Deck 11: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Question 1

Which of these is a clear example of a homeostatic motivation?​

A)Competing for a prize
B)​Earning money
C)​Self-actualization
D)​Temperature regulation

Answer 1

​Temperature regulation

Question 2

According to drive-reduction theories of emotion,what do you do after you satisfy all your needs?​

A)You set higher goals.
B)​You devote your energies to creative activities.
C)​You socialize with other people.
D)​You become inactive.

Answer 2

​You become inactive.

Question 3

If a motivation is homeostatic,then what is true about it?​

A)It develops gradually during childhood and adolescence.
B)​It maintains some variable at a nearly constant level.
C)​It leads to increased social prestige.
D)​It occurs only in the presence of certain stimuli.

Answer 3

​It maintains some variable at a nearly constant level.

Question 4

​How does "incentive motivation" differ from "drive"?

A)An incentive, unlike a drive, is stronger at some times than at others.
B)​Incentive motivation is based on weak or uncertain rewards.
C)​An incentive can motivate action when need is low or absent.
D)​An incentive motivates action that continues until the person gains the goal.

Question 5

​​According to the drive theory of motivation,what is motivation?

A)A tendency to maintain biological conditions close to their optimum level
B)​A stimulus that pulls the individual toward an action
C)​An irritation that energizes behavior to remove the irritation
D)​An attempt to prepare for future needs.

Question 6

​​If you eat,drink,or sweat in preparation for future needs rather than current needs,what type of motivation are you displaying?

A)Drive reduction
B)​Homeostasis 
C)​Allostasis 
D)​Self-actualization

Question 7

What is meant by an extrinsic motivation?​

A)Motivation based on a desire to help someone else
B)​Motivation based on rewards or punishments
C)​Motivation based on the pleasure of doing the act itself
D)​Motivation based on a change in some body variable

Question 8

Drive theories and incentive theories differ in their responses to which of these questions?​

A)Does the strength of motivation differ from one person to another?
B)​Does the strength of motivation differ from one time to another?
C)​How much of motivation depends on heredity, and how much depends on environment?
D)​Does motivation come from within the individual, or is it a pull from outside?

Question 9

What is meant by an intrinsic motivation?​

A)Motivation based on a desire to help someone else
B)​Motivation based on rewards or punishments
C)​Motivation based on the pleasure of doing the act itself
D)​Motivation based on a change in some body variable

Question 10

Which of these would the drive theory of motivation find difficult to explain?​

A)You drink more water on a hot day than on a cold day.
B)​You sometimes seek excitement and new experiences.
C)​You often rest after you finish a meal.
D)​On a cold day, you do whatever you can think of to get warm.

Question 11

Drive-reduction theories of motivation emphasize which of the following?​

A)Efforts to win competitions against other people and to improve one's own performance
B)​A hierarchy of needs, headed by self-actualization
C)​Attempts to satisfy all needs and then become inactive
D)​Attraction by highly desirable stimuli or opportunities

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of "drive-reduction" motivation?​

A)Eating because good food is present
B)​Eating because your family is eating
C)​Eating because of hunger pangs
D)​Eating because it is your usual time for eating

Question 13

What is the difference between allostasis and homeostasis?​

A)Allostasis refers to maintaining a constant level of some variable.
B)​Allostasis refers to trying to minimize the level of some variable.
C)​Allostasis refers to adaptively changing the level of some variable.
D)​Allostasis refers to substituting one variable for another. 

Question 14

The difference between drive and incentive is analogous to which of these?​

A)Top and bottom
B)​Software and hardware
C)​Push and pull
D)​Mind and body

Question 15

​Which of these is an example of an incentive motivation?

A)On a cold day, you wear your warmest coat.
B)​Because you are hungry, you look for something to eat.
C)​You join some friends to watch a movie.
D)​You remove the painful thorn that got stuck in your leg.

