Deck 5: A: Development

Question 1

Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children have to discover concepts on their own.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Piaget used the term egocentric to mean "selfish" or "unwilling to share."​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Selective attrition is a greater problem with longitudinal research than with cross-sectional research.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

An apparent "anxious attachment" in the Strange Situation means the same thing for Japanese infants as it does for American infants.​

Question 5

If a young developing neuron gets too little excitation,it self-destructs.​

Question 6

Most people experience intense "storm and stress" throughout their adolescent years.​

Question 7

Infants show no indication of learning or memory before age 2 weeks.​

Question 8

To study whether nervous children tend to become nervous adults,a longitudinal design is better than a cross-sectional design.​

Question 9

If a cross-sectional study shows a difference between people of different ages,the difference might be due to a cohort effect.​

Question 10

A child sees someone hide a small toy in a tiny room.Now the task is to find the larger toy in the full-sized room.Young children might or might not find it,depending on how someone words the instructions.​

Question 11

Jean Piaget argued that children's thinking is just like that of adults,except that children's thinking is slower and less well informed.​

Question 12

Infants may or may not seem to understand object permanence,depending on how we test them.​

Question 13

Cohort effects influence longitudinal studies more than they do cross-sectional studies.​

Question 14

Infants start making muscle movements before their sense organs send any messages to the brain.​

Question 15

Even month-old infants notice the difference between the sounds "ba" and "pa."​

Question 16

A child who fails one of Piaget's conservation tasks will fail them all.​

Question 17

According to Erik Erikson,someone who has problems at one stage of development will probably continue to have difficulties at later ages.​

Question 18

Suppose we put a colored dot on a child's face.Now the child looks in a mirror.A child who has a "sense of self" will react by pointing to the dot in the mirror.​

Question 19

Very young infants pay attention to pictures of faces only if the pictures are highly realistic.​

Question 20

Piaget emphasized that children move gradually from one stage to another,and frequently fluctuate among stages.​

Question 21

The main reason for adolescent risk-taking behaviors is that the adolescents are not aware of the dangers.​

Question 22

People often react to reminders of death by reaffirming their religious and political beliefs.​

Question 23

On average,men and women are about equal at detecting facial expressions of emotion.​

Question 24

When newborns hear a sound,they increase their sucking.After some repetitions of the sound,their sucking decreases.If a change in the sound increases their sucking,we say that it produced _________________.​

Question 25

An investigator who follows a single group of individuals year after year is using a ___________________ design.​

Question 26

One problem in a longitudinal study is that certain types of people may be more likely than others to drop out.This tendency is known as _____________ attrition.​

Question 27

Many of the apparent differences between firstborn and later-born children are really due to differences between small and large families.​

Question 28

The personalities of adopted children correlate highly with those of the adopting parents.​

Question 29

An investigator who compares people of different ages all at the same time,is using a ____________ design.​

Question 30

Most children reared by a single parent or by gay or lesbian couples develop about normally.​

Question 31

Exercise programs designed to increase older people's physical activity levels also lead to improvements in their memory and cognition.​

Question 32

Expressions of anger tend to be more effective in the United States than in Asia.​

Question 33

A research design that combines the advantages of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs is known as ____________________.​

Question 34

If a mother drinks much alcohol during pregnancy,her child may have a set of physical and behavioral abnormalities known as __________________ syndrome.​

Question 35

The issues that middle-aged people face in a midlife transition resemble an adolescent identity crisis.​

Question 36

Men and women differ in their interests more than they do in their abilities.​

Question 37

Evidence suggests that a history of rice farming leads to a "collectivist" culture.​

Question 38

Men have greater abilities to do well in math than women do.​

Question 39

Most racially mixed people feel rejected by both groups.​

Question 40

A group of people born at a particular time,or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time,is known as a ______​

Question 41

According to Piaget,children lack the concept of object permanence during the ____________ stage.​

Question 42

The idea that we cope with our fear of death by avoiding thoughts about death and by affirming our worldview,including religious or political beliefs,is known as _________-management theory.​

Question 43

How would a psychologist determine whether a child understands Piaget's concept of conservation?​

Question 44

Children who have mastered the conservation tasks,but who have difficulty with abstract or hypothetical ideas,are in Piaget's ______________ stage.​

Question 45

Children who understand object permanence,but who do not yet have the concept of conservation,are in Piaget's ______________ stage.​

Question 46

Define theory of mind and give an example of a situation involving a child who has not yet developed theory of mind.​

Question 47

What is the difference between a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design? Which would be better for a researcher who wanted to avoid the influence of cohort effects?​

Question 48

According to Piaget children in the preoperational stage do not understand that someone could rearrange coins without changing their number,or pour a liquid without changing its volume.He therefore said that these children lack the concept of _____________.​

Question 49

Piaget's first stage,marked by simple responses to current stimuli,is known as the ____________ stage.​

Question 50

According to Piaget,a child who cannot easily take another person's perspective is said to be ___________.​

Question 51

The different activities that a society expects of males and females are known as ___________ roles.​

Question 52

Can infants within the first days after birth recognize their own mother's voice? What evidence supports this conclusion?​

Question 53

To measure an infant's attachment to the mother,psychologists observe the infant's reactions as the mother and a stranger enter or depart from the room.This procedure is called the ___________ Situation.​

Question 54

To measure or predict attachment behavior in a 3-month-old infant,a parent plays with a child and then shifts to an unresponsive,unexpressive face.This procedure is called the _____-_____ Paradigm.​

Question 55

Lev Vygotsky emphasized the idea that with appropriate help,children can advance a certain distance beyond what they can do by themselves.He called this distance the zone of __________ development.​

Question 56

According to Erik Erikson,an identity crisis is particularly likely for people during the age of __________________.​

Question 57

Infants a few months old either do or do not appear to understand object permanence,depending on how we test them.Describe the two tests leading to different conclusions.​

Question 58

The idea that some people know something that other people do not is called "theory of ______."​

Question 59

In Piaget's terminology,applying an old schema to a new situation is called __________​

Question 60

In Piaget's terminology,modifying a schema to fit a new situation is called ___________.​

Question 61

What are some examples to show that children do or do not appear to understand a concept,depending on how we test it?​

Question 62

According to terror-management theory,how do people react to reminders that they will die?​

Question 63

Many studies have reported differences between firstborn and later-born children.What aspect of the procedure makes it difficult for us to draw conclusions from these results?​

Question 64

Describe the Strange Situation and how psychologists use it to evaluate infant attachment.​