Deck 12: Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

Question 1

A researcher who measures heart rate,breathing rate,and electrical conduction of the skin is probably trying to determine the activity of what part of the nervous system?

A)The somatic nervous system
B)​The sympathetic nervous system
C)​The corpus callosum
D)​The prefrontal cortex

Answer 1

​The sympathetic nervous system

Question 2

The parasympathetic nervous system increases which of the following?​

A)Heart rate
B)​Digestion 
C)​Sweating 
D)​Memory 

Answer 2

​Memory 

Question 3

What do measurements of the sympathetic nervous system tell us about emotion?​

A)The measurements indicate whether someone is frightened or angry.
B)​The measurements indicate the intensity of emotional feeling.
C)​The measurements indicate the thoughts or interpretations behind an emotion.
D)​The measurements indicate the pleasantness of the emotional feeling.

Answer 3

​The measurements indicate the intensity of emotional feeling.

Question 4

What is meant by a microexpression?​

A)The facial expression that corresponds to a very weak emotion
B)​A brief, sudden facial expression of an emotion
C)​An emotional expression by a laboratory animal
D)​A change in brain activity evoked by an emotional stimulus

Question 5

In what way are self-reports of emotion often unsatisfactory?​

A)Ratings from different people may not mean the same thing.
B)​Keeping records of self-reports is difficult and time consuming.
C)​A change in self-report from one day to the next probably doesn't mean anything.
D)​Most people give the same rating every day despite differences in how they feel.

Question 6

In studies of the physiology of human emotion,what do psychologists most often measure?​

A)Activity of single neurons in the cerebral cortex
B)​Altered secretion of various hormones
C)​Instant-by-instant changes in the emotions that people report
D)​Heart rate and other autonomic changes

Question 7

Most psychologists define emotion as a combination of which of these elements?​

A)Person, object, perception, transaction
B)​Cognitions, physiology, feelings, and actions
C)​Beliefs, knowledge, thoughts, intentions
D)​Mind, brain, body, culture

Question 8

Activity of what system prepares someone for "fight or flight" activities?​

A)Somatic nervous system
B)​Celiac nervous system
C)​Sympathetic nervous system
D)​Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up which of the following?​

A)Somatic nervous system
B)​Central nervous system
C)​Mammalian nervous system
D)​Autonomic nervous system

Question 10

What does arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system prepare the body for?​

A)Social interactions
B)​Vigorous activity
C)​Learning and memory
D)​Digestion 

Question 11

If you see something dangerous,what determines whether you react with sympathetic or parasympathetic arousal?​

A)The more familiar the danger, the more it arouses the sympathetic system.
B)​The more familiar the danger, the more it arouses the parasympathetic system.
C)​The closer the danger, the more it arouses the parasympathetic system.
D)​The closer the danger, the more it arouses the sympathetic system.

Question 12

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?​

A)It controls the facial muscles responsible for emotional expressions.
B)​It interprets the meaning of other people's facial expressions.
C)​It controls vegetative activities such as digestion.
D)​It prepares the body for brief, vigorous activity.

Question 13

What does the autonomic nervous system control?​

A)Vision and other senses
B)​Memory and cognition
C)​The organs
D)​Muscle movements

Question 14

Someone who records sympathetic nervous system arousal is probably trying to measure what?​

A)Which type of emotion someone is feeling
B)​The intensity of someone's current emotion
C)​The reasons behind someone's current emotional feeling
D)​The appropriateness of someone's current emotion

Question 15

What makes microexpressions useful for research on emotion?​

A)Microexpressions occur almost constantly throughout the day.
B)​Microexpressions vary greatly among human cultures.
C)​Microexpressions are easy to detect and record.
D)​People have little voluntary control over microexpressions.

Question 16

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?​

A)The central nervous system
B)​The use it or lose it system
C)​The love and honor system
D)​The fight or flight system

Question 17

What could someone measure to infer the intensity of someone's current emotion?​

A)Heart rate and breathing rate
B)​Velocity of conduction of action potentials
C)​Facial microexpressions
D)​Hand gestures

Question 18

According to the James-Lange theory,what is responsible for the feeling aspect of an emotion?​

A)Perception of changes in the body
B)​Conditioned responses to sudden stimuli
C)​Slow, high-amplitude waves of activity in the cerebral cortex
D)​The ratio of dopamine to serotonin in the cerebral cortex

Question 19

What does arousal of the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for?​

A)Social interactions
B)​Vigorous activity
C)​Digestion
D)​Relaxation 

Question 20

Why have psychological researchers made slower progress in understanding emotion than in sensation,learning,and memory?​

A)Emotion is unrelated to brain activity.
B)​Emotions do not occur frequently during the day.
C)​Psychologists have less interest in emotion.
D)​Emotion is difficult to measure.

