Deck 33: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Which of the following structures are commonly manipulated for sterilization?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Why is the head of a sperm covered with a sac of enzymes?

A)The enzymes are used to prevent other sperm from entering the egg after the sperm and egg membranes have fused.
B)The enzymes are needed to digest a hole in the protective "shell" surrounding the egg.
C)The enzymes are released to kill other sperm so that, by the time sperm reach the egg, only a hundred or so remain to compete with.
D)The enzymes are gradually released into the sperm, where they break down sugars, releasing the energy needed to power sperm movement.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements about hermaphrodites is true?

A)Hermaphrodites can mate with every individual of the same species that they encounter.
B)Hermaphrodites can generally fertilize their own eggs.
C)Hermaphrodites have either testes or ovaries.
D)Few animal phyla include hermaphroditic species.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

During development, the process by which unspecialized cells acquire specific identities is called

A)gametogenesis.
B)differentiation.
C)fertilization.
D)apoptosis.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in animals is true?

A)Only one parent contributes genes to the offspring.
B)Both parents contribute genes to the offspring.
C)The offspring are identical to their parents.
D)Only one parent is needed to produce offspring.

Question 6

The number of chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes is fewer than in primary spermatocytes because

A)sister chromatids are separated during meiosis II.
B)sister chromatids are separated during meiosis I.
C)homologous pairs are separated during meiosis II.
D)homologous pairs are separated during meiosis I.

Question 7

Many animals are choosy about their mates because

A)males put more energy into sperm production than females put into egg production.
B)the smaller the genetic differences between two parents, the more likely their offspring are to survive.
C)having a high-quality mate increases the chance of offspring survival.
D)species that do not have two-parent families are less successful than those that do.

Question 8

In general, why does a female animal tend to choose her mate more carefully than a male does?

A)Males tend to live longer than females.
B)Males do not produce as much sperm as females do eggs.
C)A female has more resources tied up in an egg than a male does in sperm.
D)Females use more of their resources in mate-attracting displays.

Question 9

Which of the following behaviors is not specialized to help an animal find a mate?

A)bees carrying pollen between flowers
B)the flashing lights of fireflies
C)fragrant chemicals released by female moths
D)the chirping sound of a male cricket

Question 10

Which one of the following methods of reproduction is not used by animals?

A)sexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs
B)asexual reproduction involving only one animal
C)asexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs
D)a piece of an animal breaks off and grows into a new individual

Question 11

Some organisms switch from male to female or vice versa. The most likely rationale for the change is the

A)loss of reproductive ability.
B)loss of chromosomes from one year to the next.
C)availability of environmental resources.
D)male/female status of nearby organisms.

Question 12

Sperm are packed with mitochondria because mitochondria produce the

A)sugars that keep the sperm alive during its journey through the female reproductive tract.
B)enzymes used to break through the zona pellucida before fertilization.
C)ATP used to complete spermatogenesis.
D)energy needed to power the movement of the tail of the sperm.

Question 13

Would the separation of an egg and its polar body soon after fertilization harm the development of an embryo?

A)Yes; the polar body contains genetic information required for the early stages of embryonic development.
B)Yes; if a polar body is formed, it will develop into the identical twin of the first embryo.
C)No; fertilization naturally causes the polar body to release from the zygote.
D)No; because a polar body contains little cytoplasm, it cannot develop into an embryo.

Question 14

Humans complete their development in a protected environment inside their mother's body, in the

A)cervix.
B)oviduct.
C)vagina.
D)uterus.

Question 15

Animal species in which the offspring tend to move away from their parents to live in slightly different habitats are likely to benefit from

A)asexual reproduction.
B)sexual reproduction.
C)providing DNA for transformation.
D)a gametophyte generation.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about sexual and asexual reproduction is true?

A)Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that are genetically identical to their parents, whereas asexual reproduction leads to offspring that differ from their parents.
B)Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that differ genetically from their parents, whereas asexual reproduction leads to offspring that are identical to their parents.
C)Sexual reproduction is always better for a species' survival than asexual reproduction.
D)Asexual reproduction is always better for a species' survival than sexual reproduction.

Question 17

In human females, primary oocytes do not develop into mature eggs

A)unless they are fertilized.
B)until they reach the uterus.
C)until the first trimester.
D)until puberty.

Question 18

The second meiotic division in a secondary oocyte is completed

A)just after its release into the oviduct.
B)only after the polar body degenerates.
C)only if it is fertilized.
D)immediately after the primary oocyte divides.

Question 19

Study the diagram below. Which of the following sentences is true?

A)Sperm cells are genetically identical.
B)Division of cytoplasm in oogenesis is unequal.
C)Oogenesis results in the generation of two egg cells per oogonium.
D)Sperm cells are created in only one round of meiosis.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about animal sperm and eggs is false?

A)Sperm are generally able to move.
B)Oocytes generally do not move unaided.
C)Sperm and eggs are produced through meiosis.
D)Sperm and eggs have the same amount of genetic material per cell as the cells in their parent organisms.

