Deck 14: Image Intensified Fluoroscopy

Question 1

Which of the following accurately shows the energy sequence during fluoroscopy?

A) light to x-rays to electrons to light
B) x-rays to light to electrons to light
C) x-rays to electrons to light
D) electrons to light to electrons

Answer 1

x-rays to light to electrons to light

Question 2

The input phosphor is ______________ than the output phosphor.

A) larger
B) smaller
C) the same size as
D) brighter

Answer 2

larger

Question 3

The __________________ absorbs electrons and emits light.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Answer 3

output phosphor

Question 4

The image intensifier is located:

A) next to the x-ray tube used for fluoroscopy
B) beneath the x-ray table
C) on a shelf just inside the room
D) inside the fluoro tower

Question 5

This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and produces electrons.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) electrostatic focusing lenses

Question 6

Before the image intensifier,the fluoroscopist may have worn _____ goggles to make it easier to see the dim fluoroscopic image.

A) blue
B) green
C) red
D) yellow

Question 7

The _______________________ is bonded directly to the input phosphor.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 8

This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium iodide.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 9

The potential difference across the image intensifier is approximately:

A) 25 V
B) 250 V
C) 25 kV
D) 250 kV

Question 10

This part of the image intensifier is made of zinc cadmium sulfide.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 11

The image intensifier improved fluoroscopy by:

A) making the image easier to see because it is brighter
B) making the image easier to see because it is bigger
C) allowing indirect viewing of the fluoroscopic image
D) A and C

Question 12

The commercial fluoroscope was developed by:

A) Rutherford
B) Edison
C) Newton
D) Einstein

Question 13

The electrostatic focusing lenses have a ___________ charge.

A) negative
B) positive
C) neutral
D) changing

Question 14

The original fluoroscopic image was very:

A) dim
B) bright
C) clear
D) fuzzy

Question 15

This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium and antimony compounds.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) electrostatic focusing lenses

Question 16

Photoemission occurs at the:

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 17

The _____________________is located very close to the output phosphor.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 18

The image intensifier was introduced in the:

A) 1920s
B) 1950s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 19

___________ imaging is accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.

A) Static
B) Still
C) Dynamic
D) Colorized

Question 20

The __________________________ absorbs x-rays and emits light.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 21

The conversion factor is a(n)___________ term for brightness gain and is typically approximately __________ of the brightness gain value.

A) older;1%
B) older;10%
C) newer;1%
D) newer;10%

Question 22

If a 30/23/15 cm image intensifier is operated in the 23-cm mode,the fluoroscopic image will be magnified by a factor of:

A) 1.3
B) 1.5
C) 1.7
D) 2

Question 23

In fluoroscopy,shape distortion is caused by:

A) angling the tube
B) angling the image intensifier
C) the curved shape of the photocathode
D) the flat shape of the output phosphor

Question 24

In reference to image intensification,the function that adjusts and maintains the overall image density and contrast during the fluoroscopic procedure is:

A) DQE
B) APR
C) ABC
D) AEC

Question 25

The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor as compared with the input phosphor is the:

A) brightness gain
B) flux gain
C) minification gain
D) Conversion Factor

Question 26

The overall ability of the image intensifier to make the image brighter is the:

A) brightness gain
B) flux gain
C) minification gain
D) Conversion Factor

Question 27

The formula for minification gain is:

A) minification gain = input phosphor diameter / output phosphor diameter
B) minification gain = input phosphor diameter² / output phosphor diameter²
C) minification gain = output phosphor diameter / input phosphor diameter
D) minification gain = output phosphor diameter² / input phosphor diameter²

Question 28

Typical fluoroscopic systems have spatial resolution capabilities in the range of:

A) 2-3 Lp/mm
B) 4-6 Lp/mm
C) 7-9 Lp/mm
D) 10-12 Lp/mm

Question 29

Distortion of the fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification is:

A) noise
B) pincushion appearance
C) vignetting
D) magnification

Question 30

A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is:

