Deck 22: The Age of Nation-States

Question 1

Count Camillo Cavour was a ________.

A)fanatical Catholic
B)fervent democrat
C)socialist
D)strong monarchist

Answer 1

strong monarchist

Question 2

The Hungarians accepted which of the following?

A)the Compromise of 1867
B)the February Patent
C)the October Diploma
D)a federation of states

Answer 2

the Compromise of 1867

Question 3

Who were the Young Turks?

A)a group of reformist officers who wanted to preserve the Ottoman Empire's traditions
B)a group of reformist officers who wanted to modernize the Ottoman Empire
C)young members of the Ottoman Empire's army who were training to become military officers
D)an elite group of military officers who conducted covert surveillance against radicals

Answer 3

a group of reformist officers who wanted to modernize the Ottoman Empire

Question 4

In 1850,all males in Russia were subject to military service for ________ years.

A)18
B)19
C)20
D)21

Question 5

Which of the following distinguished Russia from the rest of Europe in the 1800s,but was ended in February 1861?

A)bourgeoisie
B)serfdom
C)conscription
D)legalism

Question 6

The Ottoman Empire's constitution of 1876 ________.

A)called for a parliament
B)limited the powers of the sultan
C)was a first step toward democracy
D)called for a chamber of deputies appointed by the sultan

Question 7

The two houses of the North German Confederation were the ________.

A)Dem Deutschen Volke and Bundestag
B)Reichstag and Parliament
C)Parliament and Bundestag
D)Bundesrat and Reichstag

Question 8

The Paris Commune was dominated by ________.

A)genuine proletarians
B)radicals and socialists
C)strict communists
D)socialists and anarchists

Question 9

Until the close of World War I,________ was treated as merely another Russian province.

A)Finland
B)Lithuania
C)Poland
D)Latvia

Question 10

Which of these ruled the French Second Empire?

A)Napoleon III
B)Napoleon Bonaparte
C)Louis XVIII
D)Adolphe Thiers

Question 11

The final military action of the Crimean War was located ________.

A)in the region of Alsace and Lorraine,bordering the French and German border
B)off the coast of Britain,in the English Channel
C)near the Danube River in southern Germany
D)along the coast of the Black Sea and at the Russian fortress of Sevastopol

Question 12

One of the objectives of the Paris Commune was to ________.

A)administer Paris separately from the rest of France
B)persuade the government to move the capital back to Paris
C)combat anti-Semitism in Paris
D)infiltrate the government and military in order to liberate Paris from France

Question 13

Why did Great Britain and France align themselves with the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War?

A)They opposed Russian expansion in the eastern Mediterranean where they had naval and commercial interests.
B)They feared losing control of holy places in Palestine.
C)They supported the Ottoman Empire's reasons for going to war.
D)They feared that Russia's expansion plans would eventually reach their lands.

Question 14

Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi ________.

A)conducted guerrilla warfare in their attempts to establish an Italian republic
B)used secret diplomacy to further their political ambitions
C)helped to restore the kingdom of Piedmont as a buffer between France and Austria
D)were the driving forces behind the Congress of Vienna

Question 15

The Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane ________.

A)banned the practice of Christianity within the Ottoman Empire
B)banned the practice of Judaism within the Ottoman Empire
C)extended civic equality to all Ottoman subjects regardless of their religion
D)required Christians and Jews to convert to Islam

Question 16

The Italian peninsula was transformed into a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy by ________.

A)1850
B)1855
C)1860
D)1865

Question 17

One of the accomplishments of the Third Republic was the creation of a ________,elected by universal male suffrage.

A)king
B)prime minister
C)Senate
D)Chamber of Deputies

Question 18

Which of the following instituted the most extensive restructuring of Russian society and administration since Peter the Great?

A)Alexander II
B)Alexander III
C)Nicholas I
D)Nicholas II

Question 19

The Hatt-i Hümayun ________.