Question 21

The "quality" of human eggs and sperm declines as people age. One possible reason for this is

A)accelerated apoptosis of sperm and egg precursor cells.
B)acquired harmful mutations in egg and sperm precursor cells.
C)declining levels of morphogens.
D)lower levels of oxytocin and prostaglandins.

Question 22

By the end of a normal first trimester, the zygote has

A)not yet developed visible limbs.
B)recognizable arms and legs.
C)reached its birth length.
D)gained about 50 percent of its birth weight.

Question 23

In humans, the yolk sac

A)does not contain yolk.
B)produces blood cells.
C)contains cells that will eventually produce gametes.
D)all of the above

Question 24

Human females probably evolved the ability to live beyond their reproductive years because

A)women once preferred to mate with men known to come from families with long life spans.
B)the hormones produced by the female reproductive system slow the aging process.
C)the contribution of grandmothers to child rearing increases the survival rate of children.
D)in early human cultures, women who produced children later in life were more likely to survive to raise their children.

Question 25

Disruptions to the development of a zygote can occur at any time during pregnancy. Among the time periods mentioned below the most vulnerable period of development for a zygote/fetus/embryo would be the

A)first week.
B)twentieth week.
C)thirtieth week.
D)fortieth week.

Question 26

Which of the following would not be exchanged between a mother and her fetus through the umbilical cord?

A)enzymes
B)carbon dioxide
C)antibodies
D)oxygen

Question 27

Stem cells

A)play a large role in directing apoptosis.
B)can differentiate into specific cell types.
C)develop as apoptosis continues during development.
D)develop from epithelial cells in the lining of the small intestine.

Question 28

Why does an embryo undergo the process of gastrulation?

A)Gastrulation separates the cells of the inner cell mass and the trophoblast so that the trophoblast is free to develop into the placenta.
B)During gastrulation, the cells of the embryo move around to create the four extraembryonic membranes that protect the membranes.
C)The rapid cell division that occurs during gastrulation allows the embryo to increase quickly in cell number without using much energy for cell growth.
D)Cells in the blastocyst differentiate to form embryonic tissues, but are not originally located in the right place. Gastrulation moves these cells to the proper position in the embryo.

Question 29

In humans, the exchanges of materials between the embryo and its mother occur through the

A)umbilical cord.
B)amnion.
C)yolk sac.
D)endometrium.

Question 30

Examine this close-up of the placenta (on the left of the figure below).
Why do the chorionic villi have the shape of a tree?

A)The branches of the chorionic villi create a large amount of surface area for the exchange of nutrients and gases between maternal and fetal blood.
B)The branches of the chorionic villi allow blood to flow back and forth more rapidly between the capillaries of the mother and her fetus.
C)The branches of the chorionic villi create more locations where fetal capillaries can fuse directly with maternal capillaries.
D)The branches of the chorionic villi create more surface area for the production of the amniotic fluid.

Question 31

In mammals, the trophoblast layer in a blastocyst will become part of the

A)uterus.
B)primary oocyte.
C)oviduct.
D)placenta.

Question 32

The human embryo develops in a fluid-filled sac called the

A)uterus.
B)endometrium.
C)yolk sac.
D)amnion.

Question 33

Embryonic stem cells have the greatest potential for creating medical treatments because they

A)contain less DNA than other types of stem cells so they are easier to manipulate.
B)are more common than other types of stem cells in the bodies of adults.
C)do not undergo transcription.
D)can become any type of body cell and, therefore, can be used to treat many different conditions.

Question 34

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen in a woman's blood rises. This causes

A)the fetus to develop more rapidly.
B)the amount of prostaglandin secreted by the placenta to decrease.
C)the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin.
D)even more estrogen to be released from the pituitary.

Question 35

During the rapid cell division that occurs after fertilization, cells increase rapidly in number, but the embryo stays the same size. The cells of this very early embryo must

A)undergo gastrulation before rapid cell division begins.
B)undergo rapid meiosis.
C)have a very short interphase.
D)contain a large yolk sac.

Question 36

The graph below shows the rate of cell division in a developing frog embryo.
Why does the rate of growth decrease dramatically after the point indicated by the arrow?

A)At this point, development switches from rapid cell growth to cell differentiation and migration.
B)The arrow indicates when the embryo begins to run out of its internal food source and must find another source to continue developing.
C)This is when fertilization occurs. Before this point, the single-celled egg was growing quickly as it stored food. After this point, growth slows for the more deliberate process of development.
D)At the time indicated by the arrow, the trophoblast separates from the inner cell mass and the two tissues begin to divide at different and slower rates.

Question 37

The shape of the beak of a hummingbird (very long and thin)and that of a finch (short and fat)is controlled by the same set of genes. Which of the following could account for the differences between these two bird beaks?

A)Apoptosis occurs in the beak of the finch, but not in the beak of the hummingbird.
B)Although development is controlled by the same genes, the genes produce different proteins and those proteins cause development to occur in different ways.
C)The hummingbird retains stem cells for a longer period of time during development than does the finch.
D)The genes involved in determining beak shape stay on for different lengths of time in each bird.

