Deck 8: Intelligence

Question 1

According to your text,most psychologists agree that a definition of intelligence is least likely to include the ability to ____.

A) acquire knowledge
B) think abstractly and problem-solve
C) perform well on standardized tests of intelligence
D) reason adaptively in different environments

Answer 1

perform well on standardized tests of intelligence

Question 2

One difference between the Wechsler intelligence scales and the original Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is that the Wechsler scales ____.

A) are designed solely for measuring the intelligence of children
B) can be used to test more than one individual at a time
C) present verbal and performance tasks separately
D) are culture-agnostic

Answer 2

present verbal and performance tasks separately

Question 3

Lakisha is taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.She is currently being asked to place,in order,the frames of a Peanutscartoon that contain only pictures (no dialogue).We can assume that Lakisha is currently working on a subtest that would be part of the ____scale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

A) verbal
B) reliability
C) validity
D) performance

Answer 3

performance

Question 4

Dinah took the WAIS last month.The results of the test show her to have an IQ of 123.Dinah's IQ was determined by ____.

A) dividing her mental age by her actual age and multiplying by 100
B) a statistical comparison of her raw scores to the raw scores of others in her age group
C) giving her one IQ point for every question she answered correctly and subtracting an IQ point for each incorrect answer
D) the tester's subjective judgment based on the Terwilliger standard

Question 5

According to your text,it is difficult to define intelligence because ____.

A) cognitive abilities cannot be quantified
B) standard intelligence tests are still relatively new
C) the use of an IQ is not common in modern psychology
D) there is no universally agreed-upon definition

Question 6

Cosette took an intelligence test that used age-graded tasks similar to the original Stanford-Binet.Cosette,who is eight years old,most likely will ____.

A) be given only eight-year-olds' items
B) be graded more harshly than a seven-year-old
C) have her mental age compared to her chronological age

Question 7

At Stanford University,Louis Terman changed Binet's test for children in several ways.Which of the following is NOT one of the changes that Terman made?

A) He added items for adults.
B) He translated the test into English.
C) He invented the term IQ and the first mathematical method of determining it.
D) He added nonverbal tasks to make the test more fair to those of other cultures.

Question 8

Alfred Binet developed his intelligence test to ____.

A) show that intelligence was inherited
B) show that intelligence was influenced by genetic and environmental factors
C) identify children who needed special-education programs
D) identify soldiers for certain military duties

Question 9

Rasha is a nine-year-old with a measured IQ of 70.Which of the following is most likely true of Rasha?

A) Her knowledge of the world is lower than her peers.
B) She has performed below the average for nine-year-olds.
C) She has Down syndrome.
D) Rasha's mother has an intellectual disability.

Question 10

Cognitive ability is ____.

A) the capacity to reason, remember, understand, solve problems, and make decisions
B) synonymous with the term intelligence
C) defined the same in all cultures
D) a concept that is easily measured and tested

Question 11

ChunJing is reading about the history of IQ testing.She finds that Binet's original intelligence test did not ____.

A) assume that children's ability increased with age
B) include items for adults
C) attempt to test the ability to reason
D) deal with the concept of mental age versus chronological age

Question 12

According to Terman's concept of intelligence quotient (IQ),a ten-year-old child with an IQ of 50 has ____.

A) the chronological age of a five-year-old
B) the mental age of the average ten-year-old
C) one-half of the intelligence of the average ten-year-old
D) a mental age that is lower than her or his chronological age

Question 13

Many World War I recruits were from isolated rural areas and did not have a formal education or even know how to read.To assess such recruits' intelligence,the U.S.armed forces gave them the ____test.

A) Alpha
B) WAIS-R
C) Stanford-Binet
D) Beta

Question 14

As a school administrator,you have been asked to identify students who have scored at the 50th percentile or above on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R).This means that you must identify only those students whose scores on the test (the IQ scores)are at least ____or higher.

A) 50
B) 75
C) 100
D) 150

Question 15

Delenn is interested in studying the human capacity to reason,remember,understand,and solve problems.She plans to conduct various studies to better understand ____.