Question 16

What is homeostasis?​

A)Achieving one's full potential, including creative activities
B)​Choosing to satisfy one motivation instead of another one
C)​Maintaining an optimum level of biological conditions
D)​Doing something because you enjoy the activity, without any other reward

Question 17

Incentive theories of motivation emphasize which of the following?​

A)Efforts to win competitions against other people and to improve one's own performance
B)​A hierarchy of needs, headed by self-actualization
C)​Attempts to satisfy all needs and then become inactive
D)​Attraction by highly desirable stimuli or opportunities

Question 18

Which term refers to the tendency to maintain constant temperature,weight,and body water?​

A)Belongingness
B)​Homeostasis 
C)​Incentives 
D)​Self-actualization

Question 19

Which theory of motivation best explains people's interest in having an unusual experience?​

A)Homeostasis 
B)​Drive 
C)​Incentive 
D)​Libido 

Question 20

Which of these can be easily explained by the drive theory of motivation?​

A)You volunteer your time for a project to help autistic children.
B)​When you have some free time, you enjoy playing video games.
C)​Although you were not hungry, you join friends to get ice cream cones.
D)​When you feel a thorn in your leg, you stop to remove it.

Question 21

Suppose your professor offers extra credit for every time any student says something in class.What would be the main disadvantage of this plan?​

A)Introverted students will be forced to talk more than they want to.
B)​Students will be forced to come to class well prepared.
C)​Class will sometimes not end on time.
D)​Students will increase the quantity but not quality of their comments.

Question 22

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been criticized for ignoring which of the following:​

A)Love 
B)​Hunger and thirst
C)​Parenting 
D)​Self-actualization

Question 23

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which is the lowest need?​

A)Self-esteem
B)​Self-fulfillment
C)​Social interaction
D)​Physiological needs

Question 24

What type of goal motivates workers to their greatest efforts?​

A)A specific, challenging goal
B)​A specific, easy goal
C)​A specific goal that seems unrealistically high
D)​Doing your best

Question 25

Which of these is an example of an intrinsic motivation?​

A)Walking to work because you enjoy the exercise
B)​Walking to work because your car has a flat tire
C)​Walking to work to save money
D)​Walking to work so you can impress that good-looking person next door

Question 26

How effective is the goal "Do your best"? And why?​

A)It is the most effective goal, because it applies to you personally.
B)​It is the most effective goal, because you will strive to do better and better.
C)​It is a worthless goal, because you are never behind schedule on doing it.
D)​It is a harmful goal, because it leads to excessive self-esteem.

Question 27

What is a common mistake when people set goals?​

A)They announce their goals publicly.
B)​They start to work toward their goal too quickly.
C)​They set goals that are too detailed.
D)​They underestimate how long a task will take.

Question 28

According to Maslow,what is "self-actualization"?​

A)Trying to impress others
B)​Creative activities
C)​Protecting yourself from danger 
D)​Understanding your unconscious mind

Question 29

Which of these is an important criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?​

A)Children have different motivations from adults.
B)​Much of behavior depends on both drives and incentives.
C)​Higher-level needs sometimes take priority.
D)​A motivation can be stronger at one time and weaker at another.

Question 30

​Of the goals in Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which is generally less important for people in China?

A)Belonging to a family or group
B)​Safety
C)​Physiological needs
D)​Self-esteem

Question 31

A professor assigned deadlines for papers in one section,and let students in another section set their own deadlines.What were the results?​

A)Students who chose their own deadlines did best.
B)​Students whose deadlines were evenly spaced through the semester did best.
C)​Students whose deadlines were at the end of the semester did best.
D)​Students did equally well, regardless of when their deadlines were.

Question 32

What type of goal is most effective at increasing your efforts?​

A)A goal that you feel sure you can achieve
B)​A challenging goal, higher than your previous level of accomplishment
C)​An "ultimate" goal, higher than you think is possible
D)​A vague goal, such as "doing your best"

Question 33

According to Abraham Maslow,what happens if you have several motivations at once?​

A)You start on each of them and then alternate rapidly from one to another.
B)​You satisfy the most urgent motivation before starting on the next one.
C)​You try to get someone else to help you with one or more of your tasks.
D)​You postpone working on all of them, and do something enjoyable instead.

Question 34

​Is there any such thing as "too high" a goal?

A)No. The higher the goal, the better the results.
B)​Yes. Too high a goal leads to discouragement, risky acts, and dishonesty.
C)​Yes. If you achieve the extremely high goal, you have nothing left to try for.
D)​Yes. People work hardest when their goals are vague, such as "Do your best."

