Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which behavior is most motivated by physiological factors?

A) turning down an offer from an extremely prestigious university because your parents attended good old State U
B) adding and removing clothes so as to maintain a comfortable body temperature
C) fulfilling a request made by your employer in the hope that she will return the favor
D) donating clothes, canned goods, and money to charitable organizations because you have plenty

Answer 1

adding and removing clothes so as to maintain a comfortable body temperature

Question 2

Turkey Lurkey corners Henny Penny and demands,"Tell me exactly what purpose you have for running around here and telling us all the sky is falling.Why are you doing this?" Turkey Lurkey is asking Henny Penny to reveal her ____.

A) optimal arousal
B) well-being
C) motive
D) need

Answer 2

motive

Question 3

Which behaviorbest illustratesthe maintenance of homeostasis?

A) starting to salivate when you smell freshly baked cookies
B) depositing a check in your newly opened checking account
C) shivering to generate body heat when you are cold
D) dimming the lights before a romantic encounter

Answer 3

shivering to generate body heat when you are cold

Question 4

According to drive reduction theory,an imbalance in homeostasis creates a(n)____,to which the brain responds by creating a psychological state called a(n)____.

A) drive; need
B) need; drive
C) instinct; motive
D) motive; instinct

Question 5

Which individual is displaying behavior that is most motivated by cognitive factors?

A) Kathy, who starts smoking cigarettes because all of her friends have started doing so
B) Thrupti, who drinks a large glass of water after a softball game
C) Norm, who punches a wall after his girlfriend breaks up with him
D) Yoon, who drops out of school because she has doubts about her academic ability

Question 6

The fact that some people often ignore their hunger and skip lunch in anticipation of a special dinner is a direct contradiction to the ____ theory of motivation.

A) drive reduction
B) arousal
C) incentive
D) opponent-process

Question 7

When Lani has an unpleasant task to complete,such as writing a term paper,she sets up rewards for herself.When she completes her outline,she watches TV for one hour.When she completes the rough draft,she spends an evening relaxing with her friends.When she finishes the final draft,she goes to the mall and purchases a CD she has been wanting.Lani's behavior is best explained by the ____.

A) instinct doctrine
B) arousal theory
C) drive reduction theory
D) incentive theory

Question 8

Geoff,a basketball player for City High School,sinks thirty straight free throws during practice.However,during the critical game of the season,with the score tied and twenty seconds left to play,Geoff misses three consecutive free throws.Geoff's behavior can be best explained by ____ theory.

A) incentive
B) arousal
C) drive reduction
D) opponent-process

Question 9

Which characteristic is least associated with motivation?

A) ability
B) initiation
C) direction
D) persistence

Question 10

Jessi decides to take caffeine pills to stay on top of all of her homework,her job,and her extracurricular activities.However,the resulting overstimulation may be problematic for Jessi because ____.

A) she will experience a drive reduction
B) her subjective well-being will diminish
C) people tend to perform best when arousal is moderate
D) the pills are acting as an intervening variable

Question 11

Jessi,a college freshman,is engaged in the following activities.Which activity cannot be explained by the drive reduction theory of motivation?

A) drinking juice with breakfast
B) working at a local restaurant to earn some extra money
C) eating a hamburger for dinner
D) reading a book to satisfy her curiosity about how diamonds are formed

Question 12

Josh starts smoking to experience the pleasurable feelings associated with nicotine.This behavior is best explained by the ____ theory of motivation.Eventually,however,Josh becomes physically addicted to nicotine and now he needs the drug to reduce the cravings he feels.Josh's behavior is now best explained by ____ theory.

A) incentive; drive reduction
B) drive reduction; arousal
C) arousal; drive reduction
D) drive reduction; incentive

Question 13

You have written a paper on the topic of motivation for your psychology class.You decide to entitle the paper,"Motivation" and want to add a tag line to give more emphasis to the title.From the choices below,you decide the most fitting is: "____."

