladistic analysis of populations of blue wildebeest in Africa has helped to show that habitat fragmentation has led to a loss of ____.

A) ​evolution
B) ​alleles
C) ​genes
D) ​gene flow
E) ​mutations

Question 25

The master gene Hox helps to sculpt the body plan of embryos by ____.

A) ​inhibiting the Dlx gene to prevent extra limbs
B) ​timing the activation of Dlx genes
C) ​causing cell death in any cell not expressing the Hox gene
D) ​converting sugar into energy to allow the process to go to completion
E) ​inducing mutations in plants

Question 26

Genomics studies have shown that humans and rice share about ____ percent of their genomes.

A) ​1
B) ​4
C) ​8
D) ​15
E) ​25

Question 27

Four of the following statements about the Poouli are true. Which one is false?​

A) ​It is a honeycreeper.
B) ​It is probably extinct.
C) ​It is an outlying member of its group.
D) ​It is morphologically distinct from others in its group.
E) ​It is found in Fiji.

Question 28

__________ is the science of making hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among clades.

Question 29

The comparison of embryos across species reveals the conservative nature of the genes responsible for ____.

A) ​food procurement
B) ​reproductive behavior
C) ​embryonic development
D) ​embryonic size
E) ​embryonic intelligence

Question 30

Four of these statements about master genes are true. Which statement is not true?​

A) ​They orchestrate layers of development.
B) ​They are highly conserved over evolutionary time.
C) ​Mutations within these are frequently devastating.
D) ​They are highly variable in their sequences between species.
E) ​Mutations usually result in changes in body plan.

Question 31

__________ is a set of methods that allow us to reconstruct phylogeny.

Question 32

The homeotic gene Hoxc6 is the vertebrate version of ____, which determines the identity of the thorax in fruit flies.

A) ​Dlx
B) ​thoracia
C) ​RHO
D) ​CCR5
E) ​antennapedia

Question 33

Four of the following statements about the H5N1 virus are true. Which one is false?​

A) ​It is symptomless in pigs.
B) ​It has a high mortality rate in humans.
C) ​It cannot infect birds.
D) ​It moves poorly from human to human.
E) ​It can move between pigs.

Question 34

Similar body parts that reflect shared ancestry are called __________.

Question 35

The most complete listing of the organisms the H5N1 strain of influenza virus can infect is ____.

A) ​humans
B) ​pigs
C) ​birds
D) ​humans and pigs
E) ​humans, pigs and birds

Question 36

A technique used to identify species by matching up sequence differences in a standard region of the genome is called​

A) ​mutation counting.
B) ​genome sequencing.
C) ​DNA barcoding.
D) ​nucleotide matching.
E) ​PCR

Question 37

The Dlx gene encodes a transcription factor that signals clusters of embryonic cells to ____ and gives rise to an appendage.

A) ​fold into the cardiac muscle
B) ​protrude from the body
C) ​form reproductive structures
D) ​induce apoptosis in cells lining the appendages
E) ​develop into the immune system

Question 38

Which gene mutation is least likely to impact the protein?​

A) ​aconservative substitution
B) ​anon-conservative substitution
C) ​an amino acid deletion
D) ​an amino acid insertion
E) ​all mutations will have the same impact.

Question 39

Phylogeny research is LEAST likely to include which type of analysis?​

A) ​genetic
B) ​anatomical
C) ​behavioral
D) ​physiological
E) ​direct observation of evolution

Question 40

A gene accumulates one mutation every 100 years. If one species splits into two today, how many differences will exist in that gene between the two in 500 years?​

A) ​2
B) ​5
C) ​10
D) ​100
E) ​500

Question 41

Mutations in genes that affect __________ may cause morphological shifts in a lineage.

Question 42

A fairly conserved gene is compared between a human, a chimpanzee, a bear and a banana. How would you expect their DNA sequences to relate?​

Question 43

Why do scientists favor the clade in which derived traits evolve the fewest times?

Question 44

__________ structures are body parts that look alike in different lineages but did not evolve in a common ancestor.

Question 45

Why is morphological convergence not a good explanation for vertebrate forelimbs?​

Question 46

Neutral mutations tend to accumulate in DNA at a predictable rate; like the ticks of a(n) __________, they can help researchers estimate how long ago two lineages diverged.