Deck 9: Consciousness

Question 1

Art says he can feel the wheels in his mind turning when he is thinking.Of course,he cannot actually sense the activity in his brain because it occurs at the ____ level.

A) subconscious
B) unconscious
C) nonconscious
D) preconscious

Answer 1

nonconscious

Question 2

The activities ofthe liver,such asthe removal of impurities from the bloodstream,occur at the ____ level.

A) preconscious
B) nonconscious
C) unconscious
D) metaconscious

Answer 2

nonconscious

Question 3

Your mother asks you to pick up a book at the library that explores the awareness of the outside world and one's own mental activity.If you want to pick up the correct book,you should make sure the book focuses on exploring all aspects of ____.

A) consciousness
B) hypnosis
C) meditation
D) priming

Answer 3

consciousness

Question 4

A sensory experience in the absence of the appropriate external stimuli is known as a(n)____.

A) delusion
B) obsession
C) hallucination
D) compulsion

Question 5

Cognitive neuroscientists are interested in using neuroimaging techniques to differentiate between thoughts that take place both above and below a person's awareness.In other words,cognitive neuroscientists are studying ____.

A) personality
B) consciousness
C) intelligence
D) sensation

Question 6

While reading her psychology book in her room on Saturday morning,Lakeisha remembered how much fun class was the day before.Lakeisha's memory of her class was in what level of awareness before she started reading?

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) subconscious
D) unconscious

Question 7

Chang listens to music by Live Bait that is supposed to contain the backward message,"It is fun to read my psychology textbook." If Chang's experience is consistent with the research on subliminal messages,how will he be affected?

A) He will be able to quote the message, but he will not be affected.
B) He will not be able to quote the message, but he will feel compelled to read his psychology textbook.
C) He will be able to quote the message, and he will read his psychology textbook more.
D) He will not be able to quote the message and he will not be affected by the message.

Question 8

While appearing on the game show The Weakest Link,Helen tries to remember the answer to a Greek literature question.She successfully remembers that the answer is Euripides.When Helen calls out the answer to the host,the information is at the ____ level of consciousness.

A) conscious
B) nonconscious
C) preconscious
D) unconscious

Question 9

On the computer,Demetrius is presented with pictures of birds below his conscious awareness.Then Demetrius is presented with a second set of pictures,including birds,dogs,and airplanes.He is asked to call out what he sees in each picture.According to priming experiments,Demetrius should call out ____.

A) more rapidly to bird pictures
B) with equal speed to bird and airplane pictures
C) with equal speed to all pictures
D) slowest to bird pictures

Question 10

You call up a potential date and get an answering machine message.In leaving your message,you mean to say "I'd like to see you," but instead say "I'd like to feel you." This Freudian slip is caused by impulses originating in the ____.

A) preconscious
B) unconscious
C) nonconscious
D) subconscious

Question 11

A picture of a Coke bottle is flashed on a computer monitor,but too briefly for a viewer to notice.According to the concept of priming,which result is most likely?

A) There will be no effect because the viewer is unaware of the event.
B) The viewer will recognize related words (e.g., diet, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper) more quickly than unrelated words (e.g., computer, pencil) on a test a few seconds later.
C) There will be faster recognition of related words if the viewer is in an altered state of consciousness.
D) With repeated exposure, the viewer will become a Coke drinker.

Question 12

Judy is an avid cyclist.She often likes to ride her bicycle after work to unwind.One evening,while reflecting on her day,she realizes that she has broken her normal leg rhythm.This perception of her leg movements is now being processed by Judy at the ____ level.

A) preconscious
B) unconscious
C) conscious
D) nonconscious

Question 13

A middle-aged man accosts you in a campus building and insists on telling you that several horses must have gotten into the building because he can hear them whinnying wherever he goes.This man is probably suffering from ____.

A) abnormal excitement
B) a hallucination
C) a delusion
D) disorientation

Question 14

Which aspect is least likely to be part of a definition of consciousness?

