Deck 27: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

An individual who wishes to avoid getting ill during the wintertime experiments by significantly boosting vitamin intake by taking multiple vitamin supplements. This action could

A)help the individual live decades longer.
B)be dangerous because some elements are only needed in small amounts for the human body.
C)help the individual to look decades younger.
D)reduce the individual's fiber intake.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If you were a bird about to embark on a long migratory journey, which of the following would you want to have stored in large quantities?

A)sugars
B)proteins
C)fats
D)vitamins

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Minerals are

A)organic compounds.
B)required in small amounts.
C)not harmful to humans when ingested in large amounts.
D)created by chemical reactions within cells.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following packs the most calories per gram?

A)carbohydrates
B)proteins
C)fats
D)amino acids

Question 5

The most likely potential problem faced by a person who is following a low-protein diet is the failure to

A)take in enough organic compounds to produce the energy necessary for life functions.
B)take in enough essential amino acids.
C)take in enough calories to survive.
D)make the mineral nutrients necessary to live.

Question 6

Which of the following reasons best explains why starch molecules must be broken down before they can be absorbed by the small intestine?

A)They are toxic to the cells of the small intestine.
B)They are too large to pass through the plasma membrane of the intestinal cells.
C)They must be broken down in order to extract the essential amino acids they contain.
D)The cells of the small intestine are much too small to contain them.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about human digestion is true?

A)We are able to directly absorb most large nutrient molecules such as starch.
B)We must process nutrients in order to absorb them.
C)The absorptive surface of our gut lets all materials pass through it into the bloodstream.
D)The human gut is able to absorb complex proteins easily.

Question 8

Omnivores eat

A)carnivores.
B)herbivores.
C)plants.
D)all of the above

Question 9

The eight essential amino acids required by adult humans

A)are produced by the human body.
B)can be obtained by eating any one type of vegetable.
C)are not found in meat products.
D)are used as building blocks for human proteins.

Question 10

Which amino acids are humans unable to synthesize?

A)all amino acids
B)most of the essential amino acids
C)the unnecessary amino acids
D)essential amino acids

Question 11

Which one of the following food sources would be eaten by carnivores?

A)apples
B)Girl Scout cookies
C)mushrooms
D)deer

Question 12

Organisms need energy to carry out life processes, but they also must use energy simply to gather nutrients. Which of the following statements must be true in order for an organism to live?

A)The amount of energy ingested in proteins must equal the amount of energy ingested in carbohydrates.
B)If the amount of energy used for life processes is low, the organism must ingest extra nutrients in order to produce body heat.
C)The amount of energy used to gather nutrients must be more than the amount of energy used to carry out life processes.
D)The amount of energy used for life processes, including nutrient gathering, must be less than the amount of energy captured from the environment.

Question 13

Which pair of elements would make up more of your body weight than any of the other pairs below?

A)sodium and chlorine
B)carbon and oxygen
C)phosphorus and magnesium
D)potassium and iodine

Question 14

The figure below shows four types of nutrients that are absorbable by animal cells.
Which of the above molecules could be absorbed by the digestive tract without further digestion by enzymes?

A)polysaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)protein
D)monoglyceride

Question 15

A major concern in public health is the intake of too much _____, thus leading many people to have _____, which can damage _____.

A)iodine; goiter; muscles
B)zinc; depression; nerves
C)table salt; high blood pressure; kidneys
D)calcium; osteoporosis; bones

Question 16

Not all parts of the food that humans ingest is used by our bodies. Fiber, consisting mostly of cellulose, for instance, is excreted without providing nutrition. Which of the following statements explains why fiber is not used as a nutrient in humans?

A)The human gut is unable to break it down; thus it cannot be absorbed across the intestinal cells' membranes.
B)Fiber is an amino acid but not one of the essential amino acids, so we do not need to absorb it as a nutrient.
C)The fiber content of human foods is so low that it is not worthwhile for our bodies to expend energy to extract its nutrients.
D)The fiber is digested into such small molecules that they become nutritionally insignificant.

Question 17

If a person wishes to lose weight, he or she must

A)expend more kcals of heat energy compared to the kcals of potential energy ingested.
B)conserve more kcals of heat energy compared to the kcals of potential energy ingested.
C)eat more lipids due to their lower kcal/g ratio.
D)become a vegetarian and cut protein from the diet.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about fat digestion is false?

A)Fat molecules are too large to cross the gut wall.
B)Fats dissolve poorly in the watery mass of food moving through the gut.
C)Fats are difficult to absorb.
D)Fats cannot be broken down into smaller molecules.

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the three elements that provide the framework for the complex organic compounds that characterize life?

A)carbon
B)iron
C)hydrogen
D)oxygen

Question 20

The empty label in the following scheme most likely should read

A)carbohydrates.
B)fiber.
C)all broken-down materials.
D)all usable nutrients.

