Deck 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought

Question 1

________ contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature.

A)Adam Smith
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)René Descartes
D)Charles de Montesquieu

Answer 1

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 2

From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?

A)Brazil
B)the Caribbean
C)Africa
D)the Ottoman Empire

Answer 2

the Ottoman Empire

Question 3

The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings,with scenes of leisure,romance,and seduction,led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________.

A)political and social elites of the Old Regime
B)nobles at court
C)monarchy
D)peasantry

Answer 3

political and social elites of the Old Regime

Question 4

Who wrote The Persian Letters?

A)Charles de Montesquieu
B)Blaise Pascal
C)René de Chateaubriand
D)Moses Mendelssohn

Question 5

The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in ________.

A)France
B)Holland
C)England
D)Scotland

Question 6

Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish,often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?

A)Baroque
B)Rococo
C)Impressionism
D)Neoclassicism

Question 7

What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?

A)They were both Jewish.
B)They were both Muslim.
C)They were both Protestants.
D)They were both clergymen.

Question 8

Herder is famous for his early views concerning ________.

A)intellectual realism
B)cultural relativism
C)social democracy
D)relative absolutism

Question 9

An expanding,literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called ________.

A)public opinion
B)social premise
C)societal drive
D)communal view

Question 10

Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French,________ praised the virtues of the English,especially their religious liberty,and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society.

A)Second Treatise on Government
B)Essay on Customs
C)Letters on the English
D)Elements of the Philosophy of Newton

Question 11

________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.

A)Adam Smith
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)René Descartes
D)Charles de Montesquieu

Question 12

Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime,not to impose the will of God?

A)Voltaire
B)Rousseau
C)Wollstonecraft
D)Beccaria

Question 13

________,who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch,forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military,the Junker nobility,the Lutheran clergy,and a growing bureaucracy.

A)Joseph II
B)Maria Theresa
C)Frederick the Great
D)Catherine II

Question 14

As part of her territorial aspirations,Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of ________ in 1783.

A)Estonia
B)Crimea
C)Livonia
D)Romania

Question 15

Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?

A)Rococo
B)Abstract
C)Impressionism
D)Neoclassicism

Question 16

________ published On Crimes and Punishments,in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.

A)John Toland
B)Denis Diderot
C)Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
D)Marquis Cesare Beccaria

Question 17

The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.

A)legal reform
B)women's social status
C)legislative reform
D)property rights

Question 18

How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?

A)He read the works of English philosophes.
B)He visited England on holiday.
C)He was the French ambassador to England.
D)He lived in exile in EnglanD.

Question 19

________,an eighteenth-century philosopher,was known as the "Jewish Socrates."

A)Thomas Hobbes
B)Baruch Spinoza
C)René Descartes
D)Moses Mendelssohn

Question 20

The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were ________.

A)Galileo and Copernicus
B)Newton and Copernicus
C)Locke and Newton
D)Galileo and Locke

Question 21

Which connection between work and author is accurate?

A)Theologico-Political Treatise: Mendelssohn
B)Persian Letters: Montesquieu
C)Encyclopedia: Spinoza
D)Candide: Diderot

Question 22

The philosophes generally ________.

A)advocated fundamental changes in the social condition of women
B)believed women to be socially equal but not politically equal to men
C)said little about women
D)were not avid feminists

Question 23

Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional,and their subject matter usually concerned ________.

A)public life or public morals
B)intimate family life
C)daily routines
D)leisure activities

Question 24

Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made "enlightened" reforms part of their drive to ________.

A)increase revenues and gain political support
B)begin the process of moving away from monarchy
C)begin the process of moving toward constitutional monarchy
D)give commoners more political power

Question 25

The philosophe who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was ________.

A)Voltaire in his work Letters on the English
B)Locke in his work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
C)Rousseau in his work The Social Contract
D)Voltaire in his work Elements of the Philosophy of Newton

Question 26

Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?

A)Candide
B)Jerusalem,or,On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
C)Ethics
D)Nathan the Wise

Question 27

Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes?

A)monarchs
B)the aristocracy and nobles
C)commercial and professional urban classes
D)clergymen

Question 28

Adam Smith advocated ________.