A) the image has less resolution
B) the image brightness is inconsistent
C) the patient receives additional dose
D) none of the above

Question 31

The diameter of the output phosphor is approximately:

A) 1 cm
B) 2.5 cm
C) 5 cm
D) 25 cm

Question 32

The diameter of the input phosphor typically measures between:

A) 5-10 cm
B) 15-30 cm
C) 40-65 cm
D) 75-100 cm

Question 33

The formula to determine the amount of magnification created when in magnification mode,the formula is:

A) MF = full size input phosphor / selected input phosphor
B) MF = full size input phosphor² / selected input phosphor²
C) MF = selected input phosphor / full size input phosphor
D) MF = selected input phosphor² / full size input phosphor²

Question 34

The formula for brightness gain is:

A) brightness gain = minification gain - flux gain
B) brightness gain = minification gain / flux gain
C) brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain
D) none of the above

Question 35

The ________________ is (are)found along the entire length of the image intensifier.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) electrostatic focusing lenses

Question 36

Magnification of the fluoroscopic image results in improved:

A) brightness
B) spatial resolution
C) contrast
D) exposure

Question 37

____________ is measured in cd/m²/mR/s.

A) Brightness gain
B) Flux gain
C) Minification gain
D) Conversion factor

Question 38

When operated in magnification mode,the electrostatic lenses have ________ of a negative charge.

A) less
B) more
C) the same amount as usual
D) one half

Question 39

If the input phosphor measures 30 cm and the output phosphor measures 2.5 cm,what is the minification gain?

A) 8.3
B) 12
C) 69.2
D) 144

Question 40

The gain related to the decrease in size from the input to the output phosphor is the:

A) brightness gain
B) flux gain
C) minification gain
D) conversion factor

Question 41

Semiconductor capacitors are components of the:

A) camera tube
B) CCD
C) image intensifier
D) x-ray tube

Question 42

Typical television monitors have:

A) 300 lines
B) 450 lines
C) 525 lines
D) 875 lines

Question 43

Vidicon refers to a type of:

A) television monitor
B) camera tube
C) CCD
D) fiberoptics

Question 44

The purpose of a beam-splitting mirror is to:

A) view the fluoroscopic image on more than one television
B) reduce the intensity of the image from the output phosphor
C) allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy
D) all of the above

Question 45

When the electron beam in the camera travels back and forth across,from top to bottom,it is moving in a ___________ pattern.

A) sweep
B) brush
C) raster
D) rooster

Question 46

When the camera tube's electron stream travels across the target,if there is light present:

A) x-rays are produced
B) the image is magnified
C) electrons are transmitted
D) none of the above

Question 47

A typical high-resolution monitor has:

A) 825 lines
B) 1024 lines
C) 1872 lines
D) 2034 lines

Question 48

Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has ____________________.

A) noise
B) pincushion appearance
C) vignetting
D) magnification

Question 49

An electron gun can be found in the:

A) television monitor
B) CCD
C) vidicon camera
D) A and C

Question 50

Which of the following require the x-ray beam to be in radiographic mode?

A) cassette spot filming
B) film cameras for spot filming
C) videotape
D) none of the above

Question 51

Each capacitor in a CCD represents a(n):

A) line
B) image
C) pixel
D) electric charge

Question 52

The conventional method for viewing the fluoroscopic image is by:

A) using a handheld device
B) looking directly at the output phosphor
C) using a television monitor
D) using a mirror-optics system

Question 53

The electron gun in the monitor moves in the same ___________ pattern as did the electron gun in the camera.