A) an awareness of internal mental activity
B) the function and structure of cognition
C) mental processes of which people are unaware
D) an awareness of external stimuli

Question 15

When your mental processes are sufficiently different from normal waking experience,such that you or an observer notice significant behavior changes,you are in a(n)____ state of consciousness.

A) nonconscious
B) preconscious
C) altered
D) hallucinogenic

Question 16

According to the research cited in your text,at ____ of consciousness do backward messages in music affect listeners.

A) no level
B) the preconscious
C) the subconscious
D) the unconscious

Question 17

Jess memorizes a list of words.One week later,he is asked to write as many of the words as he can recall,but he remembers only a few of the words.Then Jess is asked to fill in the missing letters of word fragments.Some of the words on this task are from the list he had been asked to memorize a week ago,and some are not.Jess fills in the blanks of the words he had seen a week ago faster and more accurately,compared to words that had not been on the list.This study demonstrates the effect of ____.

A) parallel distributed processing
B) mnemonic strategies
C) priming
D) mental models

Question 18

Silas participated in a psychology experiment in which he was shown a series of word pairs and was asked to rate them on the basis of how well they fit together.Two days later,he was shown the same pairs of words,but this time,one of the words in the pair was missing.Nevertheless,Silas recalls almost all the missing words even though he was not asked to remember them.The type of study that he participated in was most likely interested in the effects of ____.

A) priming
B) heuristics
C) the law of effect
D) perceptual organization

Question 19

As Desmond puts on his glasses in the morning,he is keenly aware of the sensation of the frames touching his nose.However,as the day goes on and he gets absorbed in other activities,the sensation of his glasses resting on his nose fades from his awareness.At this point,the sensations of the glasses on Aaron's nose are ____.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) subconscious

Question 20

Cartman is unaware that he is having inappropriate thoughts about how to kill Kenny.Freud would explain that these thoughts occur at a(n)____ level of consciousness.

A) nonconscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) superconscious

Question 21

John,Paul,George,and Ringo are hooked up to electroencephalographs.John is in stage 3 sleep.Paul is also asleep,but he is dreaming.George just fell asleep a few minutes ago and is in stage 1 sleep.Ringo cannot fall asleep and is awake and mentally active.Whose EEG will look different than those produced by the other three?

A) John
B) Paul
C) George
D) Ringo

Question 22

If proper precautions or treatments are not taken,which sleep disorder is most likely to be fatal?

A) SIDS
B) Sleepwalking
C) Narcolepsy
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 23

Kira has been having trouble with her sleeping and eating patterns lately.Sometimes she sleeps from midnight until 6 a.m.; sometimes from noon until 7 p.m.She also eats at radically different times during the day.Her doctor should suspect that she is deficient in what hormone?

A) testosterone
B) progesterone
C) melatonin
D) balthocin

Question 24

Which statement is true of sleep?

A) Most of the night is spent in the deepest level of sleep (stage 4).
B) One spends an hour or two at each stage in turn, spending the last few hours at stage 4 and then at REM.
C) One passes through all stages of sleep, including REM, several times in a normal night.
D) One goes through stages 1, 2, 3, and 4, in order, then alternates randomly between stages 1, 2, and 3.

Question 25

Which individual is most likely experiencing REM sleep?

A) Paul, who just fell asleep
B) Ace, who is sleepwalking and sleeptalking
C) Gene, who is paralyzed because of his stage of sleep
D) Peter, whose EEG is dominated by very slow brain waves

Question 26

In REM sleep,the EEG resembles that of a person who is awake and mentally active.However,the ____.

A) person's blood pressure is low and the heartbeat is calm
B) person's chances of dreaming are very slight
C) person is very difficult to arouse
D) person's muscle tone decreases to the point of virtual paralysis

Question 27

Late at night,you see Steve Gutenberg on an infomercial talking about some sleeping aid and how important REM sleep is for daily functioning.Steve emphasizes one false assumption about REM sleep.What is it?

A) REM sleep occurs more frequently later in the sleep cycle.
B) More REM sleep is needed as one's age increases.
C) One's EEG during REM sleep resembles that of a person who is awake.
D) The body's muscles are nearly paralyzed during REM sleep.