A)a large role for government in the economy
B)ending England's mercantile system
C)the elimination of England's navy and army
D)that government take no part in the economy

Question 29

The Encyclopedia ________.

A)secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe
B)sold about 1,200 copies
C)received official support
D)was written by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert

Question 30

The two major points in the deists' creed were ________.

A)the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one's earthly actions and the existence of a rational God
B)the belief in the existence of a rational God and the existence of absolute principles
C)the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one's earthly actions and the existence of absolute principles
D)the belief in the existence of absolute principles and the illogical nature of God's existence

Question 31

Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.

A)Treatise on Toleration
B)the Encyclopedia
C)Philosophical Dictionary
D)Letters on the English

Question 32

According to Smith's four-stage theory,human societies ________.

A)have no real moral basis
B)can be religious,secular,scientific,or superstitious
C)move from barbarism to civilization
D)can be classified as hunter-gatherer,pastoral,agricultural,or knowledge-worker

Question 33

What was the purpose of Voltaire's interest in the execution of Jean Calas?

A)Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform.
B)Voltaire was related to Jean Calas and wished to clear his name.
C)Voltaire was hired by the family of Calas to clear his name after he was executed.
D)Voltaire wanted to demonstrate that religious goals would find the truth in the enD.

Question 34

Which of the following philosophes argued against the abuses of imperialism?

A)Moses Mendelssohn
B)Immanuel Kant
C)Adam Smith
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 35

When Immanuel Kant called his age "an age of Enlightenment," he stressed the Enlightenment as _________.

A)the highest stage of human achievement
B)Adam Smith's fourth stage
C)part of the past
D)a work in progress

Question 36

Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment ________.

A)favored the extension of European empires across the world
B)were members of the artisan class
C)were proponents of democracy
D)were atheists

Question 37

Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?

A)Charles de Montesquieu
B)Voltaire
C)Baruch Spinoza
D)Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 38

Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with ________.

A)democracy
B)independent branches of government
C)a legislative body that would head the government
D)a theocracy

Question 39

His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith ________.

A)supported laissez-faire policies
B)was a physiocrat
C)was a proponent of mercantilism
D)was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies

Question 40

Smith's theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called his ________ theory.

A)laissez-faire
B)deist
C)four-stage
D)empirical

Question 41

Catherine the Great's reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?

A)the vastness of Russia
B)the expense of war with Austria
C)a number of religious uprisings
D)the need to placate the nobility

Question 42

After 1688,which of these remained forbidden in Britain?

A)Lutherans and Unitarians
B)Lutherans and Jews
C)Jews and Roman Catholics
D)Unitarians and Roman Catholics

Question 43

Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century,________ was the most diverse in its people and problems.

A)Austria
B)Russia
C)Prussia
D)France

Question 44

Catherine the Great of Russia ________.

A)replaced the nobles with loyal government bureaucrats
B)abandoned the ideals of absolutism
C)built a strong alliance with the nobility
D)made an alliance with Poland

Question 45

Why is it surprising that Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was the voice of tolerance of Islam?

A)because most philosophes disdained Islam
B)because most Muslims dismissed Christians
C)because she was married to an ambassador
D)because she was not an educated woman

Question 46

Which statement best summarizes Rousseau's writings about the role of women in society?

A)Rousseau's views had little impact on the ideas of his contemporaries.
B)Rousseau's ideas were novel and surprising for most of his readers.
C)Rousseau was considered progressive and liberal in his ideas of women.
D)Rousseau's traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender roles.

Question 47

The Enlightenment flourished in a ________,that is,a culture in which books,journals,newspapers,and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own.

Question 48

What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?

A)It subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state under Frederick the Great.
B)It placed the junkers to the nobles in Prussia under Maria Theresa.
C)It led to a rise in the prosperity of the middle class.
D)It caused a decrease in property rights for the nobility.

Question 49

With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?

A)Women should be kept to the same sexual standards as men.
B)The right to vote for women would be socially useful.
C)Motherhood is a woman's most important occupation.
D)It is reasonable to think that women are as capable as men to be strong rulers.

Question 50

Voltaire's most famous satire,________,attacked war,religious persecution,and what he considered unwarranted optimism about the human condition.