Question 21

The journey of a potato chip through our digestive tract would be

A)mouth to esophagus to stomach to liver to small intestine to large intestine to anus.
B)mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus.
C)mouth to stomach to esophagus to pancreas to small intestine to large intestine to anus.
D)mouth to esophagus to stomach to large intestine to small intestine to anus.

Question 22

The enzyme that works well in the acidic environment of the stomach is

A)trypsin.
B)pepsin.
C)amylase.
D)rennin.

Question 23

The image below is illustrating the

A)small intestine lined with villi in order to increase nutrient absorption.
B)large intestine lined with villi in order to increase nutrient absorption.
C)small intestine lined with cilia in order to increase nutrient absorption.
D)large intestine lined with flagella in order to increase nutrient absorption.

Question 24

The main function of enzymes in the human digestive tract is to

A)create the chemical bonds that form complex carbohydrates.
B)ensure that fats remain grouped together in large droplets.
C)catalyze chemical reactions that break specific chemical bonds in food molecules.
D)neutralize the acids produced by the stomach.

Question 25

The human liver produces bile, a substance that

A)aids in the absorption of vitamin K.
B)allows fats to dissolve more easily in the watery contents of the gut.
C)neutralizes the acids produced by pepsin.
D)breaks the bonds between amino acids.

Question 26

Consider the parts of the digestive system, particularly the place where water is removed before feces are excreted. Which organ is the mostly likely to be responsible for a bout of diarrhea?

A)colon
B)anus
C)stomach
D)esophagus

Question 27

Low levels of vitamin D have been linked to seasonal affective disorder, a condition that leads to depression in the winter. Would you expect dark-skinned people to be more or less prone to seasonal affective disorder?

A)Dark-skinned people are probably less likely to have this disorder because they tend to eat foods that are higher in vitamin D.
B)Dark-skinned people are probably less likely to have this disorder because they have evolved enzymes that are more efficient at producing vitamin D.
C)Dark-skinned people are probably more likely to have this disorder as the pigments in their skin block out the sunlight needed to make vitamin D.
D)Dark-skinned people are probably more likely to have this disorder because the pigments in their skin allow sunlight to pass and destroy vitamin D that has been obtained through diet.

Question 28

The lower region of the small intestine is structured to create large amounts of surface area so that it can more efficiently

A)produce enzymes to break food down into smaller molecules.
B)grind food down into smaller molecules.
C)absorb the chemical building blocks produced by digestion.
D)eliminate waste products.

Question 29

The function of the esophagus is to

A)break down food physically.
B)break down food chemically.
C)carry food to the stomach.
D)prepare undigested material and waste for disposal.

Question 30

Food passing though our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients in the

A)small intestine.
B)stomach.
C)colon.
D)esophagus.

Question 31

Which of the following is not secreted by the mammalian pancreas?

A)pepsin
B)bicarbonate
C)trypsin
D)chymotrypsin

Question 32

Which of the following steps of digestion does not occur in the mouth?

A)chemical breakdown by enzymes
B)mechanical breakdown
C)ingestion
D)absorption

Question 33

As nutrients move across an intestinal villus, capillaries absorb

A)amino acids and sugars.
B)fats.
C)lymph vessels.
D)monoglycerides.

Question 34

The liver secretes bile to the

A)pancreas.
B)small intestine.
C)gallbladder.
D)large intestine.

Question 35

The gallbladder

A)stores bile.
B)secretes digestive enzymes.
C)breaks down fats.
D)absorbs fats.

Question 36

Which of the following does not occur in the colon?

A)absorption of minerals
B)breakdown of fats and carbohydrates
C)absorption of water
D)vitamin production by prokaryotic organisms

Question 37

Which of the following would not be found in the lower small intestine?

A)a brush border
B)villi
C)a large surface area
D)a low pH

Question 38

The first enzymes that food encounters in our body are in our

A)mouth.
B)esophagus.
C)pancreas.
D)small intestine.

Question 39

How rapidly an organism can absorb nutrients generally depends on

A)the surface area available for absorption.
B)how quickly the nutrient can diffuse into the stomach.
C)the passive mechanisms that carry the nutrient into the organism.
D)the volume of the organism taking up the nutrients.

Question 40

Lipases help digest

A)proteins.
B)glucose.
C)amino acids.
D)fats.

Question 41

Humans can synthesize some of the amino acids we need. The ones we must obtain from our food are known as ____________________ amino acids.

Question 42

Digestive ____________________, such as amylase, break specific chemical bonds to help organisms process their food.

Question 43

Which of the following might be true of an omnivore?

A)An omnivore probably has spiked teeth for tearing and flat teeth for grinding.
B)An omnivore probably has a very complex stomach with many different chambers for housing microorganisms that break down cellulose.
C)An omnivore probably has a very short intestine because all the foods it consumes are easily absorbed.
D)An omnivore probably produces the enzyme that breaks down cellulose and pepsin.

Question 44

Vitamins are either water soluble or ____________________ soluble.