Question 28

Austin Powers travels from California to New York,chasing Dr.Evil across the country.Austin then experiences fatigue,irritability,inattention,and sleeping problems due to the disruption of his ____,which causes____.

A) sleep stages; narcolepsy
B) lucid dreaming; jet lag
C) circadian rhythms; sleep apnea
D) circadian rhythms; jet lag

Question 29

Sing Tung is given a new drug.As a result,his normal sleep cycle is altered.He moves from stage 0 to stages 1-2-3-4 and then abruptly awakens.The experimenter has recorded his brain activity.Which of the following is not characteristic of Sing Tung's altered sleep cycle?

A) A great deal of dream activity was present.
B) Some alpha waves were present.
C) Many high amplitude, slow brain waves were present.
D) Muscle tone was similar to the awake stage.

Question 30

Which statement is the least plausible explanation of why we sleep?

A) Sleep provides a time to process new learning.
B) Sleep provides time for the body to restore norepinephrine sensitivity.
C) Sleep facilitates brain development, especially in infancy.
D) Sleep provides time alone, away from social interaction.

Question 31

Elvira has just bought a dream interpretation book and is very excited about trying to interpret her own dreams.When Elvira goes to sleep,she will be more likely to experience dreaming ____ in the night during ____ sleep.

A) early; REM
B) late; REM
C) early; non-REM
D) late; non-REM

Question 32

Which statement about sleep deprivation is false?

A) A person who goes without sleep for one week risks permanent brain damage.
B) Without sleep, people are less likely to retain skills that they learned during the day.
C) Sleep deprivation raises the level of norepinephrine in the brain.
D) Fatigue may be the primary cause of up to 25 percent of all auto accidents.

Question 33

During the day,Edward feels groggy and disjointed.As a result,he finds it difficult to focus on his job.However,when he tries to go to sleep at night,Edward is often wide awake.If this persists,Edward may be experiencing ____.

A) insomnia
B) sleep apnea
C) narcolepsy
D) sleep terror disorder

Question 34

Ozlem is flying from Chicago to Paris and she will be coming back after a week.Her symptoms of jet lag will ____.

A) be worse when she arrives in Paris (eastward travel)
B) be worse on her return to Chicago (westward travel)
C) be equally bad in Paris and Chicago
D) depend on whether she will have any north-to-south connecting flights

Question 35

Dr.Gates strongly advises Aaron and Brielle to make sure their infant does not sleep face down on soft surfaces.She states that that sleeping position has been highly correlated with a fatal infant disorder known as ____,even though exposure to cigarette smoke and genetic factors are also potential causes.

A) night tremors
B) SIDS
C) DID
D) sleep apnea

Question 36

Marcello has finished studying for a test.As he prepares to go to sleep,he wants to remember what he studied tonight when he takes the test tomorrow.To best meet his needs,he should ____.

A) have a friend awaken him each time he goes into non-REM sleep
B) be sure that he has a lucid dream
C) avoid stage 2 sleep
D) experience as much REM sleep as possible

Question 37

You see a therapist because you have been suffering from insomnia for the past two months.The therapist discusses learning-based treatments that may help you,including ____.

A) sleeping pills
B) progressive relaxation training
C) use of a nasal mask during sleep
D) weight loss

Question 38

After Merton has been sleeping for about ninety minutes,his heart begins to beat faster,his breathing grows fast and irregular,and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth.Merton is most likely experiencing ____.

A) a night terror
B) REM sleep
C) sleep apnea
D) stage 4 sleep

Question 39

Which of the following is not a characteristic of REM sleep?

A) lowered blood pressure compared to other stages of sleep
B) twitchy spasms in the face and hands
C) loss of muscle tone to the point of near paralysis
D) dreaming

Question 40

REM sleep is beneficial because the locus coeruleus is ____ during that sleep stage,which improves the functioning of neurons that use ____ in the brain.