Question 21

Which observation tends to support the James-Lange theory?​

A)Facial expressions of emotion are similar across cultures, but not identical.
B)​Life satisfaction is higher in countries where women have greater rights and status.
C)​People with pure autonomic failure report weaker than average emotional feelings.
D)​People with damage to the amygdala report very little fear or anxiety.

Question 22

Which theory disagrees with the common-sense view that emotions cause body changes?​

A)Activation-synthesis theory
B)​Retinex theory
C)​Social learning theory
D)​James-Lange theory

Question 23

What is the order of events in an emotion,according to the James-Lange theory?​

A)Appraisal of the situation . . . actions . . . emotional feeling
B)​Appraisal of the situation . . . emotional feeling . . . actions
C)​Actions . . . appraisal of the situation . . . emotional feeling
D)​Emotional feeling . . . appraisal of the situation . . . action

Question 24

Which theory says that your cognitive appraisal of a situation determines which emotion you feel?​

A)Cognitive dissonance theory
B)​Gestalt theory
C)​Schachter and Singer's theory
D)​Young-Helmholtz theory

Question 25

How does the James-Lange theory describe the events of emotion?​

A)Because you have six basic emotions, you have six corresponding facial expressions.
B)​Because you have six facial expressions, we infer that you have six basic emotions.
C)​Because you feel an emotion, your body acts.
D)​Because your body acts, you feel an emotion.

Question 26

What does the James-Lange theory predict about someone who has weak autonomic responses?​

A)Poor ability to restrain outbursts of anger
B)​Poor ability to restrain moments of fear
C)​Weaker than average emotional feelings
D)​Stronger than average emotional feelings

Question 27

How could someone get you to rate cartoons as being funnier than usual?

A)Ask you to hold a pen with your teeth.
B)​Ask you to hold a ball with your left hand.
C)​Ask you to suck your thumb like a toddler.
D)​Ask you to blink your eyes repeatedly.

Question 28

Imagine you see a venomous snake on your narrow path ahead of you.What happens,according to the James-Lange theory?​

A)Your sympathetic nervous system reacts, and then you feel fear.
B)​Your feel fear, and therefore your sympathetic nervous system reacts.
C)​Your sympathetic nervous system reacts, and that reaction reduces your fear.
D)​You feel fear, and that feeling reduces the response of your sympathetic nervous system.

Question 29

​Which theory states that emotions are the perceptions of body activities?

A)James-Lange theory
B)​Young-Helmholtz theory
C)​Cognitive dissonance theory
D)​Schachter and Singer theory

Question 30

What,if anything,happens to the emotions of people with pure autonomic failure?​

A)They report no changes in their emotional experience.
B)​They find it difficult to recognize other people's facial expressions of fear.
C)​They find it difficult to restrain their outbursts of anger.
D)​They report weaker than average emotional feelings.

Question 31

How do body reactions relate to emotions,according to the James-Lange theory?​

A)Emotional feelings lead to body reactions.
B)​Body reactions lead to emotional feelings.
C)​Body reactions suppress emotional feelings.
D)​Emotional feelings suppress body reactions.

Question 32

What does the James-Lange theory state?​

A)Feeling an emotion causes your body to act.
B)​Your body's actions produce the feeling aspect of emotion.
C)​The six basic emotions produce innately programmed facial expressions.
D)​Suppressing one emotion causes another to occur in its place.

Question 33

The weakened emotional feelings reported by people with pure autonomic failure tend to support which theory?​

A)Young-Helmholtz theory
B)​James-Lange theory
C)​Gestalt theory
D)​Psychoanalytic theory

Question 34

If you hold a pen between your teeth,what will you probably do?​

A)You will regard cartoons as funnier than usual.
B)​You will recognize emotional expressions more accurately than usual.
C)​You will show a greater startle response than usual to loud noises.
D)​You will consider most people's faces as more attractive than usual.

Question 35

Which of the following does NOT tend to support the James-Lange theory?​

A)Directions to adopt a particular posture and breathing pattern induce an emotional feeling.
B)​People with pure autonomic failure report weaker than average emotional feelings.
C)​People with spinal cord damage continue to report feeling normal emotions.
D)​Molding someone's face into a smile increases the enjoyment of cartoons.

Question 36

Which of these observations is evidence in favor of the James-Lange theory?​

A)People throughout the world can recognize the same facial expressions of emotion.
B)​People with spinal cord injuries still report feeling normal emotions.
C)​People with pure autonomic failure report weaker emotional feelings.
D)​People recognize emotional expressions from their own culture better than from others.

