Deck 1: What Is Psychology

Question 1

​The position known as determinism insists on which of the following statements?

A)Every action has a cause.
B)​The mind is separate from the body.
C)​Heredity and environment are equally important.
D)​Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Answer 1

Every action has a cause.

Question 2

Which of these does the concept of free will imply?​

A)Everything we do has a cause.
B)​Mind and body are inseparable.
C)​Scientific research could never explain human behavior.
D)​The factors that influence behavior vary from one culture to another.

Answer 2

​Scientific research could never explain human behavior.

Question 3

​What type of research tests the assumptions of determinism?

A)Research on the role of heredity
B)​Research on the functions of brain areas
C)​Research on the predictability of behavior
D)​Research on why some people are more successful than others

Answer 3

​Research on the predictability of behavior

Question 4

Why did psychologists of the early 1900s stop defining psychology as the study of mind?​

A)Research deals only with the observable.
B)​Bigger research grants were available for other topics.
C)​Early research proved that many people do not have a mind.
D)​Psychologists wanted to concentrate on unconscious thinking.

Question 5

Which of the following (if true)would most seriously contradict the assumptions of determinism?​

A)Some people with high motivation and effort nevertheless fail.
B)​Certain types of brain damage have no effect on behavior.
C)​Certain types of behavior are totally unpredictable.
D)​Heredity controls some behaviors and the environment controls others.

Question 6

Decades ago,two laboratories consistently got different results in studies about human learning.What did the researchers discover was responsible for the different results?​

A)The room temperature was higher in one laboratory than in the other.
B)​Participants at one college were better educated than those at the other college.
C)​Participants in the two laboratories sat in different types of chairs.
D)​One laboratory did studies in the morning and the other did them in the evening.

Question 7

​Why do so few statements apply to the behavior of all people,all the time?

A)Human behavior does not follow principles of cause and effect.
B)​So far, psychologists have not conducted much scientific research.
C)​Behavior varies depending on a huge variety of influences.
D)​None of the research on animals applies in any way to people.

Question 8

The idea of free will is often seen as the opposite of which position?​

A)Monism
B)​Dualism
C)​Determinism
D)​Environmentalism

Question 9

A psychologist examines people in challenging situations and tries to predict or explain their choices.The results are most likely to be relevant to which of these issues?​

A)The evolution of behavior
B)​The mind-brain issue
C)​Free will versus determinism
D)​The nature-nurture issue

Question 10

The word psychology was derived from the Greek words psyche and logos,meaning __________.​

A)word and study
B)​mind and word
C)​depth and mind
D)​mind and body

Question 11

Adherents of free will disagree with adherents of determinism with regard to whether behavior is ____________.​

A)inherited
B)​adaptive
C)​predictable
D)​conscious

Question 12

Someone who accepts the ides of "determinism" believes which of the following?​

A)With enough persistence and effort, a person can accomplish great things.
B)​Everything you do has a cause.
C)​Mind and brain are inseparable.
D)​Heredity is more important than environment in influencing behavior.

Question 13

​People who support the idea of free will OPPOSE which of these concepts?

A)Human behavior differs from that of animal behavior.
B)​Heredity and environment are equally important.
C)​Parents should apply discipline to disobedient children.
D)​It is possible for scientists to discover the causes of behavior.

Question 14

According to adherents of determinism,why can we not completely predict people's behavior?​

A)People have a free will that goes beyond the theoretical limits of science.
B)​Researchers have not yet mapped the human genome in enough detail.
C)​The mind is separate from the brain.
D)​Many small influences have measurable consequences on behavior.

Question 15

Many adherents of determinism concede one limitation of this viewpoint:​

A)Determinism applies to nonhuman animals, but not to people.
B)​Determinism does not apply to human language.
C)Determinism is fundamentally nonscientific.
D)​Determinism is not helpful as a philosophy of life.

Question 16

The mind-brain (or mind-body)problem refers to which question?​

A)What happens to the brain during an out-of-body experience?
B)​Which part of the brain does the mind control?
C)​What is the relationship between mind and brain?
D)​Which is more important, the mind or the brain?

Question 17

​Psychologists made more progress in understanding sensation than emotion or personality.Why?

A)Traditionally, psychologists have found sensation to be more interesting.
B)​Psychologists can measure sensation more accurately.
C)​None of the research on sensation requires expensive equipment.
D)​Several theories have been proposed about sensation, but not about personality or emotion.

Question 18

What does someone who supports the position of determinism believe?​

A)With strong effort, anyone can overcome early handicaps.
B)​Scientific research can discover explanations of behavior.
C)​The best way to know why people act as they do is simply to ask them.
D)​Behavioral development depends mainly on genetic influences.