A) Motivation: Reasons behind people's thoughts and actions
B) Motivation: The thought processes in which people engage
C) Motivation: Actions that people are capable of performing
D) Motivation: The brain's role in emotion

Question 14

Imagine you are a male three-spined stickleback (a fish).You come across a nest of unfertilized three-spined stickleback eggs and you can't help but do a particular dance and then go ahead and fertilize the eggs.Which theory of motivation accounts for your behavior?

A) arousal theory
B) behavioral doctrine
C) drive reduction theory
D) instinct doctrine

Question 15

Anu has just finished watching a movie about cement mixing that she thought was long and boring.According to the arousal theory of motivation,Anuwill most likely ____ next.

A) drink water
B) do something exciting
C) read about cement mixing
D) go to sleep

Question 16

After finishing a marathon,Adena grabs a water bottle and quickly drinks all of its contents in an attempt to satisfy a ____ drive.

A) fixed
B) learned
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 17

Jeremy works very hard at school and almost always gets As.According to drive reduction theory,Jeremy's motivation for studying hard is most likely due to a ____.

A) primary reinforcer
B) reward
C) primary drive
D) secondary drive

Question 18

People sometimes choose a certain career because they want to please their parents.This is an example of a(n)____ factor as a motivational source.

A) innate
B) biological
C) social
D) cognitive

Question 19

Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date.Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with,but he is also unemployed.Jebreel is older than Kent,has a secure job,and owns his own home; however,Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun.Danielle chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent.The ____ theory of motivation would best predict Danielle's choice.

A) drive reduction
B) arousal
C) evolutionary
D) humanistic

Question 20

Karl wants to get straight As in school because his parents have promised to buy him a new car if he does so.This is an illustration of the ____ of motivation.

A) incentive theory
B) arousal theory
C) drive reduction theory
D) instinct doctrine

Question 21

Pedro has always been of average weight and build.However,over the past year,his eating habits and his weight have changed drastically.He now seems to eat constantly and has gained over seventy-five pounds.Pedro most likely has damage to his ____.

A) lateral hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) ventromedial nucleus
D) paraventricular nucleus

Question 22

Sabrina is trying to lose weight with a low-carbohydrate diet.She knows this is an effective short-term plan,but she finds herself craving everything that contains carbohydrates.The neurotransmitter responsible for her cravings is ____.

A) enterostatin
B) galanin
C) neuropeptide Y
D) serotonin

Question 23

Ashley has the most common eating disorder in the United States.She is a picky eater and often cannot accurately assess how much she has eaten.What is Ashley's most likely diagnosis?

A) anorexia nervosa
B) obesity
C) bulimia
D) pica

Question 24

Mario takes a drug for Restless Thumb Syndrome.One side effect of the drug is the stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus of his hypothalamus.As a result,Mario should anticipate that he will ____.

A) eat less than usual
B) crave foods low in carbohydrates
C) eat more than usual
D) crave lots of water

Question 25

Dr.Luze-Moore is working on a drug that will curb people's appetite for high-fat foods.Based on your reading of the text,Dr.Luze-Moore should focus on a way to block the stimulation of what neurotransmitter?

A) enterostatin
B) galanin
C) serotonin
D) neuropeptide Y

Question 26

Due to a freak accident involving reindeer games,a sleigh,and some of Santa's elves,Rudolph's lateral hypothalamus was destroyed.As a result,Rudolph will most likely ____.

A) overeat, well past the point of satiation
B) have intense cravings for his favorite foods
C) lose the desire to eat, nearly starving himself
D) become a finicky eater, preferring only foods high in fat

Question 27

After Taki is diagnosed with cancer of the stomach,the doctors decide to remove his stomach entirely.After the operation,Taki will probably ____.

A) eat much more than before
B) eat roughly the same amount of food as before
C) eat much less than before
D) be unable to regulate his food intake

Question 28

As the hormone responsible for communicating satiety to the brain,____ enters the blood when fat supplies increase in cells and reduces food intake.

A) glucose
B) leptin
C) estrogen
D) melatonin

Question 29

Research on obesity has found that obese people ____.

