Deck 7: Thought and Language

Question 1

Which statement is most accurate?

A) The human brain is constructed much like a computer.
B) We solve problems in the same way computers do.
C) The brain and computer are both information-processing systems.
D) Computers must always use heuristics to solve problems.

Answer 1

The brain and computer are both information-processing systems.

Question 2

Miss Libby asks her class to draw a picture of a dog.They draw pictures of retrievers,shepherds,mutts,terriers,spaniels,and lots of others.Her students obviously have different ____ of a dog.

A) formal concepts
B) prototypes
C) premises
D) propositions

Answer 2

prototypes

Question 3

Terrance is training for the track meet next week.His coach reminds him to be mentally focused for the event and to not anticipate the starting gun too much,as a false start would disqualify Terrance.This example demonstrates that reaction time is susceptible to____.

A) stimulus-response incompatibility
B) speed-accuracy trade-off
C) complex decision-making
D) expectancy

Answer 3

speed-accuracy trade-off

Question 4

While on spring break in Florida,Kelly sees a claw machine game.Determined to win the Sponge Bob doll,she inserts her money.When she moves the joystick,Kelly discovers that pushing left causes the claw to move right and vice versa.Even after several attempts to win,it takes Kelly longer than normal to move the claw into position.In this example,Kelly's slower reaction time is mostly due to ____.

A) speed-accuracy tradeoff
B) stimulus-response compatibility
C) expectancy
D) complexity-response tradeoff

Question 5

Pina is working a puzzle while a PET scan is performed.The PET scan indicates high activity in Pina's frontal lobe.Which conclusion can we draw from the PET scan results?

A) Pina has worked this puzzle many times before.
B) Pina is bored by the task of building the puzzle.
C) Pina has never worked this puzzle before and she finds the task difficult.
D) Pina is an expert puzzle builder and is finding this puzzle easy to complete.

Question 6

Software programs receive information,represent that information with symbols,and then manipulate those representations.Such software constitutes a(n)____.

A) proposition
B) information-processing system
C) natural concept
D) expected value

Question 7

Gloria learned to drive in the United States.Last week,she moved to London where the driver's seat is on the right side of the car and people drive on the left side of the road.When Gloria first drives in London,you would expect that she will have the slowest reaction time while ____.

A) honking
B) braking
C) looking at the mirror
D) accelerating

Question 8

Ruth is asked to solve a complex word puzzle twenty times in a row while an fMRI scan is being performed.We can anticipate that as Ruth becomes familiar with the puzzle,activity in her ____ will increase.

A) frontal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) reticular formation
D) hypothalamus

Question 9

While playing a video game,you guide your character through a make-believe world,avoiding some objects and picking up others,while responding to various events.This extremely rapid process of description,elaboration,decision,planning,and action illustrates ____.

A) an artificial concept
B) mental chronometry
C) a mental model
D) the circle of thought

Question 10

The processes of describing,elaborating,deciding,planning,and guiding action make up the ____.

A) rules of logic
B) circle of thought
C) mental model
D) representativeness heuristic

Question 11

Carla participates in an experiment in which she has to read a list of words that are the names of colors.Some of the words are printed in the same colored ink as the word; others are not.For instance,sometimes the word blueis printed in blue ink,and sometimes the word blueis printed in red,green,or black ink.The researcher records the amount of time it takes for her to read each word.Carla's reaction time is likely to ____ when the word and the ink are the same color and ____ when they are different colors.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) decrease; increase
D) increase; decrease

Question 12

Neuroimaging reveals how the brain functions during certain activities.As a child is exposed to a new puzzle toy,we can expect an increase in ____ involvement.After the puzzle becomes familiar to the child,involvement in the ____ will become highly active.

A) hypothalamus; parietal lobe
B) hippocampus; parietal lobe
C) frontal lobe; hypothalamus
D) frontal lobe; hippocampus

Question 13

Stan and Oliver,famous psychologists,are interested in determining how fast people can respond to a signal flashed on a computer screen.At the start of each trial,the computer displays a Get Ready sign,then the screen goes blank.After a short delay,the signal is flashed on the computer screen and the subject presses a key as quickly as possible.In condition one,the duration of the short delay is always the same length of time.In condition two,the short delay changes randomly from trial to trial.According to research in high-speed decision making,the subjects in condition one are ____ than those in condition two because of ____.