A) divergent thinking
B) achievement
C) cognitive ability
D) aptitude

Question 16

An IQ test to World War I military recruitsincluded a scale that relied more heavily on pictures and acting out instructions.Results revealed that 47 percent of the men tested had a mental age of thirteen or less.Why?

A) The men were mentally defective.
B) The test was culturally biased.
C) The test required more creativity than the Alpha test
D) Goddard tested the men one at a time and discriminated against black recruits.

Question 17

Lewis Terman and the other psychologists who adopted IQ tests for use in the United States in the early 1900s believed that intelligence is ____.

A) solely influenced by the environment
B) fixed and inherited
C) influenced by the reaction range
D) nonexistent

Question 18

Bill and Ted had an excellent time-travel adventure back to 1916.To come back to the present,Bill (who is a little below average in intelligence)needs a score of 115 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.Bill has to convince Professor Terman that he is ____than he actually is because the Stanford-Binet IQ was calculated as ____.

A) younger; (chronological age/mental age) × 100
B) older; (mental age/chronological age) × 100
C) younger; (mental age/chronological age) × 100
D) older; (chronological age/mental age) × 100

Question 19

Shelby is four years old.In school,she was tested with the Stanford-BinetIntelligence Scale and achieved a mental age of eight.Terman would say that her Intelligence Quotient,or IQ,is ____.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200

Question 20

Paco takes a test that asks him to solve arithmetic problems,define words,and answer general knowledge questions.He is most likely completing a____ scale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

A) skills
B) verbal
C) performance
D) functional

Question 21

Kiana scored in the 90th percentile on a standardized intelligence test.Based on this information,Kiana may have better potential than most of her classmates for which types of jobs?

A) complex managerial jobs
B) jobs requiring creative problem solving and the generation of multiple hypotheses about events
C) jobs involving an excellent understanding of the feelings of others
D) jobs that demand precise and highly coordinated physical skills

Question 22

Researchers conduct the same experiment fifteen times,and each time,they obtain the same results.We can conclude that their data are probably ____.

A) archival
B) biased
C) valid
D) reliable

Question 23

Norms for a new test of mental ability were obtained from a large sample of the general population.The mean of the test was set to 100 and the standard deviation was 15.Approximately what percentage of the population would fall within the range bounded by scores of 85 and 115?

A) 20 percent
B) 68 percent
C) 2 percent
D) 98 percent

Question 24

Smedley has a theory that intelligence is related to body temperature.He uses an oral thermometer to measure intelligence.His data most likely have____ statistical reliability and ____ statistical validity.

A) poor; poor
B) good; good
C) poor; good
D) good; poor

Question 25

Gog embezzled money from his fraternity.His defense lawyer states that Gog has an IQ of 80 and therefore could not have designed the complex plan used to empty his fraternity's emergency fund.The jurors are convinced,and they acquit Gog.The jurors' mistake was that they were not aware that IQ scores ____.

A) are not good predictors of problem-solving ability
B) are unimportant where money is involved
C) stress divergent thinking
D) stress culture-specific material

Question 26

Alexandria wants to use a personality test as part of her honors thesis.She knows that existing tests provide many benefits,such as having established norms.A norm is important because it is a ____.

A) statistical tool used to calculate the standard deviation
B) measure of central tendency
C) description of the frequency of particular scores
D) standard for test objectiveness

Question 27

Cal Critic does not like intelligence tests and loves to talk about all the problems that intelligence testing involves.Which of Cal's criticisms would NOT be accurate?

A) Intelligence tests do not predict success in the workplace.
B) Intelligence tests are not valid in every case.
C) Intelligence tests assess only a narrow range of abilities.
D) Intelligence tests may be biased against certain groups.

Question 28

During a class discussion on intelligence tests,the instructor asks students to think about the factors that may affect a test taker's score,such as physical disabilities,language differences,or situational variables.The instructor is asking her class to debate the ____of intelligence tests.

A) standardization
B) statistical reliability
C) fairness
D) statistical validity

Question 29

All of the following are valid criticisms of intelligence tests except for one.Which is the exception?

A) They may not predict success in school.
B) They may be biased against certain ethnic or racial groups.
C) They may have a negative impact on the self-image of children who discover they have scored poorly.
D) Their test scores may reflect factors unrelated to intelligence (e.g., motivation).

