Deck 27: The Interwar Years: the Challenge of Dictators and Depression

Question 1

Most of the money the Allies collected in war reparations went to ________.

A)France
B)Great Britain
C)the United States
D)the Soviet Union

Answer 1

the United States

Question 2

The Lateran Accord of 1929 established that ________.

A)the pope was ruler of the independent Vatican City
B)the government would be forgiven its confiscation of papal lands
C)Catholicism was one of multiple recognized religions in Italy
D)the church laws on marriage would be eclipsed by government law

Answer 2

the pope was ruler of the independent Vatican City

Question 3

The 1936 Popular Front government of France consisted of an alliance between which of the following political parties?

A)Socialists,Radicals,and Communists
B)Radicals,Communists,and Fascists
C)Liberals,Anarchists,and Communists
D)Socialists,Nazis,and Communists

Answer 3

Socialists,Radicals,and Communists

Question 4

In 1924,the ________ reorganized the administration and the transfer of reparations,which,in turn,smoothed the debt repayments to the United States.

A)Adams Plan
B)Dawes Plan
C)Monroe Plan
D)Young Plan

Question 5

Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany ________.

A)after a brief but bloody revolution
B)by legal means
C)after a campaign of selective assassination
D)after a heated lawsuit

Question 6

Between 1928 and 1940,Soviet industrial production ________.

A)rose dramatically
B)declined slightly
C)rose gradually
D)remained stagnant

Question 7

The majority of the founding members of the Fasci di Combattimento were ________.

A)war veterans
B)government workers
C)members of the Socialist Party
D)members of the Communist Party

Question 8

Fascists won a majority in the Italian Chamber of Deputies in ________.

A)1922
B)1918
C)1934
D)1924

Question 9

The 1935 Nuremberg laws ________.

A)stripped German Jews of their citizenship
B)established a police state in Germany
C)were modeled after the Soviet New Economic Policy
D)nationalized all banks and factories

Question 10

When was the Irish Free State established?

A)1916
B)1919
C)1921
D)1929

Question 11

A mixed economy is ________.

A)based on a mixture of light industry,heavy industry,and agriculture
B)one in which economic decisions are made by the government,business,and labor
C)a combination of government-controlled businesses and free enterprises
D)one with no dominant industry

Question 12

In the two decades following the end of World War I,what belief did the governments and societies of Eastern and Western Europe share?

A)Germany posed the biggest threat to world peace.
B)The Treaty of Versailles was unjust.
C)The United States should not have received the biggest reparations from Germany.
D)The Soviet Union posed the greatest threat to Europe's security.

Question 13

The era of reparations was effectively ended by _________.

A)the Kreditanstalt in Vienna
B)the Young Plan
C)the Lausanne Conference
D)Hoover's moratorium

Question 14

German unemployment from March 1930 to March 1932 ________.

A)rose slightly
B)rose by 30 percent
C)more than doubled
D)quadrupled

Question 15

How did Marxists view the economic downturn that became known as the Great Depression?

A)They welcomed it because they believed it signaled the imminent downfall of capitalism.
B)They resented it because they believed it would thwart their plans to spread socialism throughout the world.
C)They feared it because they believed it would make the masses reject their labor initiatives.
D)They used it to manipulate public opinion and accelerate the spread of socialism around the worlD.

Question 16

The Lateran Accord of 1929 ended approximately ________ years of hostility between the Vatican and the state of Italy.

A)20
B)40
C)50
D)70

Question 17

Under the New Economic Policy,________.

A)the Soviets did not have to pay taxes
B)the government restricted free trade
C)private economic enterprise was permitted
D)peasants hoarded grain

Question 18

The discontent and resentment that resulted from the Paris settlements ________.

A)were largely restricted to Germany and France
B)were largely restricted to the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
C)were largely restricted to national minorities
D)contributed to domestic political turmoil throughout Europe

Question 19

By 1933,the Nazi storm troopers had ________.