Question 35

If you want to keep a New Year's resolution,which of the following is good advice?​

A)Make the goal vague.
B)​Keep your goal secret from other people.
C)​Keep track of whether you are achieving your goal.
D)​Make the goal as difficult as possible.

Question 36

A professor assigned deadlines for papers in one section,and let students in another section set their own deadlines.Which students got the best grades?

A)T​he students in the section that got to choose their own deadlines
B)​The students whose deadlines were all at the end of the semester
C)​The students whose deadlines were all near the start of the semester
D)​The students whose deadlines were equally spaced through the semester

Question 37

Which type of goal is best for motivating hard work?​

A)A goal low enough that you feel sure of achieving it
B)​Doing your best
C)​Doing better than anyone thinks is possible
D)​A goal that is high but realistic

Question 38

What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs attempt to explain?​

A)How children learn to take all the responsibilities expected of adults
B)​Why certain motivations take priority over other ones
C)​Why people try to help others, including people they don't know
D)​How drive motivation combines forces with incentive motivation

Question 39

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which is the highest need?​

A)Self-esteem
B)​Self-actualization
C)​Social interaction
D)​Physiological needs

Question 40

Which of these is an example of an intrinsic motivation?​

A) Playing tennis because you hope to win a tennis scholarship
B)​Playing tennis because you enjoy the exercise
C)​Playing tennis to try to impress someone
D)​Playing tennis because your physical education class requires it

Question 41

If you want to get a good start on a project,which of these is the best advice?​

A)Make specific plans about what you will do at a particular time.
B)​Imagine yourself receiving a reward for doing the project well.
C)​Think about other people who have been successful on similar projects.
D)​Wait until the pressure builds before you get started.

Question 42

What is the "mere measurement effect"?​

A)The tendency for your scores to fluctuate, even if you prepare equally well each time
B)​The increased tendency to do something after estimating your probability of doing it
C)​The tendency to try harder whenever you know that someone is watching you
D)​The tendency to forget something after you have recorded a measurement of it

Question 43

Participants could flip a coin and announce the results (favorable to themselves or someone else),or they could let the experimenter flip the coin.What did most of them do?​

A)Most chose to flip the coin, and then announced the result honestly.
B)​Most chose to flip the coin, and then lied about the result.
C)​Most requested that the other person flip the coin.
D)​Most chose to let the experimenter flip the coin.

Question 44

If you see someone else cheat,do you become more likely to cheat also?​

A)Yes.
B)​No.
C)​It depends. You become more likely if that person seems different from you.
D)​It depends. You become more likely if that person seems similar to you.

Question 45

Suppose you can choose when to set your deadlines for three papers during a semester.What is your best strategy?​

A)Set all your deadlines early in the semester.
B)​Set all your deadlines late in the semester.
C)​Set all your deadlines in the middle of the semester.
D)​Space out the deadlines evenly.

Question 46

What procedure would increase your probability of choosing a large,delayed reward instead of a smaller,immediate reward?​

A)Imagine yourself as a young child making a similar decision.
B)​Survey other people about which of the choices they would prefer in this situation.
C)​Make the decision far in advance of the opportunity for the small reward.
D)​Practice resisting a different type of temptation.

Question 47

After you resist a temptation to smoke a cigarette,what happens?​

A)You become more likely to resist that temptation and any other one.
B)​You become less likely to resist that temptation or any other one.
C)​You become more likely to resist smoking, but less likely to resist other temptations.
D)​You become less likely to resist smoking, but more likely to resist other temptations.

Question 48

If you estimate how likely you are to start work on your term paper tomorrow,what is the probable result?​

A)You become more likely to start on the paper tomorrow.
B)​You become less likely to start on the paper tomorrow.
C)​Your probability of starting tomorrow matches the percent chance you estimated.
D)​You become more likely to dream about the paper tonight.

Question 49

Participants could flip a coin and announce the results (favoring either themselves or someone else)or they could let the experimenter flip the coin.What did most people choose,and what is the interpretation?​

A)They flipped the coin themselves. They wanted to be in control.
B)​They flipped the coin themselves. They wanted the opportunity to lie about the result.
C)​They let the experimenter flip the coin. They feared they might be unlucky on coin flips.
D)​They let the experimenter flip the coin. They wanted to avoid a temptation to cheat.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT good advice for overcoming procrastination?​

A)Have someone praise your previous work as being wonderful and amazing.
B)​Start by estimating how likely you are to complete the task.
C)​Start by making a decision about something else, even if it is unimportant.
D)​Make a detailed plan for what you will do and when.