Question 30

Dr.Sandifer administers her test to a large group of high school seniors.She then administers the same test two weeks later to the same group and finds a high correlation between the first and second scores.This means that her test ____.

A) is statistically reliable
B) has predictive validity
C) has valid norms
D) is standardized

Question 31

Noah is outlining a paper on the fairness of intelligence tests.He has come up with several possible titles and has asked for your opinion.You like three of the titles.Which title would you advise as being inaccurate or irrelevant?

A) "Only One Scale on IQ Tests: Limitations to Fairness"
B) "How to Break the Barrier of Anxiety"
C) Strangers in White Coats: Why Children May Perform Poorly"
D) "How Fear of Making Mistakes Leads to Leaving Questions Blank"

Question 32

Which problem is still an issue with modern IQ tests?

A) They fail to assess aspects of intelligence that are related to abstract reasoning or verbal comprehension.
B) They do not predict success on the job or in academic settings.
C) They draw many test items from the vocabulary and experiences of the dominant middle-class culture.
D) They do not define and document their measures of intelligence.

Question 33

Researchers are in the process of developing a new college entrance exam.They want to ensure that wherever the test is given,it will be administered,scored,and interpreted in the same manner.In other words,the researchers are concerned with ____.

A) standardization
B) statistical reliability
C) quantification
D) statistical validity

Question 34

Nowhere State University depends primarily on shoe size,rather than the SAT,for admissions purposes.Their dropout rate is rather high.Shoe size is probably not an effective predictor of success in college because it lacks ____.

A) statistical reliability
B) statistical validity
C) motivation
D) cultural relevance

Question 35

When Yanping entered college,she was unsure about which major to choose.She took a vocational interest test that indicated that she was highly analytic and should choose a math-based major.This spring she will graduate with honors with a mechanical engineering degree.The test Yanping took appears to have good ____validity.

A) content
B) split-half
C) predictive
D) concurrent

Question 36

Katrina receives a 740 on her math SAT.She decides to take the SAT again and receives a 720.The reason the scores are so similar is because the SAT has high ____.

A) statistical reliability
B) statistical validity
C) objectivity
D) predictability

Question 37

If the scores for the computer-administered Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)correlate highly with first-year college grade-point average,then the computer versions of the test would be said to have good ____.

A) predictive validity
B) construct validity
C) test-retest reliability
D) split-half reliability

Question 38

Which statement is falseregarding intelligence tests?

A) IQ scores obtained before the age of seven typically correlate highly with scores on IQ tests given later.
B) For teenagers and adults, the statistical reliability of IQ tests is high.
C) IQ tests seem to be most valid for assessing aspects of intelligence that are related to schoolwork.
D) Evidence shows that employees who score high on tests of verbal and mathematical reasoning tend to perform better on the job.

Question 39

Which of the following isNOTan advantage of intelligence tests over

A) They allow the calculation of norms.
B) They are more cost-effective in terms of obtainingthe data.
C) They allow a non-quantifiable estimate of performance.
D) They are standardized.

Question 40

Ebony took the Aptitude to Succeed in College (ASC)test when she was a high school senior and scored very low.She went to college anyway and graduated with an A average.For kicks,she takes the ASC again during her senior year in college.Again,she scores very low on it.Therefore,we can reasonably assume that the ASC has good statistical____but poor statistical____.

A) validity; reliability
B) reliability; validity
C) predictive ability; validity
D) validity; predictive ability

Question 41

While Erica and Lauren are taking their math test,their teacher comments that women tend to underperform on the test as compared to men.Erica hears the comment but Lauren does not.Erica performs more poorly than on her previous tests,while Lauren performs about the same as on her previous tests.According to Steele's research,the change in Erica's performance is due to ____.

A) retroactive inhibition
B) stereotype threat
C) analytic intelligence
D) convergent thinking

Question 42

Researchers who study stereotype threat have found that when people are asked to perform a task for which a negative stereotype about their ethnic group exists,they tend to ____.

A) overcome the stereotype and perform optimally
B) underperform, consistent with the stereotype
C) be unaffected
D) engage in social loafing

Question 43

Murray is studying the effects of heredity and environment on IQ test scores.He thinks that heredity is the most important factor in determining IQ.Which finding would support his argument most strongly?

