Deck 13: Personality

Question 1

Regina and Haoli see a person on the quad dancing naked,painted all over like a lava lamp.Because Regina views the scene from the ____ theory of personality,she believes that the dancer's behavior must be meaningful to him.Haoli,however,views the scene from the ____ theory of personality,and she believes that some aspect of the dancer's personality is failing to control his impulses.

A) humanistic; psychodynamic
B) psychodynamic; humanistic
C) social-cognitive; humanistic
D) trait; psychodynamic

Answer 1

humanistic; psychodynamic

Question 2

Reece really wants to have sex with his girlfriend Marjorie.According to the psychodynamic approach to personality,Reece's ____ will make compromises between his ____,which demands immediate satisfaction,and his ____,which tells him he should wait until he is married.

A) id; ego; superego
B) ego; superego; id
C) ego; id; superego
D) superego; id; ego

Answer 2

ego; id; superego

Question 3

According to Freud,id functions are ____,while superego functions are ____.

A) innate; learned
B) sexual; aggressive
C) rational; irrational
D) based on the pleasure principle; based on the reality principle

Answer 3

innate; learned

Question 4

Vincent has a bad day at work and unconsciously wants to punch his boss.However,instead Vincent goes home and energetically paints a picture of the devil,and he feels much better afterward.In this example,Vincent is using the defense mechanism known as ____.

A) sublimation
B) compensation
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 5

Kierston and Missy are studying together for their psychology final.Kierston asks Missy,"Okay,now tell me Freud's components of personality and how they develop." Which response would be most appropriate?

A) "Everyone is born with an id and a superego, and the ego develops over time to deal with conflicts between those two components of the personality."
B) "Everyone is born with an id, and the ego and then the superego develop as the person interacts with the world around him or her."
C) "Everyone is born with an id, ego, and superego. The manner in which the person is raised determines whether the three components maintain a healthy balance of power."
D) "Everyone is born a blank slate, but through interacting with the world around him or her, the ego, then the id, and finally the superego will develop in the individual."

Question 6

Which psychological approach states that being able to effectively resolve internal conflicts leads to normal,adaptive behavior?

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive behavioral
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 7

Roland is hungry,so he goes to McFood Place.But when he gets in line,he realizes he doesn't have any money.He sees a woman set her French fries down on a table,then walk away.Roland quickly grabs the fries and left.According to Freud,Roland's actions are driven by his ____,which operates on the ____ principle.

A) id; pleasure
B) id; reality
C) ego; pleasure
D) ego; reality

Question 8

You begin to feel guilty because you are sometimes rude to your roommate.A little voice keeps telling you that you should always be polite and should never hurt another person's feelings.According to Freud,this little voice most likely comes from your ____.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 9

When Stacey's husband has had a frustrating day at work,he is easily irritated and sometimes screams at her.According to Freud,when Stacey's husband yells at her,he is employing the defense mechanism known as ____.

A) displacement
B) rationalization
C) sublimation
D) repression

Question 10

Dr.Collins studies the patterns of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people.Dr.Collins is best classified as a ____ psychologist.

A) clinical
B) personality
C) behavioral
D) social

Question 11

Which statement about personality would Freud most likely agree with?

A) "Behavior and personality are closely related. However, one must address conscious thought processes."
B) "Outward behavior is a very small part of personality."
C) "Conscious thoughts play a major role in personality development."
D) "Personality can be observed (and assessed) through one's outward behavior."

Question 12

After his girlfriend rejects his sexual advances,Elsworth goes to the park and plays the best game of basketball he's ever played.Elsworth's sexual energy could have been unconsciously converted to athletic prowess,according to which psychodynamic defense mechanism?

A) sublimation
B) displacement
C) projection
D) reaction formation

Question 13

According to Freud,the ego,which evolves from the id and creates ways to get what one wants in a world full of rules,operates on the ____ principle.