Question 45

The nutrients in food enter our body by crossing through the epithelial cells lining the ____________________ intestine.

Question 46

The major organ that supplies digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to the small intestine is the ____________________.

Question 47

In third world countries, vitamin ____________________ are more common and lead to various diseases and disorders.

Question 48

The main reason that proteins are an important part of your diet is that they are a source of ____________________, the building blocks of the enzymes that run your cells.

Question 49

When humans who lack a particular enzyme consume products made from cow's milk they suffer digestive problems. The enzyme is

A)pepsin.
B)lactase.
C)chymotrypsin.
D)amylase.

Question 50

Out of the four classes of organic compounds found in organisms, ____________________ are capable of storing the largest amount of energy.

Question 51

____________________ are not nutrients, do not provide us with energy, and are required only in small quantities; however, they help regulate metabolic processes.

Question 52

In which of the following animals would you expect to find the longest small intestine relative to its total body size?

A)a lion
B)a horse
C)a human
D)a wolf

Question 53

What is the best way to control your weight and live longer?

A)Eat only foods high in protein.
B)Become a vegetarian.
C)Eat only foods high in carbohydrates.
D)Get plenty of exercise.

Question 54

Why do sheep have a much longer small intestine relative to their size than dogs do?

A)Sheep are generally larger than dogs, and the larger the animal, the larger the relative size of their small intestine.
B)Dogs have sharper teeth than sheep, so they do not need to absorb food only through their small intestines.
C)Sheep eat relatively nutrient-poor food, and a long intestine allows more complete absorption of the available nutrients.
D)Dogs have a simple stomach, whereas the sheep stomach is fairly complex.

Question 55

Many ____________________, small inorganic compounds that are needed in trace amounts, are essential to the proper function of proteins.

Question 56

The ____________________ is the organ that contracts to mix food particles with acid and enzymes, and also holds food until it can pass farther along for continued digestion.

Question 57

In reference to living longer,

A)many factors are involved including genetics, diet, and exercise.
B)genetics plays the only role.
C)men generally live longer than women.
D)social and cultural situations play no role.

Question 58

Some animals have part of their guts modified into a muscular area that grinds food against small pebbles or sand grains collected from the environment. Which of the following statements about this area is false?

A)It is the area where the chemical breakdown of food takes place.
B)It is known as a gizzard.
C)It helps large food items become small enough to enter the digestive system of the animal.
D)It helps speed digestion by increasing the surface area of the food particles, which speeds their breakdown.

Question 59

The colon contains bacteria that produce ____________________, a small organic compound that is involved in blood clotting.

Question 60

Which of the following is false?

A)A sheep has a small intestine about six times longer than that of a wolf.
B)A wolf has a single-chambered stomach, but a sheep's stomach has four chambers.
C)A wolf's teeth are made for tearing and some chewing and a sheep's teeth are made mostly for grinding.
D)A wolf's colon contains bacteria that digest cellulose, and a sheep's stomach produces enzymes that digest cellulose.

Question 61

The large surface area of a sheep's small intestine allows the sheep to more efficiently absorb amino acids from the food it consumes.

Question 62

Only guinea pigs, bats, the great apes, and humans must get vitamin C from their diets rather than synthesizing it themselves.

Question 63

Many longevity-enhancing nutrients such as fiber and antioxidants are found in ____________________-based foods.

Question 64

Prior to a sporting event, many competitors will ingest lipids for quick energy sources.

Question 65

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)is caused by both neurological and dietary components.

Question 66

Vegetarians should be careful to consume a variety of plants to ensure that they obtain all of their essential amino acids.

Question 67

The enzyme lactase is found only in populations of people who suffer from lactose intolerance.

Question 68

Examine the photograph below of an animal skull.

The characteristics of this skull suggest that it belongs to a ____________________, the type of animal that consumes only ____________________.

Question 69

Because they are not soluble in water, fats are digested in a different way than proteins and carbohydrates.

Question 70

Vitamins are an essential source of energy.

Question 71

Whole grain foods are good components of a diet when trying to reduce cancer risk.

Question 72

The brush border in the small intestine decreases the amount of surface area available for absorption of nutrients.

Question 73

In mammals, the mechanical breakdown of food involves teeth. In worms, the mechanical breakdown is accomplished by a ____________________.

Question 74

For most animals, cellulose is a good source of energy and fiber.

Question 75

Chemical digestion occurs inside of the organ indicated by the arrow in the figure below.

Question 76

The natural production and absorption of many vitamins is regulated by negative feedback loops.

Question 77

Food must be broken down chemically before nutrients in it can be absorbed.

Question 78

Although cows are herbivores that specialize in consuming grass, they do not produce the enzyme needed to break down the long-chain plant carbohydrate ____________________. However, cows do house microorganisms in their guts that can make the enzyme for them.

Question 79

Omega-3 fatty acids are found primarily in red meat.

Question 80

Because vitamins are so important to metabolism, it is important to ingest large amounts of them in the form of vitamin supplements.