A) Identical twins reared together tend to have similar IQ scores.
B) Identical twins reared apart tend to have similar IQ scores.
C) Siblings reared together tend to have similar IQ scores.
D) Unrelated children reared together tend to have similar IQ scores.

Question 44

Karloss has administered an IQ test to a large sample of people representative of the general population.If his results are consistent with those discussed in your textbook,he should find the greatest difference between which two groups?

A) upper-class and lower-class subjects of the same ethnicity
B) males and females of the same socioeconomic class
C) African Americans and European Americans of the same socioeconomic class
D) Asians and Hispanics of the same socioeconomic class

Question 45

Jennifer's daughter,Christy,has just "graduated" from the local Head Start program.This fall,she will start kindergarten.According to current thinking about the maintenance of gains from early enrichment programs,which outcome is most likely?

A) If Jennifer makes sure Christy continues to get proper nutrition, Christy will continue through high school to perform better than her peers who did not participate in Head Start.
B) The gains Christy made on her IQ score while in the program will likely diminish after a year or two.
C) If Jennifer encourages Christy to feel motivated and positive about school, Christy will continue to benefit from her Head Start experience.
D) Christy will continue to reap the benefits of Head Start throughout her academic career.

Question 46

Unicorns have an average IQ score that is 10 points higher than centaurs.Given this information,what is the most accurate statement about the intelligence of a particular unicorn and a particular centaur?

A) The unicorn is smarter than the centaur.
B) We can't make any conclusions about their intelligence.
C) There is no difference in their intelligence.
D) The centaur is smarter than the unicorn.

Question 47

In the year 2525,people are separated into groups.A standardized "Group A" IQ test has been developed,and results indicate that as a group,Group A people have an average IQ score that is 25 points higher than the Group B people.Which statement is an incorrect conclusion?

A) Any individual Group A person is more intelligent than any individual Group B person.
B) These results may be explained by differences in the socioeconomic status between Group A and Group B people.
C) These results may be explained by motivational differences based on how much value is placed on academic achievement.
D) While genetic differences may contribute to IQ, any person may improve his or her own score if given the "right" environmental conditions.

Question 48

Which statement is true regarding group differences in IQ scores?

A) Variation within ethnic groups is much greater than the variation between them.
B) The average score of European Americans is slightly higher than the average score of Asian Americans.
C) There is no significant difference between the average scores of those from upper-class communities and those from lower-class communities.
D) Genetic factors alone can account for differences in scores between ethnic groups.

Question 49

Deanna and Errol are nonidentical twins separated at birth and brought up in different households.Their IQ scores are most likely ____.

A) almost identical
B) the same as if they were brought up in the same home
C) the same as any siblings reared apart
D) the same as those adults rearing them

Question 50

Dr.Allman is an academic advisor at a major university.Right now,she is meeting Sori,an Asian American student.Dr.Allman knows the mean score of Asian Americans on IQ tests is rather high.According to the text,what can Dr.Allman reasonably conclude about Sori?

A) She will be at the top in many of her classes.
B) She will be promoted more quickly when she gets a job.
C) She will major in either engineering or computer science.
D) Nothing can be concluded.

Question 51

Zeke and Zach are identical twins raised in the same house.Peter and Paul are identical twins raised apart.Tim and Tom are non-twin brothers who are raised together.Laverne and Shirley are nonidentical twins raised together.Which pair is most likely to have the least similar IQ scores?

A) Zeke and Zach
B) Peter and Paul
C) Tim and Tom
D) Laverne and Shirley

Question 52

Group differences in IQ scores can be attributed to non-genetic factors.Which environmental influence is least significant with regard to IQ differences?

A) parenting styles
B) extent of parents' educational backgrounds
C) socioeconomic status
D) geographic location

Question 53

Based on research studies of college students,what percentage of the students taking this exam could be expected to be suffering from some test anxiety?

A) 2 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 54

Morgan was adopted as a newborn and has always lived with his adoptive family.Now,at age twenty,he discovers that he has an identical twin brother.According to research,Morgan's IQ score will be most similar to his ____.