A) eat more of every food offered to them than do normal-weight people
B) are most often male
C) may be genetically predisposed to gain weight
D) have the same set-point as normal-weight people

Question 30

Tweety Bird is tired of being chased by Sylvester,the Cat,who wants to eat Tweety for dinner.Tweety could reduce Sylvester's desire to eat by ____.

A) destroying Sylvester's ventromedial nucleus
B) stimulating Sylvester's lateral hypothalamus
C) destroying Sylvester's lateral hypothalamus
D) stimulating Sylvester's ventromedial nucleus

Question 31

You are a space alien who wishes to conquer Earth.You use a special ray gun that makes humans immobile by making them too fat to move.Your ray gun should ____ in the hypothalamus.

A) stimulate the ventromedial nucleus
B) destroy the ventromedial nucleus
C) destroy the lateral hypothalamus
D) stimulate the thalamus

Question 32

Jerry is severely overweight.He asks his doctor whether injections of the hormone called leptin would be an effective treatment for his obesity.His doctor will probably inform him that a leptin injection ____.

A) would not be effective because leptin has no role in regulating body fat
B) is effective in helping most obese people lose weight and body fat
C) would reduce his weight but would negatively affect his muscle tissue
D) is not very effective in reducing weight for most obese individuals

Question 33

Deidre is constantly worried about being fat.In addition,a few times a week,she will eat large quantities of food and then force herself to vomit.As a result,she also suffers from nutritional imbalances,intestinal damage,and dental problems.What is Deidre most likely diagnosis?

A) obesity
B) weight obsession
C) anorexia nervosa
D) bulimia

Question 34

The most effective weight-loss programs available today are least likely to focus on ____.

A) reducing food intake
B) increasing energy expenditure through exercise
C) altering brain mechanisms involved in overeating through anti-obesity drugs
D) changing eating habits and attitudes toward food

Question 35

More recent research has shown that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus plays an important role in ____.

A) experiencing flavor
B) increasing specific hungers
C) receptivity toward a food culture
D) reducing and increasing food intake

Question 36

Tracie has recently been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.She is least likely to exhibit which symptom?

A) a perfectionistic personality
B) an obsession with being attractive
C) a realization that her eating habits are problematic
D) low levels of certain neurotransmitters

Question 37

Rory and Dory are identical twin rats.The lateral area of Rory's hypothalamus has been destroyed in a tragic exercise wheel accident.The ventromedial nucleus of Dory's hypothalamus has an electrode implanted in it that is constantly stimulating that part of her brain.This situation has existed for a week now.How will Rory's weight compare to Dory's?

A) Rory weighs much more than Dory.
B) Dory weighs much more than Rory.
C) Dory and Rory are both tremendously overweight.
D) Dory and Rory are both extremely underweight.

Question 38

Laura likes to eat Mexican food,but she always eats way too much.Even though Laura is full,she orders caramel flan (her favorite Mexican dessert)just because she enjoys it.According to the textbook,what is Laura's the most likely reason for doing this?

A) Food culture
B) Social referencing
C) Appetite
D) Volatile odorants

Question 39

Devon and Saurabh are discussing their favorite meals.Devon raves about how much he loves grilling steak and chicken in his backyard.Saurabhshakes his head,explaining that because of his Hindu beliefs,he feels that animals should be respected and not slaughtered.Such expressions of food culture demonstrate that ____.

A) our environment can change how the hypothalamus functions
B) eating serves functions beyond nutrition
C) the drive reduction theory has limitations on explaining motivation
D) social referencing is a powerful cue for emotion

Question 40

When a lack of nutrients is detected by the stomach,the hormone ____ is released into the bloodstream and acts as a "start eating" signal when it reaches the brain.

A) leptin
B) melatonin
C) estrogen
D) ghrelin

Question 41

The health danger least associated with anorexia nervosa is ____.

A) diabetes
B) an increased risk of stress fractures
C) death
D) irreversible physical damage

Question 42

If genetics is the most important determinant of sexual orientation,which set of brothers will have the greatest likelihood of both having homosexual orientations?