A) reality
B) pleasure
C) morality
D) compromise

Question 14

If Cindy is displaying the ego defense mechanism of repression,she would most likely ____.

A) unconsciously forget a traumatic experience
B) project her negative feelings onto another person
C) provide a convincing motive for her unacceptable behavior
D) express her unconscious conflicts in a socially desirable way

Question 15

Dominic has a very active set of defense mechanisms that constantly affect his thoughts and behavior.The defense mechanisms are ____.

A) his id's effort to protect his libido
B) his superego's attempt to promote his morality
C) his ego's attempt to control anxiety and guilt
D) the suppression of maladaptive impulses

Question 16

Kevin is mugged at gunpoint in the park while walking his dog.He was so overcome with fear that he unconsciously pushes the traumatic experience out of his awareness.Kevin appears to be utilizing which ego defense mechanism?

A) Repression
B) Denial
C) Suppression
D) Rationalization

Question 17

As a child,Raoul loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits.As he gets older,he realizes that he can't continue this kind of behavior unless he finds some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable.Thus,Raoul decides to pursue a career as a circus clown.According to Freud,Raoul's ____,which operates on the ____ principle,is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.

A) id; pleasure
B) ego; reality
C) superego; morality
D) defense mechanism; denial

Question 18

Your text defines personality as ____.

A) the unique pattern of characteristics by which a person can be compared with others
B) a collection of character traits
C) a driving force that guides human behavior
D) the collection of experiences and traits that make people the way they are

Question 19

In cartoons,when a character faces a moral dilemma,an angel often appears over one shoulder and a devil appears over the other shoulder,with both giving advice.According to Freud,the angel is similar to the ____,whereas the devil is similar to the ____.

A) superego; id
B) ego; id
C) id; ego
D) ego; superego

Question 20

Blitzen does not like Rudolph and is angered to see Santa talking and laughing with Rudolph.Blitzen stomps his hoof,thinking," Rudolph thinks he's too good for the rest of us.No wonder he doesn't like me." What defense mechanism is Blitzen displaying?

A) physical restructuring
B) displacement
C) projection
D) rationalization

Question 21

Mack feels empty because he can never bear children and will play only a small role in raising them.Karen Horney calls this ____.

A) womb envy
B) penis envy
C) the Electra complex
D) the Oedipal complex

Question 22

Cameron is under a great deal of stress at work because of several upcoming deadlines.He is worried that he might be fired if he cannot meet the deadlines.He has reacted to his anxiety by smoking constantly and overeating.According to Freud,Cameron is fixated at the ____ stage of psychosexual development.

A) phallic
B) genital
C) anal
D) oral

Question 23

Little Rashidat gets out of his bed and tries to get into his parents' bed so he can snuggle with Mommy.Yesterday,he threw a tantrum because Mommy would not let him shower with her.He has also been acting fearful toward his father.According to psychodynamic theory,little Rashidat is going through the ____ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 24

Larry is always talking on the phone,eating,drinking,smoking,or biting his fingernails.According to Freud,Larry is probably ____ fixated.

A) orally
B) phallically
C) anally
D) genitally

Question 25

Darth Vader had the Death Star built to destroy planets,but unconsciously,the space station made up for his feeling inferior to his old Jedi master,Obi Wan.Darth Vader is exhibiting the ____ ego defense mechanism.

A) projection
B) sublimation
C) reaction formation
D) compensation

Question 26

Slater is unconsciously attracted to Kelly,but he already has a girlfriend.When Screech accuses Slater of being attracted to Kelly,Slater says,"No way,man! We're just friends,that's all!" What ego defense mechanism is Slater exhibiting?

A) projection
B) denial
C) compensation
D) reaction formation

Question 27

One afternoon,Aaron eats hours-old Chinese food out of a garbage can.When his more sensible co-workers voiced their shock and disgust,Aaron replied,"It was in a styrofoam container,and there was nothing but paper in the trash can!" What defense mechanism was Aaron using?