Question 51

The monarch that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was ________.

A)Joseph II
B)Maria Theresa
C)Frederick the Great
D)Catherine II

Question 52

According to Newton and others,nature is ________.

Question 53

The writers and critics who flourished in the expanding print culture and who took the lead in forging the new attitudes favorable to change,championing reform,and advancing toleration were known as the ________.

Question 54

Frederick the Great's religious toleration can be seen as _________.

A)based on practical politics
B)an outgrowth of his own atheism
C)an attempt to undermine the Ottoman Empire
D)a weapon he used against Russia

Question 55

Joseph II of Austria ________.

A)sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry
B)increased the tax burden on the peasantry
C)reduced the serfs to slaves
D)built many Catholic seminaries and allowed the church total autonomy

Question 56

Smith's four-stage theory placed European culture ________.

A)in the third stage
B)at the summit of human achievement
C)in the Enlightenment stage of development
D)in a stage beyond the fourth stage

Question 57

Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.

A)clergy
B)beliefs
C)institutions
D)schools

Question 58

Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.

A)rejecting the notion of a deity
B)its rational approach
C)having a special role for women in its observations
D)its opposition to Islam

Question 59

How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe?

A)Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform.
B)The greater number of print shops employed a large number of people and raised the standard of life for the middle class.
C)Governments were able to distribute their ideas in writing to a wider number of people.
D)Reference books such as the Encyclopedia were available to most universities.

Question 60

The ________ of France believed that mercantilist legislation and the regulation of labor by governments and guilds actually hampered the expansion of trade,manufacture,and agriculture.

Question 61

The phrase "enlightened absolutist" indicates a ________ government dedicated to the rational strengthening of the central absolutist administration at the cost of lesser centers of political power.

Question 62

Explain the philosophes' interpretation of the imperial movements,including the discussion of slavery in America.How do you think their ideas would have been received by their contemporaries?

Question 63

The centers for discussing ideas and printed material were ________.

Question 64

Do you think the philosophes' attitude toward politics and government is widespread today? Why or why not? Give examples.

Question 65

Radical reformer ________ envisioned a society in which each person could maintain personal freedom while behaving as a loyal member of the larger community.

Question 66

In the first partition,Poland lost one-third of its territory to Russia,________,and Austria.

Question 67

What approach did the philosophes take to organized religion? Explain their rationale.Finally,discuss how the ideas of deism resolved some of their religious objections.

Question 68

How did Adam Smith perceive the relationship between humanity,nature,and the production of goods and services?

Question 69

Rousseau blamed much of the evil in the world on unequal distribution of ________.

Question 70

Emilie du Châtelet was influential in popularizing the ideas of ________.

Question 71

The theology embraced by the philosophes was ________,a rational religion without fanaticism and intolerance.

Question 72

Adam Smith is usually regarded as the founder of ________ economic thought and policy,which favors a limited role for the government in economic life.

Question 73

What were Mary Wollstonecraft's objections to Rousseau's ideas on women? If Rousseau were writing today,what response would you give to his ideas about the role of women? Use the empirical arguments and appeal to rational thought that he would have expected of the writers in his day.

Question 74

What was the impact of works such as Diderot's Encyclopedia? To what extent did it democratize education?

Question 75

Refer to the excerpt "Encountering the Past: Coffeehouses and Enlightenment." How did coffeehouses help spread the ideas of the Enlightenment? Were such places of informal exchange typical or atypical in the Enlightenment?

Question 76

The philosophes were successful in persuading the emerging public sphere of the importance of rationalism and scientific inquiry.What were the formats through which such ideas were disseminated? What do you believe would have been the most successful means to propagate these ideas? Consider the role of the government and the nature of French society in particular.

Question 77

Compare and contrast the efforts of Joseph II and Catherine II to implement enlightened reforms.Which monarch was more successful? Why?

Question 78

Compare and contrast in detail the Rococo and neoclassical styles in eighteenth-century art.Be certain to address the history of the styles,political associations,and famous artists that emerged from both methods.

Question 79

_____________ architecture and decoration originated in early eighteenth-century France,but was adapted to many public buildings and churches across Europe.

Question 80

One of Montesquieu's most far-reaching ideas was the division of ________ in government.