A) identical twin brothers
B) nonidentical twin brothers
C) nontwin brothers
D) adopted brothers

Question 43

Ludwig has high achievement motivation.Which statement will be least characteristic of Ludwig?

A) He will select tasks with clear outcomes.
B) He will prefer a critic who is harsh but competent.
C) He will persist at problem solving.
D) He will seek immediate rewards.

Question 44

Randall is attracted to members of both genders and has had male and female sex partners.Randall most likely identifies himself as ____.

A) homosexual
B) asexual
C) heterosexual
D) bisexual

Question 45

Kris is taking the TAT test.She looks at a picture and says,"The woman in the picture is trying to solve a problem at work.She is thinking hard.She knows if she thinks about it long enough,she'll be able to figure it out." This response reflects ____ motivation.

A) achievement
B) affiliation
C) attachment
D) parenting

Question 46

Leon is intrinsically motivated to wash his neighbor's car.Accordingly,he expects his neighbor to give him ____.

A) food
B) money
C) nothing
D) respect

Question 47

Alice allows her kids to do only those things that she knows they can do successfully.Barry severely punishes his kids whenever they fail.Connie believes that rewards and punishments should be internal,so she never comments when her kids succeed or fail.Dwight encourages his kids to attempt challenging,difficult tasks.Who is most likely going to have kids with high achievement motivation?

A) Alice
B) Barry
C) Connie
D) Dwight

Question 48

Juan is a CEO of Hoola-Hoops,Inc.He sees his employees as lazy,untrustworthy creatures with no interest in their work.Thus,he offers a highly structured,heavily supervised work environment.Juan assumes that his employees are primarily motivated by ____ rewards.

A) primary
B) intrinsic
C) extrinsic
D) personal

Question 49

According to research,____ is/are a major cause of inactivity in overweight children.

A) television watching
B) maladaptive reactions to stress
C) genetic abnormalities
D) not having a parent home after school

Question 50

You are watching Sex Talk Live on TV when Sue,the host,begins talking to a caller about sex hormones.Though men and women have all the same sex hormones,Sue explains,on average,men have relatively more ____ and women have relatively more ____.

A) progestational hormones; androgens
B) androgens; progestational hormones
C) progestational hormones; estrogens
D) estrogens; androgens

Question 51

Which of the following is the primary pattern of sexual response?

A) Orgasm, plateau, resolution, and excitement
B) Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
C) Resolution, plateau, orgasm, and excitement
D) Excitement, orgasm, plateau, and resolution

Question 52

Which statement about studies on U.S.sexual behavior is true?

A) Representative samples were not used.
B) Pornography, pedophilia, and fetishism were specifically covered.
C) People in the United States may be rather sexually conservative.
D) Response rates were relatively low for this mail-in survey.

Question 53

Who is displaying high achievement motivation?

A) Joe, who doesn't care about his grade in psychology but does care about his grade in engineering
B) Cora, who wants only immediate positive feedback from a friendly critic
C) Nitaya, who keeps working on a problem that she doesn't understand at first
D) Bryan, who chooses to play a piano piece way beyond his skill level

Question 54

Frankie,a good basketball player,is extremely competitive and has high achievement motivation.In a psychology experiment,he is asked to throw a ball from anywhere on the court and try to make a basket.Frankie will probably shoot the ball from a ____ distance from the basket.

A) very short
B) short
C) moderate
D) long

Question 55

Which statements about the National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by researchers at the University of Chicago is false?

A) The researchers attempted to obtain a representative sample of the U.S. population.
B) The results indicate that people in committed, one-partner relationships tend to have the most sex.
C) The survey contained controversial questions regarding pornography, pedophilia, and sexual fetishes.
D) About a third of the participants reported having sex only a few times, or not at all, in the preceding year.

Question 56

Sex hormones are said to have an organizational effect on sexuality because they determine ____.

A) whether sexual activity will occur
B) the form of sexual behavior: male or female
C) the timing of reproduction
D) the timing and amount of hormones released from the adrenal cortex

Question 57

Whit started playing the saxophone.He wants to get better at it,so he watches the techniques of professional players and practices constantly.Whit does not care how he compares to other saxophone players,nor does he want to seek help from others.Whit appears to have adopted a(n)____.