Question 37

Which of the following describes the James-Lange theory?​

A)An emotional feeling causes changes in certain body activities.
B)​You feel an emotion when you perceive certain changes in your body.
C)​Emotional experiences are based on six basic emotions.
D)​Emotions vary along two dimensions, valence and intensity.

Question 38

How did experimenters get people to smile without saying "smile" or presenting happy events?​

A)They instructed people to put both thumbs into their mouth.
B)​They instructed people to wiggle their tongue back and forth.
C)​They instructed people to hold a pen with their teeth.
D)​They instructed people to hold a pen with their lips.

Question 39

According to the James-Lange theory,how can we explain why people with pure autonomic failure experience weaker than average emotional feelings?​

A)They have trouble interpreting the meaning of other people's facial expressions.
B)​They do not appraise dangerous situations as quickly as other people do.
C)​Sensory messages that reach the spinal cord fail to reach the brain.
D)​Their heart rate and breathing rate do not respond to experiences.

Question 40

How does the James-Lange theory of emotions describe the relationship between trembling and fear?

A)Episodes of trembling and episodes of feeling fear alternate with each other.
B)​You start to tremble because you feel fear.
C)​You feel fear when you feel yourself trembling.
D)​Your fear and your trembling are unrelated to each other.

Question 41

What would Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion predict would happen if you took a medication that decreased your autonomic responses such as heart rate?​

A)You would more quickly than usual conform to whatever emotion other people showed.
B)​You would have trouble restraining your outbursts of anger.
C)​You would have trouble knowing whether you were feeling angry or frightened.
D)​Your emotional feelings would be weaker than usual.

Question 42

​A young woman interviewed men on a low,sturdy bridge or on a high,shaky bridge.What happened?

A)Men who were interviewed on the high, shaky bridge considered the woman exciting.
B)​Men who were interviewed on the low, sturdy bridge considered the woman exciting.
C)​Men who were interviewed on the high, shaky bridge gave longer, more detailed answers.
D)​Men who were interviewed on the low, sturdy bridge gave longer, more detailed answers.c

Question 43

In Schachter and Singer's experiment,people who received epinephrine injections experienced euphoria in a happy situation,but so did the people who received a placebo injection.What conclusion,if any,do the results support?​

A)We can monitor our autonomic responses to determine which emotion we feel.
B)​Increased autonomic arousal leads to increased intensity of emotional experience.
C)​Autonomic arousal produces the feeling aspect of an emotion.
D)​None of these conclusions follow from the data.

Question 44

According to Schachter and Singer's theory,how do you know what emotion you are feeling?​

A)You rely on a cognitive appraisal of the situation.
B)​You monitor the amount of sympathetic nervous system arousal.
C)​You monitor the amount of parasympathetic nervous system response.
D)​You monitor the type and degree of your muscle activities.

Question 45

Does each type of emotion have a distinct physiology? If so,what is it?​

A)Yes, each emotion is associated with activity in a different brain area.
B)​Yes, each emotion is associated with the release of a different hormone.
C)​Yes, each emotion is associated with a different amount of autonomic activity.
D)​No, physiological measurements do not distinguish one emotion from another.

Question 46

What evidence do some psychologists cite to support the idea that humans have six "basic" emotions?​

A)Ancient civilizations named six of the days of the week after one of these emotions. 
B)​Each of the six emotions depends on a different neurotransmitter.
C)​Six facial expressions of emotion are recognizable throughout the world.
D)​Certain genetic mutations cause the loss of just one of these emotions.

Question 47

When a young woman interviewed men on either a high,shaky bridge or a low,sturdy bridge,men who were interviewed on the shaky bridge found the woman more exciting.Why are the results difficult to interpret?​

A)The woman may have behaved differently on the two bridges.
B)​Men and women probably react differently to autonomic arousal.
C)​The same woman conducted the interviews on both bridges.
D)​The researchers tested only a small sample of participants.

Question 48

When psychologists list six basic emotions,which of these is one of those six?​

A)Embarrassment
B)​Nostalgia 
C)​Surprise 
D)​Gratitude 

Question 49

According to Schachter and Singer's theory,what does your sympathetic nervous system arousal determine?​

A)Which emotion you feel
B)​The action that your emotion stimulates
C)​The appraisal related to your emotion
D)​The intensity of your emotion

Question 50

Schachter and Singer's participants who received epinephrine injections reported euphoria in a happy situation and anger in an insulting situation.Why were the results difficult to interpret?​

A)Later research failed to replicate the results.
B)​Most participants guessed what the experiment was trying to show.
C)​The instructions about expected side effects of the injection had no effect.
D)​Placebo injections produced the same results as epinephrine.