A)one million members
B)ceased to be an important political force
C)been absorbed by the Gestapo
D)lost favor with most Nazi officials

Question 20

Support for Hitler was particularly strong among groups such as ________.

A)farmers,war veterans,and the young
B)merchants,politicians,and the elderly
C)the aristocracy,Calvinists,and the military
D)conservatives,the Roman Catholic Church,and the middle class

Question 21

Which of these describes attitudes toward the Versailles settlement in the 1920s and 1930s?

A)near-unanimous opposition
B)general satisfaction
C)discontent among the defeated parties
D)widespread optimism

Question 22

Which of these best explains the Great Purges?

A)They were a natural outgrowth of the Bolshevik takeover.
B)They were the kind of revolution foreseen by Marx.
C)They were a reaction to the Versailles settlement.
D)They were largely the product of Stalin's own fears and goals.

Question 23

France's occupation of the Ruhr mining and manufacturing district was ________.

A)unsuccessful because,although France was successful in getting Germany's debt to it paid,the occupation was costly
B)successful because France collected the remainder of the reparation payments Germany owed it and obtained ownership of industries in the Ruhr mining and manufacturing district
C)unsuccessful because Germany refused to negotiate with France while it occupied the mining and manufacturing district
D)unsuccessful because Germany failed to pay the reparation payments in full

Question 24

Which successor state avoided a self-imposed authoritarian government?

A)Czechoslovakia
B)Poland
C)Austria
D)Germany

Question 25

The pretext for the onset of the ________ was the assassination of Sergei Kirov on December 1,1934.

A)Twenty-One Conditions
B)Great Purges
C)Period of Rapid Industrialization
D)Great Leap Forward

Question 26

Which of the following best characterizes Communist Party members who joined following the Great Purges?

A)idealistic
B)dedicated Bolsheviks
C)intellectuals
D)Stalin loyalists

Question 27

The Wall Street crash of October 1929 was the result of ________.

A)virtually unregulated financial speculation
B)many incidents of insider trading
C)U.S.government corruption in the stock market
D)a technical error in the transmission of stock prices

Question 28

While the capitalist economies of Western Europe floundered in the Great Depression,the Soviet Union undertook ________.

A)a large-scale cultural revolution
B)a large step in scientific research and innovation
C)rapid industrialization
D)the "Great Leap Forward"

Question 29

Other than the Communist Party,the political parties in Yugoslavia each represented ________.

A)a particular region of the country
B)a particular ethnic group
C)the nation
D)a particular ideology

Question 30

Germany's struggle for economic security resulted in the ________.

A)Great Depression
B)establishment of the Nazi dictatorship
C)establishment of the Weimar regime
D)rise of socialism in Germany

Question 31

Which of these increased the impact of the Great Depression in Europe?

A)the Russian Revolution
B)war reparations
C)the failure of Germany to make reparations
D)close financial ties between the U.S.and Europe

Question 32

The Fascists' seizure of the Italian government can be primarily attributed to the ________.

A)resignation of the cabinet
B)majority controlled by Mussolini in the Chamber of Deputies
C)failure of the king to authorize the army to block the Black Shirt March
D)split between Mussolini and his former political allies before the march on Rome

Question 33

What minority looked to Hitler to resolve their nationalist ambitions?

A)the Germans of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
B)the Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia
C)the Poles in Czechoslovakia
D)the Ukrainians in Poland

Question 34

Why did Stalin reverse the New Economic Policy?

A)It was crafted by his archrival,Lenin.
B)It had failed to increase industrial production.
C)He decided collectivization would allow Russia to produce enough grain for domestic food and foreign export.
D)He wanted to separate his economic plans from those of his predecessor and the stagnant economy associated with him.

Question 35

What country was once known as the Kingdom of the Serbs,Croats,and Slovenes?