A) adoptive mother
B) adoptive brother and sister
C) biological twin
D) biological mother

Question 55

Vlade is experiencing test anxiety during his psychology exam.His symptoms are least likely to include ____.

A) heart palpitations
B) sweating
C) negative thoughts about failing the exam
D) unconsciousness

Question 56

You are baffled about how to untangle the influence of heredity and environment on intelligence.According to your text,you should ____.

A) do a longitudinal study where you give people IQ tests every two years from infancy to early adulthood
B) calculate the IQ of parents and their offspring, which would show the influence of the environment
C) measure and compare the IQs of identical twins, of fraternal twins, and of siblings reared either together or separately
D) map the genes responsible for intelligence

Question 57

Which example lends the strongest support to an environmental explanation of intelligence?

A) Bright children take better advantage of their environmental resources.
B) Siblings raised in different homes have IQs of 100 to 120.
C) Children with intellectual disabilities who are moved from institutions into adoptive homes have an average gain of 30 IQ points.
D) Minority groups in the United States have a mean IQ that is 15 points below the mean of the majority.

Question 58

David wants to look at genetic influences on IQ,so he administers a battery of tests to Frank and Fred,who are fraternal twins; Sidney and Sheldon,who are identical twins; and Larry and Harry,who are non-twin brothers.David's supervisor asks him to make estimate which set of siblings will most likely have the most similar IQs.What is David's best guess likely to be?

A) Frank and Fred
B) Sidney and Sheldon
C) Larry and Harry
D) As they're all siblings, the correlation should be about the same for all pairs.

Question 59

In a study,math-proficient women are randomly divided into two groups.The first group is told that men usually do better on the type of math test the women are about to take.The second group is not told anything.Which outcome would you expect?

A) The second group did worse than the first.
B) The second group did better than the first.
C) There was no meaningful difference between the performances of the two groups.
D) The first group did better than the second but not as well as men who took the test.

Question 60

Amber and Lisa are identical twins.They were separated at birth and raised to adulthood in completely different families without contact with one another.Greg and James are fraternal twins separated at birth and raised to adulthood in completely different families without contact with one another.Based only on this information,you would expect the difference in adult IQ scores between Lisa and Amber to be ____the difference between Greg and James.

A) greater than
B) similar to
C) less than
D) identical to

Question 61

You are trying to construct items for a new culture-fair IQ test.Which item would you be leastlikely to include?

A) What is the next number in this sequence: 4, 9, 25, . . . ?
B) >< is to }{ as >> is to . . .
C) William the Conqueror is to 1066 as Cromwell is to . .
D) How many fingers are on ten normal hands?

Question 62

Galya is from Russia and is given an intelligence test when she arrives in the United States.If the administrator of the test is conscious of the fact that Galya is from another culture,the test will be composed of ____.

A) easy vocabulary words
B) spelling items
C) pattern recognition items
D) story problems

Question 63

Psychologist Raymond Cattell would say that playing a game involving inductive and deductive reasoning ability,such as chess,primarily requires ____.He also would say that taking a test of geographical knowledge would primarily involve ____.

A) divergent thinking; parallel distributed processing
B) crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
C) fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
D) parallel distributed processing; divergent thinking

Question 64

Juanita is creating a culture-fair test to measure the intelligence levels of her third-graders.Her test will probably consist primarily of ____.

A) items that assess vocabulary
B) items that assess problem-solving skills
C) items that assess motivation
D) more verbal items than nonverbal items

Question 65

To win at the game Jeopardy!a player must know facts about a variety of subjects.Which individual would you want to play for your team?

A) Angela, who is cognitively complex
B) Barnie, a master of convergent thinking
C) Claudette, who has great crystallized intelligence
D) Dick, who is extremely proficient in metacognition

Question 66

If you obtained a high score on a test that measured basic powers of reasoning and problem solving where all the facts were supplied to you during the test,this would indicate that you have high ____intelligence.

A) crystallized
B) meta
C) fluid
D) verbal

Question 67

Compared to conventional IQ tests,culture-fair tests ____.

A) do not predict academic achievement as accurately.
B) cannot predict academic success.
C) have greater predictive validity for academic achievement.
D) have the same predictive validity but are unreliable.