Question 19

Someone who believes that all behaviors have a cause follows which philosophical position?​

A)Determinism
B)​Monism
C)​Dualism
D)​Hereditarianism

Question 20

​What does the philosophical position of determinism imply?

A)We live in a world governed by cause and effect.
B)​A complete understanding of your genetics could predict and explain everything you do.
C)​Someone with a dominant personality can strongly influence other people.
D)​People have a free will to control their own destiny.

Question 21

​A psychiatrist has which educational degree(s)?

A)Bachelor's degree only
B)​Bachelor's degree only
C)​MD
D)​Both a PhD and a PsyD

Question 22

​An effort to find genes that predispose people to alcohol abuse would be most relevant to which of these issues?

A)Free will versus determinism
B)​The mind-brain relationship
C)​Structuralism versus functionalism
D)​The nature-nurture issue

Question 23

The term monism refers to which belief?​

A)All animal life on Earth evolved from a single ancestor.
B)​Every behavior has a cause.
C)​Mental activity is the same thing as brain activity.
D)​Heredity and environment are equally important for behavioral development.

Question 24

​Which type of specialist is most likely to treat people who have severe psychological disorders?

A)A clinical psychologist
B)​A psychiatrist
C)​A clinical social worker
D)​A counseling psychologist

Question 25

In most states,can psychoanalysts prescribe drugs?​

A)Yes, all of them can.
B)​No, none of them can.
C)​Only those who are clinical psychologists can.
D)​Only those who are psychiatrists can.

Question 26

Which of these types of therapist is most likely to have a Ph.D.degree?​

A)Clinical social worker
B)​Psychoanalyst
C)​Psychiatrist
D)​Clinical psychologist

Question 27

A clinical psychologist has which educational degree(s)?​

A)Bachelor's degree only
B)​Master's, PhD, or PsyD
C)​MD

Question 28

​In what way do psychiatrists and clinical psychologists most strongly differ?

A)They differ in their theories of personality.
B)​They have different educational degrees.
C)​Psychiatrists conduct research, and psychologists deal with patients.
D)​Psychiatrists treat individuals, and psychologists deal with groups.

Question 29

Dualism-the idea that mind and brain exist separately-conflicts most directly with which of these?​

A)Statisticians' principle of regression to the mean
B)​Psychologists' law of effect
C)​Physicists' principle of conservation of matter and energy
D)​Biologists' principle of evolution by natural selection

Question 30

​Which of these types of psychotherapist is necessarily a medical doctor?

A)clinical psychologist
B)​clinical social worker
C)​psychiatrist
D)​psychoanalyst

Question 31

​Which of the following is an example of a question related to the nature-nurture issue?​

A)To what extent can unconscious influences alter people's behavior?
B)​How much of the difference between boys and girls depends on their genes?
C)​Which brain areas are most important for learning and memory?
D)​Are certain behaviors completely random or unpredictable?

Question 32

​Which of the following is an example of evidence to support monism?

A)Most adults show personality similarities to the way they acted as children.
B)​Twins resemble each other more closely than other relatives do.
C)​On average, people in large cities behave differently from those in small towns.
D)​Every mental activity is associated with measurable brain activity.

Question 33

The nature-nurture issue concerns the relationship between which of these?

A)Determinism and free will
B)​Thoughts and action
C)​Mind and brain
D)​Heredity and environment

Question 34

​What distinguishes a psychoanalyst from other kinds of therapists?

A)Absence of any formal education
B)​Greater interest in psychological research than in treating patients
C)​Reliance on theories and methods pioneered by Sigmund Freud
D)​Use of devices that measure brain activity

Question 35

"In a universe composed of matter and energy,why is there such a thing as consciousness?" This question relates most closely to which of these philosophical issues?​

A)The ethics of research
B)​The roles of heredity and environment
C)​The mind-brain relationship
D)​Free will and determinism

Question 36

The study of the role of heredity and environment relates to which of these issues?​

A)The nature-nurture issue
B)The mind-brain relationship
C)​The issue of determinism versus free will
D)​The issue of how we should classify types of mental disorder

Question 37

What do psychologists and philosophers mean by the "mind-body" question?​

A)Is the mind aware of what goes on in the body?
B)​How does brain activity relate to mental experience?
C)​Which is more important, mind or body?
D)​Do you mind what I do with your body?

Question 38

Someone interested in the nature-nurture issue would probably explore how behavioral development depends on which factors?