A)Czechoslovakia
B)Yugoslavia
C)Poland
D)Hungary

Question 36

What was Britain's reaction to the occupation of the Ruhr mining and manufacturing district by French and Belgian troops?

A)It deplored France's heavy-handed tactics.
B)It admired France's show of strength.
C)It respected France's resolve to take matters into its own hands.
D)It questioned why France had not obtained approval for the occupation from the League of Nations.

Question 37

Royal dictatorships were imposed in ________.

A)Yugoslavia,Bulgaria,Romania,and Greece
B)Yugoslavia,Czechoslovakia,Romania,and Greece
C)Poland,Bulgaria,Romania,and Czechoslovakia
D)Yugoslavia,Bulgaria,Austria,and Greece

Question 38

Following the end of World War I,the U.S.economy ________.

A)was restored in a relatively quick fashion
B)was restored,though it took a number of years
C)could not be restored
D)remained in fragments for two decades

Question 39

American investment capital that had been pouring into Europe began to decline by 1928 as a result of ________.

A)the Wall Street crash in October 1929
B)money being diverted into the booming New York stock market
C)public outrage in America over France's occupation of the Ruhr mining and manufacturing district
D)a loss of faith in Europe's economy by American investors

Question 40

The Popular Front Ministry enacted major social and economic reforms in France despite fierce resistance from ________.

A)business and conservative groups
B)liberal groups
C)Socialists,Radicals,and Communists
D)the public

Question 41

The Great Depression began in the year ________.

Question 42

Which of these nations provided an exception to the authoritarian regimes that were common in eastern Europe between the wars?

A)Hungary
B)Romania
C)Czechoslovakia
D)Poland

Question 43

Which of the following contributed to the establishment of authoritarian regimes across Western Europe?

A)the spread of Bolshevism beyond the Soviet Union
B)fractures between different socialist groups
C)growing sympathy for Communism in Italy
D)the fear of Bolshevism spreading beyond the Soviet Union

Question 44

The collapse in ________ prices and the financial turmoil resulted in stagnation and depression for European industry.

Question 45

Which of these had a destabilizing effect on the successor states in the 1920s and 1930s?

A)rampant nationalism
B)reimposition of the pre-war empires
C)liberal democratic reforms
D)coalition governments

Question 46

Mussolini's main political goal was ________.

A)implementing fascist ideology
B)survival
C)Bolshevist principles
D)the desire for peace

Question 47

The suspending of civil liberties and arrests of communists or alleged communists was a direct result of ________.

A)Hitler's appointment as chancellor
B)the Reichstag fire
C)the film Triumph of the Will
D)the Olympic games held in Berlin in 1936

Question 48

The new Poland was constructed from the countries of ________.

A)Russia,Lithuania,and Germany
B)Russia,Germany,and Austria
C)Germany,Austria,and Czechoslovakia
D)Austria,Italy,and Russia

Question 49

Which of these was a powerful factor in the rise of both Mussolini and Hitler?

A)crippling reparation payments
B)religious reaction
C)wounded national pride
D)runaway inflation

Question 50

In the Nazi ideology,women were considered first and foremost as _________.

A)economically useless
B)inferior
C)morally weak
D)mothers

Question 51

The Fascists used their victory in the Italian Chamber of Deputies to ________.

A)gain popular support for the Fascist Party
B)pass laws that allowed Mussolini to rule by decree
C)abolish the monarchy
D)intimidate the minority party of the parliament

Question 52

Mussolini's brokering of the Lateran Accord resulted in ________.

A)disdain among Italians,the majority of whom opposed a separate state for the Vatican
B)fear among Italians,the majority of whom opposed Catholicism as a national religion
C)anger among Italians,with many feeling that Italy's concessions had been too costly
D)approval among Italians,bringing increased respectability to Mussolini's regime

Question 53

The outflow of foreign capital from Germany beginning in 1928 undermined a brief prosperity and resulted in an economic crisis ending ________.