Question 51

If emotion consists of a few "basic" emotions,what do psychologists assume about those basics?​

A)The facial expressions for each basic emotion should vary from one culture to another.
B)​Basic emotions should be more similar for dizygotic twins than for monozygotic twins.
C)​Basic emotions should emerge early in life in all human cultures.
D)​All the basic emotions should depend on the same brain area.

Question 52

Schachter and Singer gave people injections of epinephrine and put them into situations intended to evoke emotions.What did the experimenters conclude from the results?​

A)An appraisal of the situation determines the best coping method.
B)​An appraisal of the situation determines the amount of physiological arousal.
C)​An appraisal of the situation determines the intensity of emotional feelings.
D)​An appraisal of the situation determines which emotion someone feels.

Question 53

Schachter and Singer gave people injections of epinephrine and put them into situations intended to evoke emotions,with varying instructions.What did the experimenters conclude from the results?​

A)If you think a drug caused your arousal, you feel less intense emotion.
B)​If you think a drug caused your arousal, you feel more intense emotion.
C)​If you become highly aroused, you misinterpret the situation.
D)​If you become highly aroused, you feel a variety of mixed emotions.

Question 54

The James-Lange theory agrees with Schachter and Singer's theory on what point?​

A)You can determine what emotion you feel by monitoring your autonomic responses.
B)​The body's reaction determines the intensity of an emotional feeling.
C)​People have six basic emotions, and each one has its own facial expression.
D)​Emotional reactions tend to interfere with making rational decisions.

Question 55

What is the question that Schachter and Singer's theory addresses?​

A)Do we have a certain number of "basic" emotions?
B)​Do emotional feelings differ significantly from one culture to another?
C)​How do you suppress inappropriate emotions?
D)​How do you know which emotion you are feeling?

Question 56

If we have a few "basic" emotions,what do psychologists assume about those basic emotions?​

A)Each basic emotion should have a distinct facial expression.
B)​All the basic emotions should depend on the same brain area.
C)​The basic emotions should vary from one culture to another.
D)​Each basic emotion should make its first appearance at a different age.

Question 57

What is the main evidence for the idea that people have six "basic emotions"?​

A)Six words in all languages
B)​Six types of movement
C)​Six brain areas
D)​Six facial expressions

Question 58

Which of these is most often cited as evidence for the view that humans have six basic emotions?​

A)Each of the six emotions depends on a different hormone.
B)​Each of the six emotions depends on a different brain area.
C)​Newborn babies show six distinct emotions.
D)​People can recognize six facial expressions of emotion.

Question 59

If your autonomic arousal is weaker than usual,what do two theories predict about your intensity of emotional feelings?​

A)Only the James-Lange theory predicts that your emotional feelings will be weaker.
B)​Only Schachter and Singer's theory predicts that your emotional feelings will be weaker.
C)​Both of these theories predict that your emotional feelings will be weaker.
D)​Neither of these theories predicts that your emotional feelings will be weaker.

Question 60

According to Schachter and Singer,you would feel less emotional arousal in a situation if you had been given which of these instructions? ​

A)"At the end of this experiment, you can go home."
B)​"At the end of this experiment, you will participate in a second experiment."
C)​"The injection you received will produce no noticeable side effects."
D)​"The injection you received will cause sweating and trembling."

Question 61

Many researchers have tested people's ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions.Why do these studies underestimate our ability to judge other people's emotions?​

A)Many studies have asked observers to match the expressions to a list of choices.
B)​Ordinarily we consider other information such as context and posture.
C)​The faces shown in the experiments gave relatively weak expressions.
D)​Most experiments asked the observers to identify the expressions quickly.

Question 62

Suppose you look at a facial expression that most people identify as sadness.How could we get you to think it was an expression of fear instead?​

A)Show the same face slightly out of focus.
B)​Show the same face with a body posture implying fear.
C)​Ask you to look at the face while you are gazing to your left.
D)​Ask you to look at the face while you are gazing to your right.

Question 63

Suppose you see photograph of someone with a facial expression of sadness.What would help you recognize it as expressing sadness?​

A)The eyes should be looking down.
B)​The eyes should be looking straight at you.
C)​One eyebrow should be higher than the other.
D)​The mouth should be wide open.

Question 64

To what extent is the eyebrow-raising expression similar or different across cultures?​

A)It occurs only in the United States, Canada, and parts of Europe.
B)​It occurs in all cultures, and it serves as a pleasant greeting in all.
C)​It occurs in all cultures, but its meaning varies from one to another.
D)​It is similar in meaning across cultures, but the duration varies greatly.