A) slower; complexity
B) slower; stimulus-response compatibility
C) faster; expectancy
D) faster; speed-accuracy tradeoff

Question 14

An alien from another galaxy has landed on Earth and is overwhelmed by the sensory input it must process.Eventually,the alien simplifies its thinking by categorizing sets of experiences and objects according to their common features.In other words,the alien learns to form ____.

A) heuristics
B) schemas
C) concepts
D) scripts

Question 15

Dr.Zheng is looking at the PET scans of four different people.She has been asked to identify the individual who was learning something new and difficult when the PET scan was performed.She should look for the PET that indicates ____.

A) high activity in the frontal lobe
B) high activity in the hippocampus
C) low activity in the occipital lobe
D) low activity in the medulla

Question 16

Jamie is alert when he sees Max prepare to serve the volleyball over the net.Jamie knows that Max is a skilled server who can drop the ball where he wants,regardless of the speed and loft he puts behind the ball.Knowing this,we can expect Jamie's reaction time to position himself for a return will be slower,mostly due to what factor?

A) expectancy
B) stimulus-response compatibility
C) complexity
D) confirmation bias

Question 17

Dr.Coussert is conducting an experiment in which participants are to indicate when a green light appears on a computer screen by pressing a button.In one group of subjects,the light always appears in the center of the screen,while in the second group the light appears at random locations.Dr.Coussert is probably interested in how ____ affect(s)reaction time.

A) speed-accuracy tradeoff
B) complexity
C) stimulus-response compatibility
D) compatible relationships

Question 18

Todd decides to create a matching game to study his psychology concepts.He pulls a card that asks "What is best defined as the manipulation of mental representations?" Todd thinks for a minute before he remembers that the answer is "____."

A) language
B) logic
C) thinking
D) perception

Question 19

Laverne works on an assembly line,spotting defective bottles.Recently,her performance has been poor and her boss warns her that if she misses one more defective bottle,she will be fired.Laverne's reaction time will ____ because of the changed ____.

A) increase; expectancy
B) increase; speed-accuracy tradeoff
C) decrease; complexity
D) decrease; stimulus-response compatibility

Question 20

Corisna is an introductory psychology student who participates in a reaction time experiment.In this experiment,she is asked to press her foot on a pedal when she hears the sound of a horn.Her reaction time will be most affected by ____.

A) P300s
B) expert systems
C) the complexity of the decision
D) experimenter bias

Question 21

To understand the sequence of commands necessary to edit,save,and retrieve a computer file,people may use a ____ that consists of propositions such as "Pressing the F10 key stores the file in a place on the disk," "Each file must have its own name," and so on.

A) cognitive map
B) mental model
C) schema
D) representation

Question 22

Shari is taking a computer-based test designed to measure her knowledge of a word processor.To understand the sequence of commands that allows her to create a macro (e.g.,clicking on "Tools",naming the macro),Shari must use a ____.

A) mental model
B) narrative
C) proposition
D) cognitive map

Question 23

Cinderella is excited about meeting a potential husband at the ball.Her ideal suitor would have some of the following attributes: tall,dark,handsome,rich,and good taste in glass slippers.At the ball,she hooks up with Prince Charming,who has all of these features.Cinderella's set of characteristic features for her potential husband is called a ____ concept,and Prince Charming is a ____.

A) formal; prototype
B) formal; schema
C) natural; schema
D) natural; prototype

Question 24

Lashonna has gone to Benny's for breakfast many times.She knows that when you walk in,you should wait to be seated,and that once you are seated,the server will bring you menus and later come back to take your order.Lashonna has a(n)____ that helps her know what she should do when she goes to eat at Benny's.

A) schema
B) mental model
C) script
D) image

Question 25

During an interview,SherlockHolmes confesses that his detective skills were based largely on principles of deduction,algorithms,and logic.In other words,Holmes relies primarily on ____ to solve his cases.

A) artificial intelligence
B) mental models
C) heuristics
D) formal reasoning

Question 26

Maria is trying to compute the velocity of a falling rock,using the appropriate formula.Maria is using ____ to solve this problem.

A) informal reasoning
B) syllogisms
C) formal reasoning
D) decomposition

Question 27

Which of the following is a proposition?