A) approach-avoidance conflict
B) avoidance-avoidance conflict
C) performance goal
D) learning goal

Question 58

Katrina wants to study the organizing effects of sex hormones on female brain development.To begin,Katrina needs to understand when the organizing effects of sex hormones occur,which is ____.

A) conception
B) around the time of birth
C) in the first year of infancy
D) during puberty

Question 59

According to research,a male's sexual orientation is most likely due to ____.

A) genetic factors
B) his strict upbringing, which he is reacting against
C) several factors, including prenatal hormones and learning
D) the fact that his father is loving but his mother is cold

Question 60

William and Virginia are discussing the sexual response cycle.William says,"It really isn't fair that women can have orgasm after orgasm after orgasm after orgasm.We men have our orgasms and then have to wait around a while before we can have another one." Virginia says,"That is just the way things are-women don't have as long a ____ as men do!"

A) plateau phase
B) feedback loop
C) refractory period
D) resolution phase

Question 61

Stone has just received the opportunity to advance to assistant manager at the car wash.He really wants the extra pay and the additional experience,but unfortunately,the only slot available for this new position is nights (midnight to 8:00 a.m.).What type of conflict is Stone facing?

A) approach-approach conflict
B) avoidance-avoidance conflict
C) approach-avoidance conflict
D) multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Question 62

Dr.Happy Golucky believes that to achieve happiness in life,one must develop a sense of well-being,and sets out to create a list of dos and don'ts.Dr.Golucky identifies which behavior as least characteristic of well-being?

A) experiencing positive moods frequently
B) creating a deficiency orientation
C) adapting to changes by altering expectations and goals
D) experiencing negative emotions relatively infrequently

Question 63

Magda claims that she will not be satisfied until she gets the respect she deserves for the job she does at work.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,Magda has ____.

A) given up her biological needs because she probably was unable to fulfill them
B) probably been poor all of her life
C) had her lower needs fulfilled to an acceptable degree
D) not had her lower needs fulfilled to an acceptable degree

Question 64

You've received job offers from two companies.Both positions offer excellent starting salaries and benefits.Both are with stable companies that have room for you to advance.You are making an important and difficult decision and thus,facing a(n)____.

A) zero-sum game
B) approach-approach conflict
C) multiple approach-avoidance conflict
D) social dilemma

Question 65

In deciding whether to accept the invitation to attend Whoville's annual Whobilation,the Grinch makes a list of pros and cons.On the one hand,he would enjoy stealing Christmas,as well as upsetting and making fun of the Whoville residents.On the other hand,he doesn't have anything to wear and it might cause him to recall traumatic childhood memories.What kind of motivational conflict is the Grinch facing?

A) Approach-approach
B) Multiple approach-avoidance
C) Approach-avoidance
D) Avoidance-avoidance

Question 66

Kareem,who has high achievement motivation,is looking for a job that will satisfy him.Which job should he take?

A) Company one: medium pay, lots of responsibility, chances for advancement, demanding boss
B) Company two: very high pay, easy work, low participation in decision making, great boss
C) Company three: high pay, little responsibility, rigid job structure, great boss
D) Company four: low pay, lots of responsibility, lots of job supervision, mediocre boss

Question 67

The existence,relatedness,growth (ERG)theory was proposed to address some of the problems with Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Which statement is not an assumption of the ERG theory?

A) Needs can be satisfied in any order.
B) Needs will vary from time to time.
C) Needs will vary from situation to situation.
D) Needs can be met only one at a time.

Question 68

Even though Randa recently went through a divorce and her daughter moved across the country,she still feels relatively positive about her life and continues to maintain strong social ties.She knows that these hard times will fade and changes her expectations accordingly.Randa seems to have ____.

A) learned by using social referencing
B) reached her optimal level of arousal
C) a high need for achievement
D) achieved well-being

Question 69

Shmuel is well fed and owns his own home.According to Maslow,this information suggests that Shmuel's current motivation should be focused primarily on ____.