A) active; norepinephrine
B) active glutamate
C) inactive; norepinephrine
D) inactive; glutamate

Question 41

While dreaming that she is riding a bicycle,Millie actually moves around in bed making arm and leg motions similar to those of a cyclist.Apparently,Millie suffers from ____.

A) jet lag
B) sleep apnea
C) REM behavior disorder
D) nothing-this is normal behavior for such a dream

Question 42

Bart awakes screaming,shaking,and sweating,and his heart is beating rapidly.Homer and Marge,being good parents,has Bart hooked up to an electroencephalograph.Checking Bart's EEG,they note that Bart was in stage 4 sleep just before he awoke.From this information,they feel confident in saying that Bart had just experienced ____.

A) a nightmare
B) sleep terror disorder
C) a lucid dream
D) an episode of sleep apnea

Question 43

Jocelyn,an excellent hypnotic subject,has been instructed under hypnosis to relive her birthday party when she turned six years old.Jocelyn will most likely ____.

A) calmly describe in a detached manner the events that occurred
B) act as though she were six years old, but the memories of the event will still be obscure
C) act as though she were six years old and describe the events as if she were currently experiencing them
D) not experience anything because hypnosis has been proven not to exist

Question 44

"I've got a joke for all of you," Rallo announces to a group of friends."How many psychologists does it take to change a light bulb?" Before he can reveal the answer,Rallo suddenly falls asleep.Rallo must be suffering from ____.

A) narcolepsy
B) REM behavior disorder
C) sleep apnea
D) circadian rhythm disorders

Question 45

Which condition,if left untreated,would you be most likely to detect in one of your instructors if your only contact with your instructor was during class?

A) sleep terror disorder
B) sleep apnea
C) narcolepsy
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 46

Freud,who believed that dreams are "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious mind," would probably have disagreed with the activation-synthesis hypothesis because ____.

A) he was a chronic insomniac
B) he did not do sleep research and record brain waves
C) he did not focus on dreams as physiological events
D) his patients could remember dreams only under hypnosis

Question 47

Jed feels tired all day long and cannot focus very well at work.At a sleep institute,he is told that he actually stops breathing many times throughout the night.Jed has ____.

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) REM behavior disorder
D) SIDS.

Question 48

Fred,Barney,George,and Bart are ten years old,and each suffers from a different sleep disorder.Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep,during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile.Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else),while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams.Bart has nightmares (but not sleep terror disorder).Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?

A) Fred
B) Barney
C) George
D) Bart

Question 49

Which theory postulates that dreams are meaningless random byproducts of REM sleep?

A) problem-solving
B) anxiety reduction
C) wish fulfillment
D) activation-synthesis

Question 50

Jacob is dreaming.If this is all the information that you have,you mightassume that Jacob ____.

A) is definitely in REM sleep
B) is not in REM sleep
C) is probably in REM sleep
D) probably has sleep terror disorder

Question 51

Nikita suffers from a condition in which she is constantly awakened because she stops breathing when she sleeps.Nikita probably suffers from ____.

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) REM behavior disorder
D) hypersomnia

Question 52

The night before the Psych 100 midterm,Mehmet had a dream where he saw himself being chased by his Psych 100 instructor.He believes that this was some random byproduct of his REM sleep.Mehmet probably believes in the ____ theory of dreams.

A) wish fulfillment
B) activation-synthesis
C) state
D) dissociation

Question 53

If muscles are in a state of near-paralysis during REM sleep,then how is sleepwalking possible?

A) Dreams allow us to overcome motor paralysis.
B) Sleepwalkers are actually awake, but in a hypnotic state.
C) Most sleepwalkers are suffering from REM behavior disorder.
D) Sleepwalking usually occurs in non-REM sleep.

Question 54

Desiree is having a dream in which she is being chased by four cartoon characters,who are waving large knives at her."I've got to wake up; this is only a dream," Desiree tells herself while she is in the middle of this dream.Desiree is experiencing ____.

