Deck 28: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Question 1

Air entering the lungs has a

A)higher concentration of carbon dioxide than air in an alveolus.
B)higher concentration of both carbon dioxide and oxygen than in an alveolus.
C)higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than in an alveolus.
D)lower concentration of oxygen and a concentration of carbon dioxide equal to that in an alveolus.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The breaking open of alveoli in people with emphysema decreases their rate of gas exchange because

A)the distance between the air they breathe in and the blood is decreased.
B)there is less pressure in the lungs to force the oxygen to dissolve in the blood.
C)the concentration of oxygen in the lungs becomes much greater than that in the blood.
D)their lungs have less surface area available for diffusion.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In cystic fibrosis, parts of the respiratory tract can be clogged with mucus and inhibit gas exchange. The areas of the respiratory tract where gases are directly exchanged are the

A)alveoli.
B)bronchi.
C)diaphragm.
D)trachea.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Too much salt in the diet can increase blood pressure because

A)greater solute levels cause interstitial fluid and blood plasma volume to increase with water.
B)the blood volume loses water and becomes too thick.
C)salt forces the blood vessels to constrict.
D)interstitial fluid and blood plasma are more concentrated with salt and make the heart beat quicker.

Question 5

The image below illustrates how a continual diet of trans fats can lead to hardening of the arteries, which is a condition also known as

A)systemic thrombosis.
B)atherosclerosis.
C)pulmonary thrombosis.
D)circulatory fibromatosis.

Question 6

Another name for the "pacemaker" is the

A)atrioventricular (AV) node.
B)sino atrial (SA) node.
C)atrium.
D)ventrical.

Question 7

When we inhale, air moves in through the mouth or nose and next moves into the

A)bronchi.
B)alveoli.
C)lungs.
D)pharynx.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about gas concentrations in air and water is true?

A)Carbon dioxide is not found in water.
B)Carbon dioxide occurs in similar concentrations in air and water.
C)Oxygen occurs in similar concentrations in air and water.
D)Oxygen occurs in higher concentrations in air than in water.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the journey of an oxygen molecule in a lung?

A)It travels from an alveolus to a bronchiole to a capillary to a red blood cell to hemoglobin.
B)It travels from a bronchiole to an alveolus to a capillary to hemoglobin to a red blood cell.
C)It travels from a bronchiole to an alveolus to a capillary to a red blood cell to hemoglobin.
D)It travels from a bronchiole to an alveolus to a red blood cell to a capillary to hemoglobin.

Question 10

For a human to inhale, the rib muscles and diaphragm must

A)contract, decreasing pressure inside the lungs.
B)relax, increasing pressure inside the lungs.
C)contract, increasing pressure inside the lungs.
D)relax, decreasing pressure inside the lungs.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the size of an organism's gas exchange surface is true?

A)Organisms with small demands generally still have large gas exchange surfaces.
B)Extra gill surface area in a fish would help lower the drag forces in water.
C)The surface area of a gas exchange surface is sized to match the needs of the organism.
D)The lungs of active mammals have smaller gas exchange surfaces than the lungs of less active mammals.

Question 12

Air enters the lungs through a pair of tubes known as

A)bronchi.
B)alveoli.
C)bronchioles.
D)pharynx.

Question 13

Which of the following would have the smallest diameter?

A)the pharynx
B)the trachea
C)the bronchi
D)the bronchioles

Question 14

What tube connects the pharynx to the bronchi?

A)the trachea
B)the alveoli
C)the bronchioles
D)the tracheoles

Question 15

In the figure below, the arrow is pointing to the

A)bronchus.
B)trachea.
C)diaphragm.
D)larynx.

Question 16

Which of the following describes the journey of a molecule of oxygen from the pharynx to an alveolus?

A)pharynx to trachea to bronchus to bronchiole to alveolus
B)pharynx to trachea to bronchiole to bronchus to alveolus
C)pharynx to bronchiole to bronchus to trachea to alveolus
D)pharynx to bronchus to bronchiole to trachea to alveolus

Question 17

The tiniest bronchiole extensions open into the

A)trachea.
B)bronchi.
C)alveoli.
D)pharynx.

Question 18

Once oxygen has entered the blood stream, its ultimate destination is the

A)alveoli.
B)lungs.
C)cells.
D)mitochondria.

Question 19

In what way, if any, is the circulatory system of humans important to the process of gas exchange?

A)It has no importance to gas exchange.
B)It allows air to be taken into the lungs.
C)It increases the area available for gas exchange.
D)It carries oxygen to cells that are not in direct contact with air.

Question 20

In human lungs, gases are exchanged in tiny sacs called

A)gills.
B)tracheoles.
C)alveoli.
D)spongy parenchyma.

Question 21

Referring to the question above, which of the following responses will not be temporarily expressed by visitors to high altitudes?

A)increased blood flow
B)increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood
C)increased heart rate
D)increased attraction of hemoglobin to oxygen

Question 22

Which of the following statements about oxygen-binding pigments is false?