A)Heredity and environment
B)​Mind and brain
C)​Thoughts and ideas
D)​Diet and exercise

Question 39

Which of the following states the principle of monism?​

A)Brain activity comes first, then mental activity.
B)​Brain activity is the same thing as mental activity.
C)​Mental activity causes brain activity.
D)​Mental activity controls thinking, and brain activity controls behavior.

Question 40

​What can a psychiatrist do that a clinical psychologist cannot do,in most states?

A)Hypnotize people
B)​Supervise sessions of Alcoholics Anonymous
C)​Prescribe drugs
D)​Conduct research

Question 41

Many military psychologists resemble industrial/organizational psychologists in what way?​

A)They help identify people suitable for certain jobs.
B)​They testify in court about who is mentally competent.
C)​They do research to help improve equipment so that people can use it easily.
D)​They mediate between management and the labor unions.

Question 42

​Which of these is NOT a typical activity for industrial/organizational psychologists?

A)Helping companies hire the best employees
B)​Helping companies train people for their jobs
C)​Counseling employees who have psychological disorders
D)​Trying to improve worker satisfaction by better organization

Question 43

​Someone who helps a company train people for jobs,select good employees,and organize the workplace is which type of psychologist?

A)Forensic
B)​Human factors
C)​Psychoanalyst
D)​Industrial/organizational

Question 44

​How does a counseling psychologist differ from a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist?

A)A counseling psychologist less often treats psychological disorders.
B)​A counseling psychologist more often conducts laboratory research.
C)​A counseling psychologist more often prescribes medications.
D)​A counseling psychologist has no formal education.

Question 45

What education must someone have to practice school psychology in the United States?​

A)A high-school diploma and a recommendation from a school counselor
B)​A two-year degree from a community college
C)​A bachelor's degree plus one year of experience
D)​At least a master's degree

Question 46

​Which of these would someone in human factors (ergonomics)probably do?

A)Study how human behavior differs from that of other species
B)​Help design equipment so that people can use it easily
C)​Mediate arguments between people from different cultures
D)​Measure people's muscle activity during various tasks

Question 47

What is the primary concern in the field of human factors (ergonomics)?​

A)To help people communicate better with coworkers from different cultures
B)​To help companies hire and train the best workers
C)​To help redesign machines so that people can use them more effectivelyc
D)​To redesign jobs so that more work can be done by machines instead of people

Question 48

What is one of the main activities of an industrial/organizational psychologist?​

A)Help engineers redesign equipment to make it easier to understand
B)​Help a company hire and train the best workers
C)​Provide therapy when a worker experiences job burnout
D)​Study the effects of cultural differences on mental health

Question 49

​Which type of psychologist is most interested in helping people use machines?

A)Human factors psychologist
B)​Comparative psychologist
C)​Forensic psychologist
D)​Developmental psychologist

Question 50

​The field of human factors is also known as:

A)Forensic psychology
B)​Comparative psychology
C)​Counseling psychology
D)​Ergonomics

Question 51

​Which of these is a key concern for the field known as ergonomics or human factors?

A)Design of machinery and instructions
B)​Evaluation of educational programs
C)​Measurement of brain activity
D)​Improvement of community health services

Question 52

​What do forensic psychologists do?

A)They help companies hire and train the right person for a job.
B)​They consult with lawyers and testify in court.
C)​They help engineers redesign equipment to make it easier to understand and use.
D)​They help people make decisions and adjust to changes in their career or marriage.

Question 53

Human factors specialists,industrial psychologists,and military psychologists usually provide their services to which of these?​

A)Other psychologists
B)​Organizations
C)​Adolescents
D)​College students

Question 54

​What is the usual activity of a counseling psychologist?

A)A counseling psychologist conducts, evaluates, and publishes laboratory research.
B)​A counseling psychologist deals with the people with the most severe disorders.
C)​A counseling psychologist checks how well patients adjust to their medications.
D)​A counseling psychologist helps people with decisions and career adjustments.

Question 55

Which type of psychologist specializes in the psychological condition of students?​

A)Comparative psychologist
B)​Forensic psychologist
C)​Human factors specialist
D)​School psychologist

Question 56

What kind of psychologist helps a company increase workers' productivity and satisfaction?

A)Developmental psychologist
B)​Industrial/organizational psychologist
C)​Human factors specialist
D)​Forensic psychologist

Question 57

Typically,what education does a clinical social worker have?​

A)A master's degree
B)​PhD
C)​PsyD
D)​MD

Question 58

​Which of these does NOT typically provide advice or services to an organization?