Question 51

​To measure how well a child can resist temptation,which procedure have psychologists often used?

A)"Draw a pretty picture, but don't look at what any other children are drawing."
B)​"I'm leaving the room now, but please sit quietly in your seats until I return."
C)​"Answer these questions, but please don't look at the answer key on the back of the page."
D)​"Here is one marshmallow, but if you wait you can have two."

Question 52

For children who resist temptation in the marshmallow experiment,what happens later in life?​

A)They are about the same as anyone else, both socially and academically.
B)​They have an above-average probability of drug or alcohol abuse.
C)​They tend to be shy and introverted.
D)​They are conscientious and they do better than average academically.

Question 53

If you practice resisting temptation,do you get better at resisting future temptations?​

A)No
B)​Yes
C)​Only if the second temptation is different from the first
D)​Only if the second temptation is similar to the first

Question 54

Suppose you are having trouble deciding on your major.If you now respond to a survey by saying which political candidates you support,what is the probable result?​

A)You become more likely to make the decision about your major.
B)​You procrastinate making the decision about your major.
C)​You abandon your previous choices and decide to major in political science.
D)​You survey other people about what they think you should choose for your major.

Question 55

​In a class where students got to choose their own deadlines for three papers,students who chose to spread out their deadlines equally got the best grades,but they were only equal to students in another section where everyone had to spread out their deadlines equally.What was the interpretation?

A)The best students chose to spread out their deadlines equally.
B)​The best students chose to put their deadlines at the end of the semester.
C)​Choosing your own deadlines is an advantage.
D)​Spreading out your deadlines is an advantage.

Question 56

​The mere measurement effect refers to which phenomenon?

A)Improving your quantitative skills might make you less attentive to words.
B)​Estimating your probability of doing something makes you more likely to do it.
C)​Measuring how fast you do some task makes you slower to complete it.
D)​You enjoy something less if you know that someone is measuring it.

Question 57

In a class where students got to choose their own deadlines for three papers,students who chose to spread out their deadlines equally got better grades than those who chose to put all their deadlines at the end of the course.To interpret the meaning of these results,what control group do we need?​

A)Another section where students did not have to write papers
B)​Another section where students all had to spread their deadlines out equally
C)​Another section where students made the same choice for two papers instead of three
D)​Another section where students wrote only one paper, due at the end of the course

Question 58

Suppose you see someone else cheat.Under what circumstance do you become LESS likely to cheat?​

A)If the person seems to show no guilt feelings
B)​If the person is from a group that you see as your rival
C)​If the person is one of your close friends
D)​If the person is older than you

Question 59

What is the best way to resist a temptation?​

A)Practice resisting other types of temptation.
B)​Try to avoid the tempting situation.
C)​Expose yourself to the temptation shortly after resisting some other temptation.
D)​Think about people similar to you who failed to resist the temptation.

Question 60

​A professor let students set their own deadlines for three papers.Which students wrote the best papers?

A)Those who spaced out their deadlines equally
B)​Those who turned in their papers ahead of the deadlines
C)​Those who allowed themselves the whole semester to complete their papers
D)​Those who set all their deadlines near the middle of the semester

Question 61

Job satisfaction is NOT positively correlated with which one of the following?​

A)A belief that the pay scale is fair
B)​Good job performance
C)​A happy overall personality
D)​Being young

Question 62

​How does job burnout differ from discouragement?

A)Job burnout can be relieved by a salary increase.
B)​Job burnout is less intense.
C)​Job burnout lasts longer.
D)​Job burnout has a more sudden onset.

Question 63

If your close relatives are happy in their jobs,you probably are too,even though you have a different job.What conclusion do psychologists draw?​

A)Your job satisfaction influences your temperament or disposition.
B)​Your temperament or disposition influences your job satisfaction.
C)​Your job performance influences your job satisfaction.
D)​Your job satisfaction influences your job performance.