A) REM behavior disorder
B) lucid dreaming
C) sleep terror disorder
D) wish fulfillment

Question 55

Jonathan has a terrible dream in which he's being strangled by the tentacles of an octopus.When he wakes up,Jonathan remembers the frightening dream very well and immediately writes about it in his sleep journal.Jonathan appears to be experiencing ____.

A) a nightmare
B) sleep apnea
C) REM behavior disorder
D) sleep terror disorder

Question 56

Marsha lets out blood-curdling screams in the middle of the night,sits up in bed,and is seemingly inconsolable by her parents.In the morning,she doesn't remember having behaved this way.Marsha is most likely suffering from ____.

A) nightmares
B) sleep terror disorder
C) REM behavior disorder
D) sleep walking

Question 57

Homer is awakened suddenly because Marge,his wife,is choking him! Marge explains that she was dreaming about defending herself from the Princess of Bad Taste: Scary Spice.Homer is not angry; rather he is concerned that Marge may be suffering from ____.

A) sleep terror disorder
B) narcolepsy
C) sleep apnea
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 58

Dr.Huanca hypnotizes Travaughn and then tells him that from now on,whenever he feels the urge to smoke a cigarette,he will get up and get a glass of water instead.This instruction is an example of ____.

A) hypnotic induction
B) posthypnotic suggestion
C) symptom substitution
D) hypnotic replacement therapy

Question 59

People who experience posttraumatic stress disorder are at high risk of experiencing ____,which occur(s)during REM sleep and may be treatable with imagery therapy.

A) sleep terror disorder
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) nightmares

Question 60

Roy tells his friends Helen and Joe about a dream he recently had,in which trains were zooming into tunnels and rockets were firing.Helen tells Roy that his dream is only a meaningless,random byproduct of REM sleep,while Joe tells Roy that his dream is a way of satisfying his unconscious urges.Helen is taking the ____ perspective,while Joe is taking the ____ perspective on dreaming.

A) activation-synthesis theory; wish fulfillment
B) wish fulfillment; activation-synthesis theory
C) lucid dreaming; mesmerism
D) mesmerism; lucid dreaming

Question 61

Twenty-eight year-old Stephanie scores high on a test of hypnotic susceptibility.Research suggests that Stephanie also ____.

A) has below average intelligence
B) processes information slowly
C) has a rich fantasy life
D) struggles to stay focused and ignore distractions

Question 62

Which effect is least likely to result from a regular practice of meditation?

A) increased self-esteem
B) decreased blood pressure
C) decreased anxiety level
D) increased need for sleep

Question 63

After being hypnotized in a therapy session,Juan says that he can't remember what went on.This phenomenon is known as ____.

A) retrograde amnesia
B) advanced hypnotic susceptibility
C) posthypnotic suggestion
D) posthypnotic amnesia

Question 64

Edna was hypnotized by the Amazing Orlando.As a result,Edna shows marked changes in her behavior.We can expect to see Edna show ____.

A) increased planning ability
B) no change in her attention
C) an enhanced ability to fantasize
D) increased reality testing

Question 65

A group of people are hypnotized and a second group simulates being hypnotized.Both groups are told to retie their shoes when they hear the phrase "be careful." The group simulating hypnosis retie their shoes only when the hypnotist says to "be careful," but the hypnotized group retie their shoes no matter who says to "be careful." In this example,which theory of hypnosis is supported?

A) role
B) state
C) engagement
D) activation-synthesis

Question 66

Tiffany is hypnotized.Afterward,she says that she feels as though some part of her "split off" and agrees to give some control of her thought processes to the hypnotist.What theory of hypnosis best fits her experience?

A) Role theory
B) Dissociation theory
C) State theory
D) Alter theory

Question 67

Torean is a psychologist who uses hypnosis with his patients.He believes that processes normally under our control are temporarily separated in consciousness and can occur on their own,but that people ultimately decide how to act while under hypnosis.Torean supports the ____ theory of hypnosis.