A)gave non-Muslims equal opportunities for state employment and state schools
B)excluded non-Muslims from state employment
C)excluded non-Muslims from state schools
D)excluded non-Muslims from military obligations

Question 20

One of the flaws of Russia's new legal system,which was modeled after Western legal principles,was that ________.

A)it did not allow for trial by jury
B)it did not consider all accused parties equal before the law
C)the tsar could overrule the judge's sentence
D)the tsar could elect to hear a trial

Question 21

In 1866,Venetia was added to Italy in exchange for ________.

A)Italy's formal recognition of Prussia as an independent nation-state
B)Italy's alliance with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War
C)Italy's military aid to the Prussians in the Crimean War
D)recognition of papal authority in central Italy

Question 22

Prussia excluded Austria from German affairs by ________.

A)denying Austrian claims at the Convention of Gastein
B)defeating Austria in the Seven Weeks' War
C)encouraging and succeeding in an Italian defeat of Austria
D)gaining European-wide support for its policies

Question 23

The Crimean War was the first to ________.

A)utilize modern trench warfare
B)engineer and use early airplanes
C)be covered by war correspondents and photographers
D)issue modern mess kits,including penicillin

Question 24

In the 1860s,Napoleon III made concessions to the liberals ________.

A)to compensate for his failures in foreign policy
B)to stifle growing calls for a revolution
C)to deflect attention away from his failures in domestic reforms
D)in an attempt to suppress a military coup

Question 25

For the first twenty-five years after the Crimean War,European affairs were ________.

A)relatively stable,as countries respected the Vienna settlement
B)tumultuous,as countries adapted to shifts in power
C)unstable,as fears of revolutions declined and the great powers had less reverence for the Vienna settlement
D)stable,as countries joined forces to prevent another war

Question 26

Home rule passed the House of Lords in ________.

A)1914
B)1886
C)1892
D)1912

Question 27

What event(s)demonstrated the Ottoman Empire's inability to regain its former power?

A)the Balkan wars of the late 1870s
B)the Crimean War
C)the Treaty of Paris
D)the issuing of the Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane

Question 28

The Crimean War was rooted in the ________.

A)desire for unification of all German-speaking people
B)hopes of the Italian people for unification on the peninsula
C)long-standing desire of Russia to extend its influence over the Ottoman Empire
D)British desire to dominate all eastern trade

Question 29

Count Camillo Cavour's methods to achieve Italian unification would best coincide with which philosopher's ideology?

A)Locke
B)Machiavelli
C)Robespierre
D)Descartes

Question 30

In 1863,________ nationalists unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Russian dominance.

A)German
B)Czech
C)Polish
D)Japanese

Question 31

Bismarck embraced the cause of German nationalism ________.

A)as a strategy to enable Prussian conservatives to outflank Prussian liberals
B)as a means of deterring a French invasion with a growing military force
C)in hopes of supporting a larger population to undergo European dominance
D)as a political move to solicit an Italian ally in a forthcoming war against Austria

Question 32

The Ballot Act of 1872 introduced ________.

A)universal male suffrage
B)suffrage to Caucasian males without Anglican religious requirements
C)a literacy poll for voting requirements
D)voting by secret ballot

Question 33

Which element of the nineteenth-century European order was destroyed by the Crimean War?

A)the split between Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics
B)the Concert of Europe
C)multinational empires
D)the myth of Prussian invincibility

Question 34

The leader of Ireland's movement for home rule was ________.

A)Gladstone
B)Parnell
C)Disraeli
D)O'Malley

Question 35

Emperor Francis Joseph's scheme for centralized administration of the Habsburg Empire meant that the government was dominated by ________.

A)Russians
B)liberals
C)Hungarians
D)German-speaking Austrians

Question 36

The most important nationalist leader in Europe,who brought new fervor to the hopes of Italian nationalism and unification in the 1830s and 1840s,was ________.

A)Giuseppe Mazzini
B)Francisco Franco
C)Giuseppe Garibaldi
D)Camillo Cavour

Question 37

A formal treaty in December 1858 confirmed an agreement between Count Camillo Cavour and Napoleon III that would ________.