A) dogs and cats
B) with cheese
C) Karla is cute
D) ice cream

Question 28

Kriss enters a haunted house for the first time,and it is so dark that she can't see a thing.Kriss will probably have trouble navigating because she lacks a ____ of the haunted house.

A) cognitive map
B) concept
C) schema
D) mental model

Question 29

Tristan cannot think of a set of defining features for the concept of "game".Some games have playing pieces (e.g.,checkers or chess),but other games do not (e.g.,dodgeball or freeze-tag).Some games have a winner (e.g.,baseball or football),while others do not (e.g.,role-playing games).Thus,we can think of a game is a ____ concept.

A) prototypical
B) semantic
C) natural
D) formal

Question 30

Darnetta took apart her alarm clock in an attempt to repair it,and now she has to put it back together.She forgot how the pieces were connected,so she tries fitting each piece with every other piece until she finds one that fits.Darnetta's approach to problem solving demonstrates ____.

A) an algorithm
B) a heuristic
C) functional fixedness
D) lack of intelligence

Question 31

In his mind,Perry is able to picture every detail of his favorite painting.This type of analogous representation is known as a(n)____.

A) mental set
B) concept
C) script
D) image

Question 32

Murat asks his older brother for advice about his first date.His brother tells him that he should first call the woman to ask her out.Then,on the day of their date,he should pick her up and give her a rose.Then he should drive her to a nice restaurant and pay for dinner.Finally,when he takes her home,he should wait until she gets inside before leaving.Murat's brother has provided a ____ of a first date.

A) script
B) formal concept
C) mental model
D) natural concept

Question 33

The Whitney family lose the first round on a popular game show because none of their answers ("clavichord," "tuba," "ukulele")to the question "Name a popular musical instrument" has been mentioned by the population surveyed.Based on cognitive principles,how would you help them improve for the next round?

A) Teach them to use prototypes.
B) Encourage them to use schematic knowledge.
C) Teach them algorithms.
D) Practice the affirmation rule.

Question 34

While taking the SAT exam,Ceth must determine the age order of four siblings based on the clues given in the question.Ceth decides to ask himself a series of if-then statements to determine in what order the siblings were born.Ceth is using ____ to solve this problem.

A) a logarithm
B) logic
C) a heuristic
D) elaborate association

Question 35

Ana reads in the track-and-field rulebook that an official track on which she can set a world record must have specific qualities.It must be 400 meters long,in an oval shape,and have a surface that is between 0.5 in.and 1.0 in.thick.The track described in the rulebook is an example of a ____ concept.

A) fuzzy
B) natural
C) formal
D) prototype

Question 36

In high school,Mireille learns that "Mr.Baker is mean." She also knows that "Mr.Baker gives too much homework" and "Mr.Baker makes fun of students." These basic parts of knowledge are all related to Mireille's concept of her teacher and are known as ____.

A) scripts
B) heuristics
C) propositions
D) syllogisms

Question 37

Mario is out past his curfew.When he gets home,the house is dark and his parents are asleep.To avoid waking them,he walks to his room in the dark.He doesn't bump into any objects because he has a ____ of the house.

A) script
B) schema
C) concept
D) cognitive map

Question 38

Homer and Marge go to the Hummer dealership to buy a new H2.When they walk in,none of the salespersons approach them because Homer and Marge's appearance doesn't match that of people they thinkcan afford to buy an H2.The salespeople are relying on their ____ of "Hummer buyer."

A) cognitive map
B) formal concept
C) schema
D) script

Question 39

Your friend says,"Tell me everything you know about Australia." You respond,"Beaches.Kangaroos.Shrimp on the barbie.Crocodile Dundee.Ayers Rock.Aborigines.Sydney Opera House.Weird football." This knowledge is part of your ____ for Australia.

A) schema
B) script
C) mental model
D) proposition

Question 40

Vanessa walked into a party and said,"I just purchased a vehicle." Most people in the room formed a mental image of a midsize car.Apparently,a midsize car can be considered a ____ for the ____ concept called vehicle.

A) prototype; natural
B) prototype; formal
C) mental model; natural
D) mental model; formal

Question 41

Belinda wants to record a record album,but doesn't know how to begin.Her friend,Carlyle,says,"Why don't you start by deciding with whom you'd like to work and then make a list of other tasks,so you can check them off as you complete them?" Carlyle is suggesting ____.