A)parliamentary government
B)authoritarian rule
C)free elections
D)the rule of the Social Democrats

Question 54

The 1932 German presidential elections resulted in ________.

A)a Nazi victory in the runoff election
B)Hindenburg's dismissal of Brüning
C)Hindenburg's failure to win reelection
D)Hitler's election as president

Question 55

The victorious powers demanded that the Treaty of Versailles be ________;the other side demanded that it be ________.

Question 56

Grain shortages in the Soviet Union in 1928-1929 were the result of ________.

A)the hoarding of grain
B)population increases
C)crop failures
D)collectivization

Question 57

When American ________ for Europe began to run out,a severe financial crisis struck the Continent.

Question 58

It is easiest to define fascism in terms of ________.

A)communism
B)support for Socialism
C)its economic policies
D)what it opposed

Question 59

________ enunciated the doctrine of "socialism in one country."

Question 60

The Italian cabinet's resignation en masse in 1922 resulted in ________.

A)the monarch asking Mussolini to become prime minister
B)Mussolini's election to the cabinet
C)the abolition of all political parties other than the Fascists in Italy
D)the creation of a single-party dictatorial state

Question 61

The ________ set production goals for every area of economic life and attempted to organize the economy to meet them.

Question 62

The ________ dominated the government of Yugoslavia.

Question 63

________ was the executor of the imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet citizens between 1934 and 1939.

Question 64

In Poland in 1926,________ launched a military coup.

Question 65

Refer to the passage "Hitler Rejects the Emancipation of Women." What social tasks did Hitler allocate to women? Why does he link the liberation of women with Jews and intellectuals? How does he try to subordinate the lives of women to the sovereignty of the state?

Question 66

What were the major developments in the economy of the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s? In your opinion,which (if any)Soviet economic policies truly embodied socialist principles?

Question 67

The replacement of private peasant farms with huge state-run and state-owned farms was called ________.

Question 68

Hitler was named _________ in 1933.

Question 69

What political and economic alternatives did Hitler present to the German populace that allowed him to gain support over his more conservative opponents? Once in office,how was he able to convince a nation that the persecution of Jews was justified? Do you believe this could happen again?

Question 70

On March 23,1933,the Reichstag passed an ________ that permitted Hitler to rule by decree.

Question 71

What were the causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s? What aspects and people within society were most affected? Why was it more severe and longer lasting than previous depressions?

Question 72

Discuss the basic tenets of Italian fascism.What were the main aims of fascist groups in terms of the relationship between the government and various social classes? What political ideas did they reject and why?

Question 73

Refer to the excerpt "Cinema of the Political Left and Right." What aspects of the cinema made the Nazi and Soviet regimes so interested in film? How did the films of such artists as Leni Riefenstahl affect the regimes? Based on this excerpt,do you believe the films were art,propaganda,or both? Explain.

Question 74

Thousands of Hungarians were executed or imprisoned following the collapse of the ________ government.

Question 75

Describe how nationalism created social and political tensions in the successor states in eastern Europe.Do you believe they were inevitable,or could they have been prevented? Explain why,and what recommendations you would have given the negotiators in Paris if you had been an advisor to the settlement talks.

Question 76

Italy became a single-party,dictatorial state in ________.

Question 77

Set the stage for the political dynamics in play in Europe following the conclusion of World War I.How were governments changing,and what major trends were forming?

Question 78

________,meaning "Night of Smashed Glass," refers to the broken glass that littered German streets after the looting and destruction of Jewish homes,businesses,and synagogues across Germany on the orders of the Nazi Party in November 1938.

Question 79

To what extent were economic factors responsible for Hitler's rise to power? Explain.If economic factors had been different,do you think Hitler would have still come into power?

Question 80

Describe how the Soviets successfully collectivized the agricultural economy.Include an explanation of the Soviet people's response to collectivization and an analysis of the results.