A) trying to completely fulfill his potential-to "be all he can be."
B) achieving a sense of personal accomplishment
C) constructing stable relationships with other people
D) reading books of great literature and listening to good music

Question 70

Bryan has been recovering from a series of painful cancer treatments and recently injured his arm in an accident.Despite these hardships,he has decided to participate in the charity bicycle ride from Toronto to Pittsburgh.Bryan's behavior is best explained by what theory of motivation?

A) Existence, relatedness, growth (ERG) theory
B) Maslow's needs hierarchy
C) Cannon's central theory
D) Drive reduction theory

Question 71

Shoba has two options for the summer.She could do an internship that would be pretty boring,but the money and experience would be good.She also has an opportunity to be a nanny in France,which would be very exciting but wouldn't bring in much money.Shoba is experiencing a(n)____ conflict.

A) approach-approach
B) approach-avoidance
C) avoidance-avoidance
D) multiple approach-avoidance

Question 72

Joani is a college student working two jobs to pay her tuition and living expenses.Despite working long hours,she is worried that she cannot afford to stay in college another semester.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,Joani is attempting to satisfy needs at the ____ level.

A) safety
B) belongingness and love
C) self-actualization
D) esteem

Question 73

While watching Survivor on television,you realize that the participants cannot worry about creating alliances or making worthy contributions until they have first secured a source of food and shelter.This phenomenon is explained best by ____ theory of motivation.

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) the opponent process
C) the incentive
D) the arousal

Question 74

In Marsha's history class,the students are given a choice of either writing a twelve-page paper or giving a twenty-minute oral presentation in front of the class.Marsha is having a difficult time making the decision because both are a lot of work.She is experiencing a(n)____ conflict situation.

A) multiple approach-avoidance
B) approach-approach
C) avoidance-avoidance
D) approach-avoidance

Question 75

Nathan works at a homeless shelter.The people who come into the shelter are usually tired and hungry after spending days at a time on the dangerous streets.Most of these individuals have lost touch with their friends and family members and receive little indication of being loved or needed.According to Maslow's hierarchy,Nathan should first ____.

A) reassure them of the safety and security features of the building
B) try to boost their self-esteem by treating them as respected and honorable individuals
C) provide them with a hot meal and a warm place to sleep
D) express love for and acceptance of them

Question 76

Mother Theresa is often praised for the good works she accomplished during her life.She became a nun,took a vow of poverty,and helped others in the slum areas of cities.According to Maslow,she would be in the ____ stage of his hierarchy.

A) self-actualization
B) physiological
C) safety and security
D) belongingness and love

Question 77

Fernandez owns a business that employs several hundred people.He would like to increase both the satisfaction and the productivity of his employees.According to research,the least effective way for Fernandez to accomplish this would be to ____.

A) encourage employees to participate in decisions about how their work should be done
B) give employees problems to solve without being told how to solve them
C) recognize employees publicly for good performance
D) increase employees' pay and benefits

Question 78

While watching Survivor on television,you realize that the participants cannot worry about creating alliances or making worthy contributions until they have first secured a source of food and shelter.This phenomenon is explained best by ____ theory of motivation.

A) the incentive
B) Solomon's opponent process
C) Maslow's hierarchy
D) the arousal

Question 79

Myron is a manager.He has noticed that the majority of his employees seem unhappy and unmotivated in their jobs.What would be an effective way for Myron to improve the job satisfaction of his employees?

A) Encourage workers to set their own work goals.
B) Increase the amount of supervision given to employees.
C) Create the goal of "increased production" for all employees and send it to them in an e-mail.
D) Take a more active role in telling his employees how to solve problems.

Question 80

Beavis works at Burger World.Beavis's manager wants to motivate Beavis to work harder.According to your textbook,which incentive is least likely to increase Beavis's motivation and job satisfaction?

A) providing increased pay and benefits
B) allowing Beavis to participate in decisions about how the kitchen should operate
C) training Beavis to work both the drive-thru and the counter, not just one or the other
D) recognizing excellence with an "employee of the month" award