A) working backward
B) means-end analysis
C) incubation
D) use of multiple hypotheses

Question 42

If you want to use logic to reason through a solution to a social dilemma,you would likely use ____.

A) cognitive maps
B) mental sets
C) a series of if-then statements
D) a set of heuristics

Question 43

For a class project,Mindi has to deliver a presentation on heuristics and algorithms.She decides to create a demonstration to illustrate how people often use heuristics instead of algorithms.People do this because heuristics ____.

A) avoid mental sets
B) guarantee solutions
C) avoid functional fixedness
D) save time

Question 44

When evaluating psychological research,it is important to scrutinize whether the collected data support or refute the original hypothesis.Which error is an experimenter most likely to make?

A) ignoring conflicting data and seeing only that which supports the hypothesis
B) being overly sensitive to conflicting data and refuting the hypothesis too quickly
C) being a sloppy researcher and missing supportive data
D) ignoring supportive data and seeing only that which refutes the hypothesis

Question 45

Jaycilyn thinks that she can get a three-bedroom apartment near campus for $250/month.Marty tells her that he saw one advertised for $600/month.Jaycilyn changes her original estimate,and now thinks that she can get an apartment for $300/month.Jaycilyn's revised estimate is affected by the ____ heuristic.

A) algorithm
B) availability
C) anchoring
D) representativeness

Question 46

Tony is an investigator who is called to the scene of a restaurant break-in.Tony must examine the clues at the scene,interview eye witnesses,and assess the motive of the forcible entry.During his investigation,Tony will rely on his ____ to piece together all this information.

A) cognitive maps
B) informal reasoning
C) algorithms
D) functional fixedness

Question 47

Adam and Mike are playing chess.Adam sees that he can win by getting his queen to a particular space.Before he can accomplish that goal,he must get Mike to move the piece that is occupying that space.He sees that he can force Mike to move the piece if he makes a particular move now,which he does.Adam is ____ to solve this problem.

A) working backward
B) using heuristics
C) using incubation
D) making analogies

Question 48

Derek is mowing the lawn when a wheel falls off the lawnmower.Derek cannot find a screwdriver,so he uses the edge of a dime to screw the wheel back on.Derek has overcome which obstacle to problem solving?

A) means-end analysis
B) functional fixedness
C) confirmation bias
D) multiple hypotheses

Question 49

During a recent camping trip,an argument arises about how to prevent bears from getting into the food supplies.Reggie says,"This is just like the time we were having a barbecue at a local park and this mutt-of-a-dog kept trying to steal our steaks.This is what we did...." Reggie's solution was found through the use of ____.

A) incubation
B) means-end analysis.
C) an analogy.
D) a Venn diagram.

Question 50

All Psych 100 instructors are world-renowned teachers.Brian is a Psych 100 instructor.Therefore,Brian is a world-renowned teacher.In this example,____.

A) the premises are correct, but the logical reasoning is incorrect
B) the premises are incorrect, but the logical reasoning is correct
C) the premises and the logical reasoning are correct
D) e premises and the logical reasoning are incorrect

Question 51

Ali is trying to patch the nail holes on his wall,but he doesn't have spackle to cover up the holes.His friend,Omer,rushes to the bathroom and gets the toothpaste.Ali looks at him very surprised and does not understand what he is doing.Ali's failure to think that Omer is going to use toothpaste to cover up the holes on the wall is an example of ____.

A) functional fixedness
B) confirmation bias
C) a natural concept
D) availability bias

Question 52

After sitting at the computer for hours typing a research paper,Kerry cannot figure out how to write the summary.She decides to take a long walk and finish the paper later.When she returns,she easily writes her summary page.Kerry's use of ____ helps her produce a much better paper.

A) decomposition
B) incubation
C) reformulation
D) chunking

Question 53

You are a juror in a murder trial.You must decide how believable a witness's testimony is.To do so,you must use ____ reasoning.

A) propositional
B) syllogistic
C) formal
D) informal

Question 54

You hear that one of the Velazquez children is an outstanding Little League player and immediately conclude it's their one son,rather than any of their four daughters.You reach your quite possibly erroneous conclusion as the result of the ____.

A) confirmation bias
B) anchoring heuristic
C) representativeness heuristic
D) multi-attribute hypothesis

Question 55

Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to asthma,even though asthma kills more people.This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more vivid.This is an example of how our judgments are affected by ____.