A) sweep
B) brush
C) raster
D) rooster

Question 54

The CCDs electric charge from the capacitors is sent to the:

A) output phosphor
B) television monitor
C) x-ray tube
D) image intensifier

Question 55

The fiberoptic bundle or optical lens system is used to:

A) deliver the image from the camera to the television monitor
B) record the fluoroscopic image
C) link the output phosphor and camera or CCD
D) none of the above

Question 56

In terms of resolution,the weakest part of the fluoroscopic system is the:

A) image intensifier
B) television monitor
C) camera tube
D) none of the above

Question 57

A loss of brightness around the edge of the fluoroscopic image caused by the curve of the photocathode is:

A) noise
B) pincushion appearance
C) vignetting
D) magnification

Question 58

A face plate,signal plate,and target are all components of the:

A) camera tube
B) CCD
C) image intensifier
D) x-ray tube

Question 59

The image intensifier is capable of resolving approximately ___________,whereas the monitor can resolve approximately _______________.

A) 1-2 Lp/mm;1-2 Lp/mm
B) 1-2 Lp/mm;5 Lp/mm
C) 5 Lp/mm;5 Lp/mm
D) 5 Lp/mm;1-2 Lp/mm

Question 60

This recording system uses 70-mm or 105-mm film.

A) cassette spot filming
B) film cameras for spot filming
C) videotape
D) none of the above

Question 61

The analog-to-digital converter:

A) makes the electrical signal understandable to the computer
B) determines the contrast resolution of the system
C) determines the image matrix
D) all of the above

Question 62

A large fill factor refers to:

A) the entire detector being filled with x-rays
B) the entire detector needing a large amount of x-rays to produce an image
C) a large area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays
D) a small area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays

Question 63

Early versions of digital fluoroscopy used the standard system and added:

A) a different camera
B) an ADC
C) videotape
D) none of the above

Question 64

To record the dynamic image,the radiographer must use:

A) cassette spot filming
B) film cameras for spot filming
C) videotape
D) none of the above

Question 65

Which of the following is more light-sensitive?

A) video camera
B) CCD
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 66

The newest fluoroscopy systems use a flat-panel detector:

A) to record the spot images during fluoroscopy
B) to record the overhead images following fluoroscopy
C) in place of the image intensifier
D) in addition to the image intensifier

Question 67

Which of the following is easier to move around and allows better access to the patient during a procedure?

A) conventional image intensifier
B) flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 68

Use of which of the following systems results in less radiation dose to the patient?

A) video camera
B) CCD
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 69

Which of the following degrades with age and has a lower DQE?

A) conventional image intensifier
B) flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 70

The recording device that "photographs" the image off of the output phosphor is the:

A) cassette spot filming
B) film cameras for spot filming
C) videotape
D) none of the above

Question 71

Which of the following has more spatial distortion?

A) video camera
B) CCD
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 72

Digital fluoroscopy is improved by using:

A) a vidicon camera
B) videotape
C) a beam-splitting mirror
D) a CCD

Question 73

This recording system allows the film to be divided into 2,4,or more images.

A) cassette spot filming
B) film cameras for spot filming
C) videotape
D) none of the above

Question 74

Which of the following does not require any additional devices for spot filming during the fluoroscopic procedure?

A) conventional image intensifier
B) flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 75

In comparison,the vidicon camera tube has ______________ spatial resolution and the CCD requires ________________ radiation to produce a good fluoroscopic image.

A) less;more
B) less;less
C) better;more
D) better;less

Question 76

Flat-panel detectors for fluoroscopic imaging can be the:

A) amorphous silicon indirect capture type
B) photostimulable phosphor plate type
C) amorphous selenium direct capture type
D) A and C

Question 77

For detectors to produce high-quality fluoroscopic images,they must be able to:

A) respond very quickly
B) respond many times in a row
C) have application-specific integrated circuits for noise reduction
D) all of the above

Question 78

Which of the following has a rectangular field of view and a wider dynamic range?

A) conventional image intensifier
B) flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 79

Which of the following produces an image with more noise?

A) video camera
B) CCD
C) there is no difference between the two

Question 80

Which of the following has the possibility of demonstrating veiling glare and pincushion distortion?

A) conventional image intensifier
B) flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) there is no difference between the two