A) role
B) state
C) dualist
D) dissociation

Question 68

Gwendolyn and George attend the famous Dr.Shelmadine's "Hypnotism Show." Gwendolyn finds it to be an amazing demonstration of altered consciousness and marvels at how the hypnotized participants do exactly as instructed and are not embarrassed or uncomfortable.George disagrees; he believes the participants are simply going along with Dr.Shelmadine's suggestions because they think they should.Gwendolyn's view is most like the ____ theory of hypnosis,George's is most like the ____ theory.

A) role; state
B) state; role
C) role; dissociation
D) dissociation; role

Question 69

Reese is a hypnotist and believes strongly that he can produce an altered state of consciousness in people; therefore,he believes in the ____ theory of hypnosis.

A) wish fulfillment
B) dissociation
C) role
D) state

Question 70

Carlos's hypnotist suggests that Carlos is sitting on a beach near the ocean.Although they are in central Illinois,Carlos reports that he can hear the sound of the waves pounding against the shore.This is characteristic of whichtype of hypnotic behavior?

A) posthypnotic amnesia
B) reduced reality testing
C) redistributed attention
D) reduced planning ability

Question 71

Who would make the best hypnotic subject?

A) Jerome, who very much wants to be hypnotized
B) Sally, who has had very little education
C) Carmello, who believes that the hypnotist is a fraud
D) Nadia, who is extremely intelligent

Question 72

Devon has been hypnotized.She is least likely to ____.

A) initiate actions independently of the hypnotist's instructions
B) fantasize
C) follow requests made of her by the hypnotist
D) ignore everything except the hypnotist's voice and the things the hypnotist points out

Question 73

According to your text,which effect has not been consistently demonstrated as an effective outcome of hypnosis?

A) relief of pain from dental work
B) reduced nausea after chemotherapy
C) decreased bleeding during surgery
D) help with recovering repressed memories

Question 74

Which claim about the applications of hypnosis is most controversial?

A) Hypnotic age regression is an effective means of recovering lost memories.
B) Hypnosis is the only anesthetic some people need to block the pain of some surgeries.
C) Hypnosis can reduce the nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy.
D) Hypnosis can reduce surgical bleeding.

Question 75

Svengali puts his subject,Trilby,under a hypnotic spell.We can expect that while hypnotized,Trilby will ignore everything but Svengali's voice.In other words,Trilby is experiencing ____.

A) posthypnotic amnesia
B) a mantra
C) redistributed attention
D) increased role-taking tendencies

Question 76

You are watching a TV infomercial featuring a famous hypnotist.During her pitch,she makes four general statements about effective uses of hypnosis.Based on your thorough reading of the text,you know that one of the hypnotist's claims is false.Which one is it?

A) Hypnosis has been used in an attempt to uncover events from a person's past.
B) Recall becomes more accurate under hypnosis.
C) Hypnosis has been used to reduce nausea due to chemotherapy.
D) Some doctors have used hypnosis to control the pain of childbirth and dental work.

Question 77

A team of Hungarian hypnotists called the Hungary Hungary Hypnos claim that they are successful because their participants are complying with social demands and following the suggestions given to them.The Hungary Hungary Hypnos must believe in the ____ theory of hypnosis.

A) role
B) state
C) dissociation
D) activation-synthesis

Question 78

Using hypnosis to retrieve information from a person's past is controversial because ____.

A) true memories are replaced by imagining and acting out past actions
B) people's confidence in hypnosis may prompt them to unintentionally distort information or inaccurately reconstruct events
C) people's recall becomes more accurate during hypnosis
D) some people have been unable to return from a state of age regression

Question 79

Medea is experiencing a high level of stress and tries to create an altered state of consciousness where she will experience inner peace and tranquility.She does this by slowly repeating a soothing phrase to herself.Medea is using ____to reach a state of ____.

A) language; hypnosis
B) language; dissociation
C) a mantra; dissociation
D) a mantra; meditation

Question 80

Nikki is hypnotized."You are now a chimpanzee," the hypnotist says.Nikki hops around the stage,swinging from chair to chair and making monkey-like calls.Which typical change of hypnosis is Nikki exhibiting?

A) age regression
B) redistributed attention
C) posthypnotic amnesia
D) increased role taking