A)They float freely in the liquid portion of human blood.
B)They increase the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
C)They are made of a complex protein bound to iron atoms.
D)They bind reversibly to oxygen.

Question 23

Which of the following would not be a characteristic of an organ used for gas exchange?

A)high surface area
B)covered by waterproofing layers
C)moist surfaces
D)very thin tissues

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Oxygen moves into cells by diffusion, but carbon dioxide is moved by active transport.
B)Oxygen and carbon dioxide move into and out of cells and alveoli passively by diffusion.
C)Carbon dioxide and oxygen are actively transported into and out of blood by diffusion.
D)Oxygen moves into cells by diffusion, but in the alveoli it is actively transported.

Question 25

A mitochondrion in a cell undergoing cellular respiration would

A)have a higher concentration of oxygen than the surrounding cytosol.
B)lose oxygen by diffusion.
C)lose carbon dioxide by diffusion.
D)gain oxygen by being in direct contact with hemoglobin.

Question 26

Hemoglobin

A)is an enzyme involved in the process of cellular respiration.
B)transports oxygen from cells undergoing cellular respiration to red blood cells.
C)binds to oxygen and releases it near cells performing cellular respiration.
D)makes the blood more acidic, enabling it to absorb more oxygen.

Question 27

At high altitudes, gases are less concentrated. You may gasp for air, because

A)the surface area of your lungs will be decreased.
B)the amount of hemoglobin in your blood will decrease.
C)hemoglobin will not be able to bind to oxygen as well at a higher altitude.
D)the amount of oxygen that could diffuse into your blood will be decreased.

Question 28

Which of the following is false?

A)Oxygen diffuses much more slowly in water than in air.
B)At the same altitude and temperature, the concentration of oxygen in water is higher than in air.
C)Water is about 1,000 times denser than air.
D)Air and water contain oxygen available for cellular respiration.

Question 29

In blood arriving at an alveolus, the concentration of

A)oxygen is lower in the alveolus than in the blood.
B)carbon dioxide is higher in the alveolus than in the blood.
C)carbon dioxide is higher in the blood than in the alveolus.
D)carbon dioxide in the blood is equal to the concentration of oxygen in the alveolus.

Question 30

Which of the following best describes the environment around a cell performing cellular respiration?

A)The concentration of oxygen around the cell is constantly being lowered.
B)The concentration of oxygen around the cell causes more carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the cell.
C)The release of products of cellular respiration causes oxygen to diffuse into the blood plasma.
D)The carbon dioxide concentration outside the cell constantly decreases.

Question 31

When you exercise intensely, your rate of gas exchange rises because

A)muscle contraction requires oxygen to lessen the amount of ATP produced.
B)the amount of carbon dioxide required for cellular respiration increases.
C)the muscle cell mitochondria require more oxygen.
D)the ratio of surface area to volume of the lungs decreases.

Question 32

Air leaving the lungs has

A)a higher concentration of both oxygen and carbon dioxide than outside air.
B)a lower concentration of oxygen and a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than outside air.
C)equal concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
D)a lower concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than outside air.

Question 33

The liquid portion of human blood cannot absorb enough oxygen to meet the body's demands. However, _____ in our red blood cells greatly increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of human blood.

A)carbon dioxide
B)alveoli
C)nodules
D)hemoglobin

Question 34

Which of the following would contain the lowest concentration of oxygen?

A)a lake covered by a sheet of ice
B)air at sea level
C)air in a refrigerator
D)a pond during summer

Question 35

Blood in a capillary leaving a nearby cell would contain

A)a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than when it arrived.
B)a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than when it arrived.
C)a higher concentration of oxygen than when it arrived.
D)less hemoglobin than when it arrived.

Question 36

Examine the table below.
Based on the data in this table, which of these fish is probably the fastest swimmer?

A)rudderfish
B)eel
C)flounder
D)goosefish

Question 37

Blood arriving at a cell that is performing cellular respiration would

A)contain red blood cells with oxygen bound to most of its hemoglobin and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than the cell.
B)contain little remaining hemoglobin and a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than the cell.
C)deposit its hemoglobin onto the plasma membrane of the cell to release oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide.
D)contain hemoglobin largely depleted of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than the cell.

Question 38

Carbon dioxide

A)is carried by a different binding pigment in the blood than is oxygen.
B)is generated in relatively high amounts inside the mitochondrion.
C)moves from regions of cellular respiration to the alveoli dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
D)attaches to hemoglobin, causing structural changes that make oxygen binding more efficient.

Question 39

The concentration of oxygen in blood plasma near an alveolus is lowered when

A)nearby red blood cells release carbon dioxide.
B)oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and binds to hemoglobin.
C)carbon dioxide diffuses into an alveolus.
D)oxygen diffuses out into the alveolus.

Question 40

People with sickle-cell anemia have deformed hemoglobin molecules and often suffer muscle pains, even at low levels of exertion. These symptoms might come about because the deformed hemoglobin

A)is unable to carry the amount of oxygen required for normal activities of muscles.
B)cannot diffuse across the cells' membranes from the blood plasma.
C)causes damage to the muscle cells as it enters the muscle.
D)decreases the person's ratio of surface area to volume.