A)provoke a war in Italy,which would in turn permit Italy and France to defeat Austria
B)overthrow Mazzini and allow direct Italian unification,with French assistance
C)defeat the Russians at Sevastopol with Italian and French forces
D)spark revolution in Austria

Question 38

Issued as a decree from the sultan,the Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane attempted to ________.

A)formally annex Serbia and all Slavic peoples to the Ottoman Empire
B)reorganize the empire's administration and military along European lines
C)pressure bureaucrats to recognize only Christianity as a legitimate religion
D)democratize the Ottoman Empire

Question 39

Which of these describes the military operations of the Crimean War?

A)The British and French troops were superior to those of the Ottomans and Russians.
B)The Russian troops were superior to all other forces.
C)The Ottoman troops were superior to all other forces.
D)All of the troops were inept,ill-equipped,and poorly commandeD.

Question 40

Who shepherded the Second Reform Act of 1867?

A)Benjamin Disraeli
B)William Gladstone
C)Lord Derby
D)Lord Russell

Question 41

Why was 1860 considered a turning point during the reign of Napoleon III?

A)It marked the shift from a liberal empire to an authoritative empire.
B)It marked the shift from an authoritative empire to a liberal empire.
C)It was the year Napoleon III gained control of the legislature.
D)It was the year Napoleon III permitted labor unions.

Question 42

Russian peasants responded to young revolutionaries who tried to win their support for social reforms based on the communal life of peasants by ________.

A)embracing their cause and joining the revolution
B)accepting their ideas but expressing skepticism for their methods
C)engaging in violent conflicts with the revolutionaries
D)turning the revolutionaries over to the police

Question 43

Austria-Hungary's formation of a dual monarchy in 1867 ________.

A)meant greater Austrian control of Hungary
B)meant that a Magyar occupied the Hungarian throne
C)meant that Austria and Hungary became virtually separate states
D)enabled Austria-Hungary to become a major imperial power in Africa

Question 44

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire were,in general,_______.

A)implementations of Sharia law
B)unsuccessful
C)intended to align the empire with Russia
D)westernizing

Question 45

At the close of the Crimean War,the image of an invincible Russia that had prevailed across Europe since the close of the ________ Wars was shattered.

Question 46

Which of the following groups would have supported the Compromise of 1867?

A)Czechs
B)Hungarians
C)Romanians
D)Croatians

Question 47

Putting reforms into practice was difficult,especially in Egypt and Tunis,where local rulers were virtually independent of ________.

Question 48

What motivated Alexander II to abolish serfdom?

A)socialist ideas about oppression
B)socialist ideas about land ownership
C)classical economist ideas about labor
D)a belief that serfdom would hold Russia back

Question 49

On March 28,1854,France and Britain declared war on ________ in alliance with the Ottomans.

Question 50

The Russian government responded to radical revolutionary groups that emerged in the late 1800s by ________.

A)meeting with them to hear their concerns
B)making limited concessions
C)increasing repression
D)introducing liberal reforms

Question 51

Which of the following statements about Napoleon III is true?

A)Napoleon III was killed in the Battle of Sedan.
B)Napoleon III was captured in the Battle of Sedan.
C)Napoleon III died in exile in 1873.
D)Napoleon III was considered the greatest of all European leaders of the nineteenth century.

Question 52

The Balkan tensions of the late 1800s ________.

A)helped to spark the First World War
B)decreased as national groups linked themselves to established states
C)were a major source of political instability in Western Europe
D)were a result of conflicts between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires

Question 53

Czech "trialism" was vetoed and argued against because ________.

A)Francis Joseph was not willing to accept the concept
B)the Magyars believed they might be forced to make similar concessions to their own subject nationalities
C)the Germans in the empire would lose standing
D)there was little public support for it in Bohemia

Question 54

Gladstone's ministry of 1868 to 1874 witnessed the culmination of ________.

