Deck 3: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Anatomy

Question 1

Patients with COPD have a difficult time getting air out of the lungs during expiration.A physical therapist may be able to offer assistance by instructing the patient on ways to actively contract the .

A) erector spinae
B) trapezius
C) internal intercostals
D) abdominal muscle

Answer 1

D
When a patient with COPD actively contracts the abdominal muscles during expiration,additional air can be moved from the lungs.

Question 2

While dining with friends,a young lady begins to choke and eventually becomes unconscious.Given the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree,you would determine the foreign object was most likely in the portion of the lung.

A) trachea
B) right mainstem bronchus
C) left mainstem bronchus
D) esophagus

Answer 2

B
Given the angle and continuous nature of the trachea and the right mainstem bronchus,it is more likely to aspirate foreign objects there.

Question 3

The sternocleidomastoid (SCM)muscle is considered an accessory muscle of respiration.When the head is fixed,the SCM muscle creates an increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax.However,this is not the primary function of this muscle.What does the SCM do when not serving as an accessory respiratory muscle?

A) When one contracts, the head flexes.
B) When one contracts, the head side bends toward the shoulder of the same side and the face rotates opposite.
C) When one contracts, the head rotates and side bends toward the shoulder of the same side.
D) When both contract, the head extends.

Answer 3

B
The SCM muscle has a right and left muscle,resulting in forward head flexion when both contract.When one SCM muscle contracts,it tilts the head toward the shoulder of the same side and rotates the face toward the opposite shoulder.

Question 4

What structure in the circulatory system is said to have a higher proportion of connective tissue?

A) Capillaries
B) Arterioles
C) Medium-size blood vessels
D) Large blood vessels

Question 5

During the active contraction of this muscle,the thoracic volume is increased vertically and transversely,thus creating a forward push of the internal organs.What muscle is this?

A) Rectus abdominis
B) Diaphragm
C) Transversus abdominis
D) Obliquus externus abdominis

Question 6

The accessory action of the trapezius muscles is said to be:

A) inspiration.
B) expiration.
C) both inspiration and expiration.
D) neither inspiration nor expiration.

Question 7

The diaphragm is the principal muscle of respiration.During the quiet phase of breathing in the supine position,the diaphragm is said to be responsible for of the tidal volume as opposed to sitting or standing when it is responsible for of the tidal volume.

A) three-fourths, one-third
B) half, two-thirds
C) one fourth, one-third
D) three-fourths, two-thirds

Question 8

Movement of the lower ribs during inspiration is described as:

A) caliper movement.
B) pump-handle movement.
C) bucket-handle movement.
D) pivot movement.

Question 9

The heart muscle receives blood supplied by the right and left coronary arteries.The right coronary artery supplies all of the following except:

A) the aortic sinuses.
B) most of the right ventricle.
C) the atrioventricular node.
D) the sinoatrial node.

Question 10

The heart is composed of four chambers and three layers of muscle.The thickest layer of the heart is the:

A) epicardium.
B) myocardium.
C) endocardium.
D) endothelium.

Question 11

The accessory action of the internal intercostal muscles is said to be:

A) inspiration.
B) expiration.
C) both inspiration and expiration.
D) neither inspiration nor expiration.

Question 12

The accessory action of the serratus anterior muscles is said to be:

A) inspiration.
B) expiration.
C) both inspiration and expiration.
D) neither inspiration nor expiration.

Question 13

The palatine tonsils can be found in which area of the upper airways?

A) Larynx
B) Pharynx
C) Oropharynx
D) Laryngopharynx

Question 14

Identify the structures that carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.

A) Pulmonary arteries
B) Systemic arteries
C) Pulmonary veins
D) Systemic veins

Question 15

The bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left mainstem bronchi occurs near what anatomic landmark?

A) Angle of Louis
B) Sternal notch
C) Articulation of the sternum and manubrium
D) Articulation of the sternum and xiphoid process

Question 16

The mucociliary escalator,which is responsible for propelling mucus by the cilia,can become paralyzed.When this occurs,mucus accumulates in the distal airways.All of the following are potential causes of paralyzation for the escalator except:

A) smoking.
B) hypoxia.
C) anesthesia.
D) supplemental O₂.

Question 17

The root of the lung or the hilus is the area where many structures enter the lung.The mainstem bronchi,pulmonary artery,pulmonary veins,bronchial arteries and veins,and lymph vessels are located here.The hilus is opposite the vertebral level of what thoracic bodies?

A) T4 and T5
B) T5, T6, and T7
C) T6, T7, and T8
D) T6 and T7

Question 18

Expansion of the thorax is essential to create the necessary pressure gradients for respiration to occur.The movement of the skeletal system,specifically the upper ribs,is described as which type of movement?

A) Caliper movement
B) Pump-handle movement
C) Bucket-handle movement
D) Pivot movement

Question 19

The bronchi divide into many sections anteriorly,superiorly,posteriorly,and inferiorly,ultimately forming the tracheobronchial tree,which is composed of how many generations?

A) 24 generations
B) 22 generations
C) 23 generations
D) 21 generations

Question 20

The phrenic nerve passes through the diaphragm along with the inferior vena cava.Both of these structures pierce the diaphragm and create which opening?

A) Vena caval opening
B) Esophageal opening
C) Aortic opening
D) Lymphatic opening