A) the availability heuristic
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) the confirmation bias
D) loss aversion

Question 56

First impressions of people are difficult to change due to ____.

A) mental models
B) algorithms
C) the anchoring heuristic
D) availability heuristic

Question 57

Shaggy and Scooby cannot figure out who the masked intruder are from the clues that they find,so they decide to put the clues down and go to the kitchen for a snack.After a couple of hours,Shaggy sees the clues again and realize who the masked intruder is.Shaggy solved this problem through ____.

A) analogy
B) incubation
C) working backwards
D) decomposition

Question 58

Luis is on the jury for a highly publicized murder case.After hearing the prosecution's evidence,he has decided that the defendant is guilty.The defense provides several witnesses that place the defendant at a party during the time of the murder.However,Luis ignores this evidence and continues to believe that the defendant is guilty.Which obstacle to problem solving is operating?

A) confirmation bias
B) mental set
C) multiple hypotheses
D) illogical reasoning

Question 59

Patrick is at Murphy's Pub when he sees a short man wearing a green suit,top hat,and buckled shoes.Also,the man is carrying a pot of shiny gold.Based on what Patrick knows about leprechauns and how they act,he assumes this fellow must be a leprechaun,too.Patrick has used a(n)____ heuristic to make his inference.

A) schematic
B) anchoring
C) availability
D) representativeness

Question 60

Cher is trying to plan her Dad's fiftieth birthday party and is feeling overwhelmed by all the tasks and decisions involved.She decides to start with her final goal of having a surprise party and then considers the location,thinks next about how many people to invite,and finally creates the invitations and orders the right amount of food.Cher has solved her problem by ____.

A) using an analogy
B) working backward
C) overcoming her mental set
D) ignoring negative evidence

Question 61

Witnesses to the sniper attacks in Maryland and Virginia describe seeing a white work van in the vicinity of the incidents.These descriptions lead police,investigators,and citizens to try to solve the problem (i.e.,find the killers)based on this information.Because the snipers actually drove a dark sedan,they are able to continue their terrible deeds longer.The people trying to solve the crime are operating under ____.

A) a mental set
B) analogical thinking
C) functional fixedness
D) neural networks

Question 62

Yassir is a researcher in the field of artificial intelligence.When building computers that are able to form natural concepts and think more like humans,Yassir is likely to use the ____ approach.

A) multiple intelligence
B) neural network
C) formal reasoning
D) triarchic

Question 63

Which situation is likely to displease the typical undergraduate more? (Assume all four situations apply to the person and that the person would have to pay for each with his or her own money.)

A) A $10 increase in tuition (i.e., from $1,500 to $1,510)
B) A new $10 fee for "ID activation" each semester (a previously free service)
C) A $10 increase in the cost of a required $60 textbook (i.e., $60 to $70)
D) A $10 increase in the price of a plane ticket to the student's hometown (i.e., from $500 to $510 for a ticket from Chicago to L.A.)

Question 64

Connie believes that she has severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)because she has been coughing and sneezing for the past few days.However,Connie fails to realize that if she truly had SARS,she would be exhibiting several other symptoms as well.Connie seems to be ____.

A) exhibiting functional fixedness
B) ignoring negative evidence
C) considering multiple hypotheses
D) using the anchoring heuristic

Question 65

To solve theproblem of low employee morale at Initech,Mr.Lumberg hires consultants who are experts in human resources.We can expect the consultants to more clearly visualize the problem and make connections between behaviors and outcomes because experts are more likely to use ____ as they process information

A) syllogisms
B) deep structures
C) chunking
D) multi-attribute decision-making

Question 66

After watching the winner of American Idol tell her story of going from a simple girl to a famous singer,Sun was convinced that she too could be on the show and become famous.Sun's reaction demonstrates how people tend to ____. exaggerate the expected value of a future outcome

A) overestimate the probability of unlikely events
B) believe that future events in a random process will be affected by past events
C) ignore negative evidence when making a decision

Question 67

Benji receives a $50 bonus this month because he had the highest sales at work.He likes the bonus,but in Benji's view it doesn't compensate for his $50 speeding ticket.Benji's feelings are best described by ____.