A) sublimation
B) reaction formation
C) displacement
D) rationalization

Question 28

Freud explains that the stage in which sexual desires become conscious is called the ____ stage.

A) phallic
B) latency
C) genital
D) anal

Question 29

Jolene comes home from a hard day at school and complains that Bill,a fellow sixth-grader she likes,doesn't seem to like her.In fact,she says,he isn't interested in any girls and all he seems to want to do is solve math problems and play kickball.Jolene's mother just laughs and says,"Bill must still be in the ____."

A) oral stage
B) anal stage
C) latency period
D) genital stage

Question 30

Felix has always been attracted to his best friend's girlfriend Rita.From all outward appearances,though,Felix seems to really dislike Rita.Felix is likely employing what defense mechanism?

A) Reaction formation
B) Displacement
C) Sublimation
D) Repression

Question 31

Darrin always feels angry.However,instead of recognizing his anger,Darrin believes that the people around him are angry.He is utilizing the defense mechanism of ____.

A) projection
B) rationalization
C) sublimation
D) displacement

Question 32

A teacher is excessively neat,always insists on washing the blackboard before and after class,and always cleans the classroom after his lectures.According to Freudian theory,the teacher may be suffering from a(n)____.

A) anal fixation
B) repressed superego
C) oral fixation
D) phallic symbol fixation

Question 33

Five-year-old Tauja says she wants to be a stockbroker just like her mother and marry a man just like her father when she grows up.A Freudian would say that Tauja is showing evidence of ____.

A) the Oedipal complex
B) the Electra complex
C) striving for superiority
D) object relations

Question 34

Gary is a very sloppy person.His side of the dorm room is always a mess,with clothing thrown all over the floor.In contrast,his roommate,Rajesh,is an extremely neat person.For Rajesh,everything on his side of the room must be in its place,with CDs organized alphabetically.Freud would say Gary is fixated in the ____ stage,and Rajesh is fixated in the ____ stage.

A) anal; anal
B) oral; oral
C) oral; anal
D) phallic; oral

Question 35

Buffy,the Vampire Slayer,is finding herself physically attracted to Spike,a local vampire.Buffy frequently insults Spike,expresses her contempt for him,and occasionally beats him up.Buffy's behavior is best illustrated by which Freudian defense mechanism?

A) reaction formation
B) displacement
C) sublimation
D) projection

Question 36

Cole has a difficult time maintaining relationships,especially with authority figures.According to Freud's psychodynamic theory,Cole is most likely fixated at the ____ psychosexual stage of development.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 37

At about age four,Bart begins to find his mother Marge quite sexually attractive.He feels the urge to kill his father Homer,so that he doesn't have to share his mother.However,Bart fears that Homer might get angry and retaliate against him.According to Freud,Bart is experiencing the ____ complex,which occurs during the ____ stage of development.

A) Electra; anal
B) Oedipal; genital
C) castration; sensorimotor
D) Oedipal; phallic

Question 38

Oedipus has gotten over his unconscious desire for his mother and is consciously experiencing strong sexual feelings for girls his own age.According to Freud's psychosexual stages,Oedipus is most likely in the ____ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 39

Karson's parents always told him he was stupid,and he developed a fear of appearing stupid to other people.As a result,Karson works very hard at school.According to Freud,Karson's hard work in school is an example of the ____ defense mechanism.

A) rationalization
B) compensation
C) sublimation
D) projection

Question 40

After Daniel balloons to a weight of 450 pounds,he becomes very stressed.When confronted about his stress and weight problem by his wife,he said,"It is healthy for me to maintain this weight because I'll live longer if a famine occurs." What defense mechanism is Daniel using?

A) repression
B) rationalization
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 41

After Eduardo takes a personality assessment based on the five-factor personality model,the results indicate he is a gregarious and outgoing person who gains energy from being with other people.In other words,Eduardo has scored high on the dimension of ____.

A) emotionality-stability
B) agreeableness
C) growth orientation
D) extraversion

Question 42

Freudian theory has been criticized for which reason?