Question 64

Suppose that as a young worker you report being moderately satisfied with your job.On average,what can someone predict about how your satisfaction will change as you grow older?​

A)You will become less satisfied. If you aren't happy now, you probably never will be.
B)​You will remain moderately satisfied. People tend to be consistent over time.
C)​You will become more satisfied. Old workers generally like their jobs more than young workers do.
D)​Your satisfaction will increase and decrease repeatedly, with no overall trend.

Question 65

​What is the main assumption behind the human-relations approach or Theory Y?

A)Employees like variety in their job, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment.
B)​The employer should find the best way to do a job and train workers to do it that way.
C)​Job satisfaction is highly correlated with excellence of job performance.
D)​The best way to improve job performance is to increase salaries.

Question 66

A manager following Theory X,or the scientific-management approach,makes what assumption about workers?​

A)They will show little initiative or creativity.
B)​They enjoy a sense of accomplishment.
C)​They prefer a certain amount of variety in their work.
D)​They have many motivations in addition to pay.

Question 67

An employer following the human-relations approach would probably follow which policy?​

A)Give each employee a variety of meaningful tasks.
B)​Start by doing research to find the simplest, most foolproof way to do the job.
C)​Supervise each employee closely and adjust salaries based on performance.
D)​Write a manual that describes exactly what to do in considerable detail.

Question 68

According to one study,which of the following decreases the probability of cheating?​

A)Wearing sunglasses
B)​Trying to list the Ten Commandments
C)​Taking a few deep breaths
D)​Watching one of your friends cheat

Question 69

For most jobs,the quality of the work (as opposed to the quantity)depends mainly on what?​

A)Satisfaction with the pay
B)​Being young
C)​Extrinsic motivation
D)​Intrinsic motivation

Question 70

An employer begins by experimenting to find the most efficient way to do a job,and then trains workers to do it exactly that way.Which approach to job design is the employer following?​

A)Human-relations
B)​Theory Y
C)​Scientific-management
D)​Transformational leadership

Question 71

An employer enriches the jobs,giving each employee variety in the work and responsibility for meaningful tasks.Which approach to job design is the employer following?​

A)Human-relations
B)​Theory X
C)​Scientific-management
D)​Transformational leadership

Question 72

How strong is the correlation between job performance and job satisfaction?​

A)Job performance has zero correlation with job satisfaction.
B)​Job performance has a highly positive correlation with job satisfaction.
C)​Job performance has a low positive correlation with job satisfaction.
D)​Job performance has a low negative correlation with job satisfaction.

Question 73

In addition to good pay,what else is important if a worker is to have job satisfaction?​

A)Receiving more pay than anyone else
B)​Receiving at least as much pay as anyone else
C)​A belief that the pay scale is fair
D)​An expectation of an increase in pay every year

Question 74

Job burnout is especially common in which type of job?​

A)The highest-paid professions, such as investment banking
B)​The physically exhausting professions, such as athletics
C)​The helping professions, such as nursing
D)​The jobs requiring constant travel, such as airplane pilot

Question 75

Someone who inspires workers and motivates them to advance the organization through creative activities is which type of leader?​

A)Homeostatic 
B)Allostatic ​
C)​Transformational 
D)​Transactional 

Question 76

The idea of finding the one best way to do a job is known as which of the following?​

A)Scientific-management approach
B)​Human-relations approach
C)​Allostasis
D)​Behaviorism 

Question 77

On average,how does age relate to job satisfaction?​

A)Older workers tend to report the highest job satisfaction.
B)​Young workers tend to report the highest job satisfaction.
C)​Middle-aged workers tend to report the highest job satisfaction.
D)​All ages report about equal job satisfaction.

Question 78

​What was the effect on U.S.and Canadian students after they tried to list the Ten Commandments?

A)They performed better than usual on a memory task.
B)​They acted in a more extraverted way than they usually did.
C)​They resisted a temptation to cheat.
D)​They reported unusually complex dreams the next night.

Question 79

"I want my employees to enjoy their work and to feel pride in their achievements." Which approach to job design does that quote represent?​

A)Scientific -management approach
B)​Human-relations approach
C)​Allostasis
D)​Behaviorism 

Question 80

What is the main assumption behind the scientific-management approach or Theory X?​

A)Employees like variety in their job, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment.
B)​The employer should find the best way to do a job and train workers to do it that way.
C)​Job satisfaction is highly correlated with excellence of job performance.
D)​The best way to improve job performance is to increase salaries.