Question 68

Isaac argues that most current IQ tests are useless because they are unfairly biased against certain cultural groups.According to your text,Isaac's argument is supported by three of the following factors.Which statement is inaccurate?

A) Noncognitive factors such as motivation, trust, and anxiety influence test performance.
B) Most current IQ tests fail to predict success as well as the more "culture-fair" IQ tests.
C) Most current IQ test items are based upon the vocabulary and experiences of middle-class culture in the United States.
D) Some IQ tests may reward those test takers who interpret items exactly as expected by the test designer.

Question 69

Diti tries to study the structure of intelligence by analyzing test scores.Diti most likely follows the ____approach to intelligence.

A) psychometric
B) ecological
C) information-processing
D) multiple intelligences

Question 70

Tyson believes that people have several kinds of intelligence.Some have great musical capacity,some are talented verbally,some artistically,and so on.He would most likely use ____to examine intelligence test results to support his position.

A) split-half reliability
B) factor analysis
C) standardized norms
D) control question techniques

Question 71

Dana is excellent in Trivial Pursuit,a game that measures knowledge gained over a lifetime.Dana's success in Trivial Pursuit is a reflection of her ____intelligence.

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) process
D) intrapersonal

Question 72

Programs aimed at enriching children's environments,such as Project Head Start,have been found to ____.

A) do very little to improve children's IQ scores in the short run
B) increase children's IQ scores, but the effects do not last
C) improve children's IQ scores, even years after the program
D) decrease children's IQ scores, rather than improve them

Question 73

Which of the following is not an accurate finding about Head Start programs?

A) IQ gains persist several years after children leave Head Start.
B) Head Start students are less likely to be held back a grade later in their school careers.
C) Head Start has benefited children's health.
D) Children's academic skills and motivation increase in Head Start programs.

Question 74

Mark is asked to use his reasoning skills to solve a problem.Jean is asked a specific knowledge question.According to Cattell,Mark will most likely use ____intelligence,while Jean will most likely use ____intelligence.

A) crystallized; fluid
B) fluid; crystallized
C) general; specific
D) specific; general

Question 75

Meredith was in a Head Start program as a child.What was the most likely result?

A) Her IQ score was raised dramatically the first year and continued to rise more slowly through high school.
B) Her attitude toward school, her health, and academic skills improved.
C) She received training in how to cope with academic stressors and consequently had less anxiety associated with school.
D) There was probably no measurable result; enrichment programs seem not to be able to compensate for early deprivation.

Question 76

According to Charles Spearman,scores of cognitive ability are the result of ____.

A) primary mental abilities
B) general and special intelligences
C) fluid and crystallized intelligence
D) information processing

Question 77

Chet scored high on an IQ test that measures reasoning,test taking,and reading.He attributes these abilities to his high overall intelligence.He also believes that high intelligence predicts doing most tasks well and low intelligence predicts poor performance.Chet's concept of intelligence is most similar to the ____approach to intelligence.

A) information-processing
B) psychometric
C) ecological
D) multiple intelligences

Question 78

Mrs.Blair is a fourth grade teacher.She has been told that her new student,Vish,is an exceptionally bright student.Based on your knowledge of teacher expectancies,which outcome is least likely?

A) Mrs. Blair is more likely to correct his mistakes.
B) Vish is more likely to enjoy school.
C) Mrs. Blair will react more positively to Vish's comments.
D) Vish will demonstrate a modest-to-significant increase in his IQ score.

Question 79

The R&M test claims to be a test without cultural bias-anyone from any cultural background would be equally advantaged or disadvantaged on the test.The R&M test is a(n)____test.

A) culture-fair
B) individualist culture
C) culture-adapted
D) collectivist culture

Question 80

Shavonne,an elementary school teacher,is told that some of her students scored very high on a scholastic aptitude measure.Actually,these "high aptitude" students were chosen randomly,regardless of ability.During the next year of school,these students' IQ scores increased more than the scores of other students who were in Shavonne's class.According to your text,the most likely explanation for these students' IQ gain is ____.

A) their fluid intelligence
B) their interactions with classmates
C) the teacher's expectations for her students
D) their crystallized intelligence