A) utility disparity
B) expected value
C) loss disparity
D) loss aversion

Question 68

Ron lost $20 playing the slots in Atlantic City.However,he found $20 on the subway.Even though Ron comes out even in terms of cash,he still feels pretty badly about losing money in the slot machines.In fact,he actually feels neutral about finding the $20 on the subway.Ron's feelings can be explained best by ____.

A) the gambler's fallacy
B) expected value
C) utility
D) loss aversion

Question 69

Gordon perceives a $10 discount on a $40 sweater to be more positive than a $10 discount on a $300 TV.Gordon's varying perceptions of $10 in each situation reflects ____.

A) a biased perception of utility
B) confirmation bias
C) self-serving bias
D) the gambler's fallacy

Question 70

James spends months developing a theory of decision making.But in an experimental test,only half of the participants respond as his theory predicted.James concludes that the rest of the subjects did not understand the directions and proclaims that the experiment is evidence in favor of his theory.This is an example of the ____.

A) confirmation bias.
B) conversion effect.
C) "eureka" phenomenon.
D) gambler's fallacy

Question 71

Dr.Bond would like to create facial recognition software for use in banks,airports,and other security-sensitive work environments.This software will be based on a neural network model,which has shown promise,but may still fall short of human perception.Such limitations may include ____.

A) the inability to fully utilize analogical mapping
B) difficulty in maximizing expected value
C) relying too heavily on decision-making heuristics
D) slow learning of how to classify visual patterns

Question 72

One day,a tree on the Lakewood Golf Course was hit by lightning.The following weekend,Galen continues his golf game near that tree during a thunderstorm because he is certain that lightning will not strike there twice.Galen's decision is based on ____.

A) gambler's fallacy
B) probability heuristic
C) loss aversion
D) multi-attribute decision making

Question 73

Dora is trying to decide whether to buy the regular laundry detergent or one that is environmentally safe.When evaluating these options,Dora hopes to make the best choice in order to maximize the ____of her decision.

A) utility
B) loss aversion
C) expected value
D) means-end analysis

Question 74

Jerry is deciding which of two women to ask out on a date.He lists the positive and negative attributes of each woman: how attractive she is and whether she has good table manners.Kramer tells Jerry that he should also rate how much he values each of these attributes before making his decision.This rating of the subjective value of attributes is called ____.

A) utility
B) expected value
C) a schema
D) a mental set

Question 75

Hannah knows her patient has muscle pain and suspects a strained muscle.She then asks the patient only about symptoms associated with a strained muscle and not about symptoms associated with other conditions involving muscle pain.Hannah is exhibiting ____.

A) analogous thinking
B) functional fixedness
C) confirmation bias
D) the anchoring heuristic

Question 76

When asked why she decided to attend the University of Illinois over all the other Big Ten schools,Dornita said that the school's proximity to home was a major reason.The importance Dornita places on proximity is called ____.

A) weighted value
B) expectancy
C) objective value
D) utility

Question 77

Leslie visits her garden to discover that her tomatoes and beans have been eaten by an animal.Certain it's a deer,she constructs a fence around the garden.A week later,the vegetables have been eaten again,so she installs an even taller fence.Leslie has not considered that an animal may be burrowing into her garden,likely because ____.

A) she has ascribed too much utility to her initial solution
B) an availability heuristic has blocked her from considering another hypothesis
C) she did not apply logic before problem-solving
D) her original proposition was based on a false premise

Question 78

Lola loves to gamble at the casino boats.She tells you that even though the odds of winning big are low,she is certain that she can win back at least the same amount of money she pays into the slot machines.By determining the odds of winning on the machines,you use a simple equation to show Lola that her ____ is actually negative,and therefore,she should not play the machines if she wants to come out ahead.

A) proposition
B) loss aversion
C) expected value
D) utility

Question 79

Yasuo has played a slot machine at a riverboat casino nine straight times and lost on each play.He believes that he will win on the tenth play because "he is due." Yasuo is exhibiting ____.

A) confirmation bias
B) gambler's fallacy
C) the availability heuristic
D) functional fixedness

Question 80

Ashley learns that if her car does not start on the first try,pressing the gas pedal before trying to start it again will get the car to work.The next time Ashley's car does not start,she tries pressing the gas pedal,but this does not work.She concludes that her car needs repairs and does not notice that she is simply out of gas.Ashley is experiencing ____.

A) functional fixedness
B) incubation
C) the representativeness heuristic
D) a mental set