A) It is a very narrow theory that cannot explain much of human behavior.
B) It offers little to help us understand or explain past behavior.
C) It is useful as an abstract theory, but it is seldom used in clinical settings.
D) It explains many things in ways that cannot be tested and disproved.

Question 43

Reginald works at a local counseling center and one of his clients,Sara,is seeking help because she has never been able to maintain a long-term,satisfying romantic relationship.Reginald believes Sara's problem stems from an insecure attachment to her mother.Reginald is taking a contemporary psychodynamic approach to personality known as ____.

A) the collective unconscious
B) reciprocal determinism
C) object relations
D) striving for superiority

Question 44

Dr.Newhart identified 369 traits that are apparent in each individual's personality.He then used a mathematical tool that segregated the traits into fourteen trait clusters.In other words,Dr.Newhart used ____ to identify the trait clusters.

A) a q-sort
B) factor analysis
C) a functional analysis
D) psychoanalysis

Question 45

After reading the Henry Potter books,Dawn describes Henry Potter as insightful,original,curious,and intellectual,as well as generous,kind,considerate,and forgiving.According to the five-factor personality model,Henry is high in ____ and high in ____.

A) conscientiousness; agreeableness
B) openness; agreeableness
C) conscientiousness; extraversion
D) openness; extraversion

Question 46

Dilbert has many traits that help him to succeed at his job as an engineer.He is organized,efficient,dependable,thorough,and productive.According to the five-factor personality model,Dilbert is high in ____.

A) agreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion

Question 47

Dr.Evil is finally captured and forced to undergo psychological testing.Dr.Evil's results reveal that he shows the characteristics of moodiness,anxiety,and restlessness.If the psychological test were based on Eysenck's biological trait theory,Dr.Evil has been assessed on the ____ dimension of personality.

A) emotionality-stability
B) conscientiousness
C) introversion-extraversion
D) agreeableness

Question 48

Dr.Wombles considers himself a psychodynamic personality theorist,but he believes that an individual's early relationships with significant people are more important than instinctual sexual impulses in shaping personality.Dr.Wombles focuses on the importance of ____ on personality development.

A) psychosocial stages
B) object relations
C) archetypes
D) extraversion

Question 49

Complete the following personal ad: Seeking an outgoing individual who enjoys social activities.Must also be adventurous and willing to try anything.In other words,must be high in ____ and high in ____.

A) neuroticism; extraversion
B) openness; conscientiousness
C) extraversion; openness
D) conscientiousness; neuroticism

Question 50

The results of Demetrius's personality assessment show that he scored low on extraversion and high on emotionality-stability.Which approach was Demetrius's assessment measure based on?

A) Allport's trait theory
B) Cattell's factor-analytic approach
C) Eysenck's biological trait theory
D) Freud's psychodynamic theory

Question 51

Mookie is outgoing and sociable,seeks excitement,and loves a good time.According to Eysenck,Mookie's personality is a result of all of the following except ____.

A) his bodily reactions to stress
B) the sensitivity of his nervous system to environmental stimulation
C) his genetic and biological uniqueness
D) his level of self-efficacy

Question 52

Karen Horney,a neo-Freudian,believes that ____ played a major role in personality development.

A) cultural factors
B) heredity
C) instincts
D) object relations

Question 53

Which of the following is not an assumption of the trait approach to personality?

A) Inconsistent or incompatible behaviors occur because traits are situation-specific.
B) Traits are stable and long-lasting.
C) Traits are general and occur in diverse situations.
D) Each person has his or her own set of traits that form a unique pattern of personality

Question 54

Dr.Akash is a contemporary psychodynamic theorist who focuses on the attachment theory.Therefore,Dr.Akash would likely disagree with which statement?