Question 38

In mammals, the blastocyst consists of the trophoblast and the

A)placenta.
B)inner cell mass.
C)zygote.
D)embryo.

Question 39

Which of the following could have an effect on the development of a fetus or embryo?

A)alcohol
B)certain prescription drugs
C)drug use
D)all of the above

Question 40

The body retains stems cells after embryonic development is complete because

A)stem cells give rise to gametes throughout the life of a mature male.
B)stem cells are responsible for the production of the various cells in our blood, which can be easily lost as a result of injury.
C)in many tissues, cells must be regenerated and replaced as they wear out.
D)all of the above

Question 41

During apoptosis in the feet of chicken embryos, the activation of a single ____________________ causes the cells between the toes to die.

Question 42

The ovaries produce ____________________ [more or fewer] gametes than the testes.

Question 43

An aquatic animal that relies on currents to bring gametes together is likely to produce ____________________ [more or fewer] gametes than a land animal that deposits its sperm directly within the reproductive tract of a female.

Question 44

When a human embryo is approximately 7 days old, it embeds in the ____________________ of its mother's uterus, where it is nourished by the surrounding blood supply until the placenta is functional.

Question 45

During labor more and more oxytocin is produced due to ____________________ feedback.

Question 46

The highest teen birthrates are in areas where

A)abstinence-only methods of sex education are taught.
B)sex education is taught at a collegiate level.
C)birth control instruction is incorporated in sex education classes.
D)birth control can be accessed in high schools.

Question 47

Organisms that have both functional testes and functional ovaries are known as ____________________.

Question 48

The stage in mammalian development when the embryo exists as a hollow, fluid-filled ball is referred to as the ____________________.

Question 49

The three layers of cells in a human embryo are ectoderm, endoderm, and ____________________.

Question 50

In humans development from zygote to completion is ____________________ weeks.

Question 51

One reason that fertilization rarely occurs between the gametes of two different species might be that the plasma membranes of the gametes of different species do not contain the same ____________________, so the membranes of the sperm and the egg cannot fuse.

Question 52

In fruit flies, morphogens

A)are composed of nucleic acids.
B)switch genes on and off.
C)are receptor proteins.
D)exist only in the eggs.

Question 53

Different versions of the protein hemoglobin are found in a baby's blood cells at different stages of development. Changes in the hemoglobin type present are most likely the result of

A)what genes are transcribed.
B)whether or not the transcribed mRNA can leave the nucleus.
C)how translated RNA is cut up.
D)how mRNA is distributed in the red blood cells.

Question 54

Once all the organ systems are developed in a human, about 9 weeks after fertilization, the developing child is considered a(n)____________________.

Question 55

Which of the following does not affect development in animals?

A)morphogens
B)hemoglobin
C)genes
D)hormones

Question 56

Spermatogenesis results in the production of ____________________ sperm, whereas oogenesis produces just one egg.

Question 57

To start a stem cell line from humans, a scientist would want to take a cell from the ____________________ of an embryo.

Question 58

In oogenesis, the final steps of meiosis do not occur until ____________________ takes place.

Question 59

Genes are generally switched on or off by the presence of proteins called ____________________.

Question 60

The graph below shows the normal concentration of morphogens A and B throughout a Drosophila embryo.
If morphogen B is injected into the head end of an embryo, the embryo is likely to develop

A)normally.
B)a second tail at the head end.
C)a second head at the tail end.
D)two heads at the head end.

Question 61

Latex condoms prevent the spread of all types of sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 62

The mitochondria in your cells are a mix of the mitochondria found in your father's sperm and your mother's egg cell because the contents of the sperm cytoplasm are dumped into the egg cell during fertilization.

Question 63

The four sperm produced by spermatogenesis is identical to the sequence of the sperm precursor cell.

Question 64

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, oxytocin causes the muscles of the uterus to become sensitive to estrogen.

Question 65

Hermaphrodites are able to fertilize their own eggs with their own sperm.

Question 66

Women who wish to have children after age 40 have a greater risk of conceiving a child with a birth defect because their egg quality will be poorer.

Question 67

The skulls of newborn humans and chimpanzees closely resemble each other.

Question 68

Animal sperm cells tend to be larger than animal egg cells.

Question 69

Land animals are more likely to undergo fertilization outside their bodies because gametes require dry environments in order to fuse and develop.

Question 70

The genetic material in an egg cell is as old as the female who ovulates the egg cell.

Question 71

Morphogens act in humans as well as in other animals, such as fruit flies.

Question 72

Abstinence-only sex education methods have been proven effective at reducing teen birthrates.

Question 73

Males produce significantly larger numbers of gametes than females because their goal in reproduction is to ensure that they successfully fertilize at least one egg.

Question 74

Because human males can produce sperm and fertilize eggs their entire life, there is no effect on the quality of the sperm or offspring produced.

Question 75

Some organisms can produce offspring genetically identical to themselves, without a mate.

Question 76

The teen birthrate can be reduced by incorporating both abstinence and ____________________ in sex education programs.