A)Cross-cultural psychologist
B)​Industrial/organizational psychologist
C)​School psychologist
D)​Military psychologist

Question 59

​A legal court that needs advice about whether a defendant is mentally competent would turn to which type of specialist?

A)A counseling psychologist
B)​A forensic psychologist
C)​An industrial psychologist
D)​A human factors specialist

Question 60

What do industrial/organizational psychologists observe and study?​

A)Automated machinery
B)​Students at school
C)​People at work
D)​Voters making decisions

Question 61

​Which kind of psychologist is most concerned with how other people influence our behavior?

A)Evolutionary psychologist
B)​Social psychologist
C)​Forensic psychologist
D)​Biopsychologist

Question 62

​Which type of psychologist would be most interested in the role of genetics,brain function,and body chemistry?

A)Social psychologist
B)​Cognitive psychologist
C)​Forensic psychologist
D)​Biological psychologistc

Question 63

To the question of why people like sweet tastes,which is the type of answer that an evolutionary psychologist would propose?​

A)Taste receptors that respond to sweet tastes activate reward centers in the brain.
B)​Beginning in infancy, we learn that we feel healthy after eating sweet substances.
C)​We learn to prefer the same foods that others in our culture eat.
D)​Ancient animals that ate sweet fruits survived to become our ancestors.

Question 64

​A cognitive psychologist mainly studies which aspect of behavior?

A)Motivationc
B)​Thinking
C)Cooperation
D)​Competition

Question 65

A developmental psychologist is most interested in behavior differences as a function of what?​

A)Neighborhood
B)​Culture
C)​Age
D)​Intelligence

Question 66

Many menstruating women crave potato chips because of their need for what?

A)Sugar
B)​Vitamin C
C)​Fats
D)​Salt

Question 67

​Which type of psychologist is most likely to study changes in children's taste preferences as they grow older?

A)Human factors specialist
B)​Forensic psychologist
C)​Psychoanalyst 
D)​Developmental psychologist

Question 68

​What does a cognitive psychologist study?

A)Hunger and thirst
B)​Thought and knowledge
C)​Brain mechanisms of behavior
D)​Emotional conflicts

Question 69

​What does a biopsychologist emphasize in explaining behavior?

A)Rewards and punishments
B)​Unconscious thought processes
C)​Childhood experiences
D)​The nervous system

Question 70

​In which way would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to try to help a slow-learning child?

A)Consider possible emotional conflicts in the child's family.
B)​Teach better study skills or problem-solving strategies.
C)​Administer rewards and punishments based on the child's performance.
D)​Administer drugs or prescribe a special diet to alter brain chemistry.

Question 71

Which of the following is most likely to lead to an increased preference for salty tastes?​

A)Dehydration (lack of water)
B)​Increased body temperature
C)​Lack of exposure to sunlight
D)​Damage to the adrenal glands

Question 72

Which of the following is known to influence people's like or dislike of strong tastes?​

A)Variations in their ability to distinguish red from green
B)​Variations in their number of taste buds
C)​Variations in their blood type
D)​Variations in their brain size

Question 73

​Which type of psychologist specializes in the study of thought and knowledge?

A)Organizational psychologist
B)​Behavioristc
C)​Cognitive psychologistc
D)​Human factors specialist

Question 74

​What does cognition mean?

A)Competition for resources
B)​Thought and knowledge
C)​Brain activity
D)​Social interaction

Question 75

​Psychologists specializing in learning and motivation stress which fact about food choice?

A)We are born liking certain tastes.
B)​We learn to avoid foods that are followed by illness.
C)​Most food preferences are inherited.
D)​Most learning of food preferences takes place in school.

Question 76

Which of these is most likely to study the effects of brain damage on behavior?​

A)Psychoanalyst
B)​Cross-cultural psychologist
C)​Human factors specialist
D)​Biopsychologist

Question 77

​Damage to the adrenal glands can lead to a greatly increased preference for what taste?

A)Sweet
B)​Sour
C)​Salty
D)​Bitter

Question 78

Which of these is generally true of people with a greater than average number of taste buds?​

A)They tend to eat their meals more rapidly than average.
B)​They tend to eat their meals more slowly than average.
C)​They tend to like strong tastes more than other people do.
D)​They tend to dislike strong tastes.

Question 79

​Damage to which structure leads to an increased need for consuming salt?

A)Corpus callosumc
B)​Adrenal gland
C)​Pancreas
D)​Appendix

Question 80

Which of these does an evolutionary psychologist try to explain?​

A)How we can overcome our biological urges
B)​Which brain areas are most important for certain functions
C)​How rapidly people will become more intelligent in the future
D)​In what way certain behaviors were useful to our ancestors