Question 65

If someone argued that all human facial expressions are learned,what evidence could you cite against that opinion?​

A)Most facial expressions occur rapidly in the appropriate situations.
B)​Some people express their emotions more strongly than other people do.
C)​Children who are born deaf and blind laugh, frown, smile, and cry.
D)​Some emotional expressions are harder to produce than others are.

Question 66

Americans and Europeans raise their eyebrows as a greeting.Does the same expression occur in other cultures?​

A)People in most other cultures do not show the eyebrow-raising expression.
B)​The expression occurs in most other cultures, but its meaning varies.
C)​People in many other cultures show either a much briefer or much longer eyebrow raising.
D)​The expression is the same in other cultures, both in meaning and in duration.

Question 67

Suppose you see photograph of someone with a facial expression of fear.What would help you recognize it as expressing fear?​

A)The face should be slightly out of focus.
B)​The mouth should be closed, not open
C)​The eyes should be narrowed, not wide open.
D)​The eyes should be looking at something else, not at you.

Question 68

How well can people recognize the emotional expressions by people from other cultures?​

A)They recognize most of them, but less well than expressions from their own culture.
B)​They recognize all the basic expressions equally as the expressions from their own culture.
C)​They recognize the pleasant expressions only, such as smiles.
D)​They recognize the unpleasant expressions only, such as frowns.

Question 69

Which facial expressions of emotion are harder to recognize if the face is looking straight at you?​

A)Anger and disgust
B)​Surprise and anger
C)​Happiness and surprise
D)​Sadness and fear

Question 70

Cross-cultural studies of facial expressions of emotion support which conclusion?​

A)Facial expressions of at least six emotions are identical across cultures.
B)​Facial expressions are similar across cultures, but not identical.
C)​Facial expressions and their meanings vary greatly across cultures.
D)​Frowns are the same across cultures, but all the other expressions vary.

Question 71

What is a "Duchenne" smile?​

A)A very brief expression when you are trying to hide your feelings
B)​An intentional, posed smile
C)​An asymmetrical smile, usually greater on the left side of the face
D)​A full, genuine smile including muscles around the eyes

Question 72

What facial expressions of emotion,if any,occur in children who are born deaf and blind?​

A)They gradually learn to produce a partial smile, but no other expression.
B)​They smile, frown, laugh, and cry about the same as anyone else.
C)​They frown and cry normally, but they show no other facial expressions.
D)​They show none of the normal emotional expressions.

Question 73

Why have many experiments somewhat underestimated people's ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion?​

A)They used photographs in which all faces were posed looking in different directions.
B)​They used photographs in which all faces were posed looking straight at the camera.
C)​They gave people a list of emotions and asked them to match faces to the list.
D)​They asked for fine distinctions, such as the difference between guilt and shame.

Question 74

Which of these is an important function that emotional expressions accomplish?​

A)They decrease tension.
B)​They improve body posture.
C)​They communicate with other people.
D)​They increase blood flow to the brain.

Question 75

Which of these is likely for people with a "Duchenne" smile?​

A)A habit of trying to deceive others
B)​Rapid mood swings between happiness and depression
C)​Long-lasting feelings of happiness and competence
D)​An inferiority complex

Question 76

In what way is the facial expression of fear useful to the person expressing it?​

A)Raising the skin of the forehead is best for camouflaging from a predator.
B)​A wide-open mouth is best for detecting a gust of wind.
C)​Inhaling deeply is best for detecting a dangerous smell.
D)​Wide-open eyes are best for locating a dangerous object.

Question 77

​Do smiling and frowning occur in all human cultures?

A)Yes, both of them do.
B)​Smiling occurs in all cultures, but frowning does not.
C)​Frowning occurs in all cultures, but smiling does not.
D)​Each of them occurs in some cultures but not in others.

Question 78

If we compare the eyebrow-raising expression across cultures,what do we find?​

A)Both the meaning and the duration of the expression vary across cultures.
B)​Both the meaning and the duration of the expression are the same across cultures.
C)​The meaning varies across cultures, but the duration is the same.
D)​The meaning is the same across cultures, but the duration varies.

Question 79

How much do smiling,frowning,laughing,and crying vary among cultures?​

A)Each of these occurs in some cultures and not in others.
B)​Smiling and laughing occur in all cultures, but frowning and crying vary.
C)​These expressions occur in all cultures, and their meaning is the same in all.
D)​These expressions occur in all cultures, but their meaning varies.

Question 80

When are emotional expressions most common?​

A)When the weather is changing
B)​When someone is moving rapidly
C)​When other people are nearby
D)​When autonomic arousal is low