A) Children who miss the opportunity for secure attachment are not likely to suffer severe disturbances in adult relationships.
B) The nature of attachment affects the shaping of a person's self-image and identity.
C) Women who had been securely attached as children are more likely to have happy marriages as adults.
D) Experiencing abuse as a child can affect how a person forms social relationships during late adulthood.

Question 55

Object relations theorists focus on the influence of ____ on personality development.

A) womb envy
B) tendencies toward introversion and extraversion
C) attachment to caregivers
D) unconscious psychosexual conflicts

Question 56

Juno the Emperor Penguin was criticized in the Glacier Times as being untrusting,inconsiderate,and unforgiving of others.The Emperor's psychologist tells him that according to the five-factor personality model,he will likely score low on what dimension?

A) agreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion

Question 57

Val pries open her sister's diary and is shocked to read that her sister believes Val is an anxious,nervous,and tense person.Upset at this discovery,Val takes a personality test to prove she does not rate high on the dimension of ____.

A) agreeableness
B) neuroticism
C) introversion
D) conscientiousness

Question 58

Andre is very organized and efficient but also very anxious and tense.On which two of the five-factor personality model dimensions would Andre rate highly?

A) neuroticism and congruence
B) agreeableness and emotionality-stability
C) conscientiousness and neuroticism
D) extraversion and openness

Question 59

Amber says to her friend,"I don't know why you expect Simeon to change.The fact is people behave in stable ways." Amber most likely subscribes to the ____ approach to personality.

A) humanistic psychology
B) trait
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioral

Question 60

Keenan says,"Jolene is basically a shy person.She is efficient,concerned for others' welfare,and cheerful." Keenan has demonstrated a ____ approach to personality.

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive behavioral
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 61

Simone is severely depressed and believes that she has no control over her environment,that no matter how hard she works on something she will fail.Simone most likely has a ____.

A) high degree of self-efficacy
B) low degree of self-efficacy
C) deficiency orientation
D) growth orientation

Question 62

Kelly wants to be a successful politician.According to Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism,what is most important to her success is (are)her ____.

A) expectation of success
B) unconscious motivations
C) traits of extraversion and agreeableness
D) actualizing tendency

Question 63

Alvin wins the hog-calling contest at the county fair.When a reporter asks him the secret of his success,Alvin replies,"I was just lucky,I guess!" According to Rotter's expectancy theory,Alvin's explanation reflects ____.

A) that he is an external
B) that he is an internal
C) high self-efficacy
D) learned helplessness

Question 64

Researchers assessed the personalities of the children who were adopted at an early age by Julene and Jay.The researchers compared the children's personalities to those of their biological and adoptive parents.Based on the studies described in the text,the children's personalities will be most similar to ____.

A) Julene's and Jay's personalities.
B) Julene's, but not Jay's, personality.
C) their biological parents' personalities
D) their classmates' personalities

Question 65

Violet tends to see the world through rose-colored glasses.She thinks most people are basically good at heart,so she tries to be nice to everyone.According to Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism,other people are likely to treat Violet ____.

A) suspiciously
B) cynically
C) as naive
D) nicely

Question 66

After learning about personality in school,Becky comes home and tells her sister,Darlene,that she is introverted because her brain is relatively insensitive to rewards but highly sensitive to punishment.Darlene does not seem impressed by her sister's knowledge of ____ theory of personality.

A) the five-factor
B) the object relations
C) Eysenck's biological trait
D) Gray's reinforcement sensitivity

Question 67

Which of the following is not a basic assumption of the social-cognitive approach?

A) All behavior, even if it looks bizarre, is meaningful to the person displaying it.
B) Learned patterns of thought guide our behavior.
C) Much of personality is learned through observing and interacting with others.
D) Behavior is learned, in part, through classical and operant conditioning.

Question 68

According to psychologist Jeffrey Gray,the brain's ____ system affects sensitivity to rewards,whereas the ____ system affects sensitivity to punishment and the motivation to avoid punishment.