A)staunch conservatism
B)classical British liberalism
C)radical socialism
D)renowned republicanism

Question 55

William Gladstone disestablished the Church of Ireland for what reason?

A)to eliminate the church's competition with the Church of England
B)as a blow to Irish nationalists
C)as a concession to Irish nationalism
D)to begin the process of Irish home rule

Question 56

Refer to the essay "The Arrival of Penny Postage." How did the changes in the British postal service affect the quantity of mail and the size of the government workforce?

A)Both the quantity of mail and the size of the government workforce rose.
B)The size of the government workforce rose to prevent mail fraud,and the mail quantity decreased.
C)The new changes did not affect the size of the government,but the quantity of mail rose significantly.
D)The new changes did not affect the quantity of mail,but the size of government increased significantly.

Question 57

The most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914 was ________.

A)the leadership of Bismarck
B)German unification
C)Russian defeat in the Crimean War
D)Italy's alliance with Prussia against Austria

Question 58

Ireland played the same role in British politics that ________ did in Habsburg politics.

A)Hungary
B)Austria
C)Prussia
D)Poland

Question 59

The state of ________,the most independent state on the Italian peninsula,led the country's unification effort.

Question 60

During the age of Tanzimat,the Ottoman Empire actually sought to copy ________ legal and military institutions and the secular values flowing from liberalism.

Question 61

The ________ of 1867 transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy.

Question 62

Austrian refusal to support Russia during the ________ War meant the new tsar,Alexander II,would no longer help preserve Habsburg rule in Hungary.

Question 63

The war of 1870 against ________ had been the French government's last and most disastrous attempt to shore up its foreign policy and secure domestic popularity.

Question 64

The French National Assembly backed into a ________ form of government against its will.

Question 65

Cavour believed that only ________ intervention could defeat Austria and unite Italy.

Question 66

Bismarck's values were stereotypically ________ later in his political career.

Question 67

In what ways did the unification of Germany differ from the unification of Italy? In what ways was it similar?

Question 68

What led to reforms within the Ottoman Empire? What reorganization occurred? What problems resulted from these changes? In your opinion,was change inevitable or would the Ottoman Empire have collapsed regardless of reorganization? Explain.

Question 69

How and why did the issue of Irish home rule prove to be such a difficult political problem for Great Britain's liberal state?

Question 70

By the late nineteenth century,the single most important factor in defining a nation was ________.

Question 71

What reforms were instituted in Russia from 1855-1881? Did they solve Russia's domestic problems? Why did the abolition of serfdom not satisfy the peasants? What were the goals of The People's Will?

Question 72

How did the unrest of nationalities affect the Austrian-Hungarian Empire? How did the government react to this unrest? What role did nationalism play during this period? Why do you think some nationalities gained autonomy while others did not? Explain.

Question 73

The unification of Germany was a blow to European ________.

Question 74

The German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 at the Palace of ________.

Question 75

Was Bismarck a nationalist? Compare development driven by nationalism in Prussia and the Habsburg empire in the later 1800s.

Question 76

To what extent does it seem that Cavour determined the course of Italian unification,and to what extent does it seem that he was forced by circumstances to take particular actions? Do you think that Italy would have united in more or less the same way and at more or less the same time with or without Cavour? Explain your answer using specific information from the text.

Question 77

Discuss reforms in Britain during Benjamin Disraeli's terms.Who benefited from them and how did they extend the rights of the government,business,and workers?

Question 78

Refer to the excerpt "Heinrich von Treitschke Demands the Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine." On what grounds does Treitschke base the German claim to Alsace and Lorraine? Why does he contend it is proper to ignore the wishes of the people involved? What,if any,political morality informs his views?

Question 79

In 1866,Prussia went to war with ________,after siding with it against Denmark in 1864.

Question 80

What were the causes of the Crimean War? Which nations were involved? What was the outcome of the war? What did the peace settlements state? What long-term results emerged?