Question 41

Pieces of cells found in blood plasma that can collect and block blood flow are called ____________________.

Question 42

The figure below illustrates body size and diffusion time.
Which of the following examples represents the quickest diffusion time?

A)Small insect; insects have high metabolisms, thus diffusion occurs quickly.
B)Giraffe; tall animals generate a lot of heat energy, which allows diffusion to occur quickly.
C)Cell; it has the shortest distance across. Diffusion slows over longer distances.
D)Human; omnivores have more complex metabolic chemistry, which requires higher diffusion rates.

Question 43

Bubbles form in a glass of water because it contains dissolved ____________________.

Question 44

Unlike aquatic organisms, humans have their gas exchange surfaces on the inside rather than the outside. This adaptation evolved to

A)reduce water loss during gas exchange.
B)allow better uptake of carbon dioxide.
C)prevent the loss of oxygen during gas exchange.
D)allow more efficient production of carbohydrates.

Question 45

The ____________________ contracts in order to pump blood through the systemic circuit.

Question 46

Why do many large animals rely on internal transport systems (like the circulatory system)to distribute oxygen?

A)Diffusion does not occur in organisms with more than about 300 cells.
B)Large organisms do not need as much oxygen as small organisms, so they use inefficient transport systems like the circulatory system rather than diffusion.
C)The internal transport system is needed to quickly replace oxygen lost due to the high surface area of the skin.
D)Diffusion is very slow over all but the shortest distances, so oxygen must be delivered to cells to speed up the process.

Question 47

The ____________________ that aquatic animals use for gas exchange have evolved several times, but they are always structured to provide the maximum surface area for gas exchange.

Question 48

While observing goldfish, you notice that gill flaps move up and down in a constant rhythm. This movement

A)helps the fish take in small gulps of air and store them in lunglike sacs.
B)requires less energy than moving air over the gills.
C)is unnecessary when the fish are swimming constantly.
D)ensures that the gas exchange organs of the fish are surrounded by oxygen-rich water.

Question 49

Gases move from an area of ____________________ concentration to an area of ____________________ concentration.

Question 50

____________________ is the process of expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs and taking oxygen into the lungs.

Question 51

A complication of an athlete injecting erythropoietin (EPO)could be

A)dehydration.
B)heat exhaustion.
C)decreased muscle mass.
D)heart attack.

Question 52

The human ____________________ system is used for the internal transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 53

Human red blood cells contain the red pigment ____________________.

Question 54

The figure below illustrates the inhalation step of gas exchange in humans.

In this figure, the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage are ____________________ [relaxed or contracted].

Question 55

More gas will diffuse through a ____________________ surface area than a ____________________ surface area.

Question 56

Where would you expect hemoglobin to release oxygen?

A)inside an alveolus
B)near red blood cells that are undergoing cellular respiration
C)at the terminal ends of bronchioles
D)near body cells that are undergoing cellular respiration

Question 57

In humans and many other animals gases are transported in ____________________, which travels rapidly in a circulatory system.

Question 58

In the figure of veins below, the blood clot could move to the lungs and cause a ____________________.

Question 59

The lungs of organism A have a surface area of 10 square cm. The lungs of organism B have a surface area of 5 square cm. Based on this information, the rate of gas exchange must be higher in organism ____________________.

Question 60

Although blood plasma carries many electrolytes, nutrients, and other components, the vast majority of plasma is made of ____________________.

Question 61

Blood pressure increases when blood vessels constrict and their diameters decrease.

Question 62

Internal surfaces, such as those found in our lungs, reduce water loss during gas exchanges.

Question 63

Low platelet count has no effect on bleeding risk.

Question 64

Hemoglobin, like many other oxygen-binding pigments, contains the metallic element ____________________.

Question 65

The higher the gas concentration in the environment relative to the gas concentration inside an organism, the more quickly the gas will passively enter the organism.

Question 66

Ectothermic animals have a larger surface area available for gas exchange than endothermic animals.

Question 67

Erythropoietin (EPO), which is made by the kidneys, is involved in the production of white blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.

Question 68

Blood plasma contains dissolved oxygen when it leaves alveoli.

Question 69

If skin was the gas exchange surface for humans, it would have sufficient surface area to support our need for oxygen.

Question 70

Gills were the first gas exchange organ to evolve in animals.

Question 71

If an individual has bronchitis, it may also be accurately referred to as an upper-respiratory infection.

Question 72

The smaller the distance over which a gas must diffuse, the more slowly it will diffuse.

Question 73

Red blood cells are produced in the ____________________.

Question 74

The thickening of heart muscle over time helps it to pump blood more efficiently throughout the body.

Question 75

An irritated pharynx could be caused by sinus drainage.

Question 76

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse much more slowly in water than in air.

Question 77

The process of inhalation requires more energy than the process of exhalation.