A) primary; secondary
B) secondary; primary
C) behavioral approach; flight or freeze
D) flight or freeze; behavioral approach

Question 69

Marshall is a harsh,critical person.More often than not,he is in a bad mood and acts grumpily toward other people.According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory,Marshall is more likely to experience more negative emotions because ____.

A) he has an active behavioral approach system
B) his brain lacks reward centers
C) he has an active flight or freeze system
D) he has an insensitive punishment system

Question 70

Anastasia is writing a paper about the weaknesses of the trait approach to personality.Which of the following would be the best title for her paper?

A) "Overemphasizing the Role of Unconscious Processes on Behavior."
B) "Describing Behavior But Not Explaining It."
C) "Overemphasizing the Role of Situational Factors on Behavior."
D) "Concepts Too Vague to be Tested Empirically."

Question 71

Eddie and Elaine both fail their first psychology quiz.Eddie decides that the questions aren't fair,whereas Elaine responds by working much harder.According to Rotter's expectancy theory,Eddie is probably ____ and Elaine is probably ____.

A) an internal; an external
B) an external; an internal
C) a reactor; a reciprocator
D) a reciprocator; a reactor

Question 72

Roger is an extroverted showman,sensitive to rewards,and motivated to obtain exciting and sometimes dangerous video footage of his encounters with crocodiles.He does not worry about whether he might embarrass himself or get injured in front of his television viewers.Roger appears to have a sensitive ____.

A) introversion-neuroticism dimension
B) emotionality-stability dimension
C) behavioral approach system
D) flight or freeze system

Question 73

Based on research with adopted children and twins,which statement is justifiable about the contribution of heredity to personality?

A) There are "personality genes" that determine certain personality traits.
B) Identical twins that have been raised together have similar personality traits because of genetic factors.
C) Birth order is one of the most important influences on personality.
D) People inherit predispositions for certain personality factors.

Question 74

Xiao-Ping is an internal according to Rotter.Today,she received a $10,000 raise from her boss.She will most likely believe that she got the raise because ____.

A) it is fate
B) her boss is a generous person
C) she is a hard worker
D) she was lucky today

Question 75

Roderick has hostile thoughts and acts in a more hostile manner than most people.Roderick's behavior tends to offend most people and in turn creates an environment of hostility to which Roderick reacts with even more negative thoughts and behaviors.Roderick is caught up in ____.

A) reciprocal determinism
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the expectation cycle
D) the self-efficacy cycle

Question 76

After filling out a personality test,students are given individual personality profiles.Most state that their profiles are fairly good descriptions of themselves,and they are amazed to discover that they had all received the same profile.This illustrates one of the main criticisms of the ____ approach.

A) psychodynamic
B) trait
C) cognitive behavioral
D) humanistic psychology

Question 77

Calvin says,"To understand human personality,you have to know if people behave to get rewards or to avoid punishments." Hobbes says,"I think that you also have to take into account each person's unique way of looking at the world and consider how that viewpoint determines personality." Calvin uses the ____ approach,while Hobbes takes the ____ approach to understanding personality.

A) social-cognitive; trait
B) social-cognitive; humanistic psychology
C) psychodynamic; social-cognitive
D) trait; psychodynamic

Question 78

You are listening to a psychologist describe her approach to personality.She argues that through past learning,expectations about event outcomes are formed.Further,she suggests that one must consider the person,the environment,and the person-environment interaction.This psychologist follows a ____ theory.

A) social-cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 79

According to Rotter's expectancy theory,a person's decision to engage in a behavior is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behavior and by the ____.

A) reduction of anxiety
B) conditions of worth the individual has created
C) value the person places on the outcome
D) relatively stable traits the individual possesses

Question 80

You and your brother are raised together.Your personality reflects environmental and genetic factors.Which environmental factor would be least likely to contribute to differences between your personality and that of your brother with whom you were raised?

A) unique ways your parents treated you
B) a serious illness only you had as a child
C) the fact that you were born three years after your brother
D) the socioeconomic status of your family