Deck 14: Personalitypersonality

Question 1

Sigmund Freud used what evidence in forming his theories?

A)Longitudinal studies of preschool children
B)Double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments
C)Surveys from several countries
D)His guesses about his patients' childhood

Answer 1

His guesses about his patients' childhood

Question 2

Freud changed his theory from emphasizing childhood sexual abuse to emphasizing early sexual fantasies.What evidence if any led him to change his theory?

A)He had no good evidence for either theory.
B)He conducted surveys about the prevalence of sexual abuse and fantasies.
C)He got the parents of his patients to report their recollections of the patients as children.
D)He tabulated that more of his patients remembered early fantasies than early abuse.

Answer 2

He had no good evidence for either theory.

Question 3

What does catharsis mean?​

A)Gaining access to the contents of the collective unconscious
B)​Defense mechanisms against anxiety
C)​Sexual symbolism that shows up in dreams and associations
D)​Release of pent-up emotional tension

Answer 3

​Release of pent-up emotional tension

Question 4

In what way did Freud change his theory about the causes of psychological disorder?

A)At first he said the problems were unconscious. Later he said they were conscious.
B)At first he emphasized childhood sexual abuse. Later he emphasized childhood sexual fantasies.
C)At first he emphasized learning. Later he emphasized innate tendencies.
D)At first he emphasized disorders of the id. Later he emphasized disorders of the ego.

Question 5

What was the original goal of psychoanalysis?

A)To help a patient reexamine the assumptions behind his/her style of life
B)To produce catharsis
C)To probe the contents of the collective unconscious
D)To use reinforcements and punishments to change unwanted behaviors

Question 6

What was Freud's goal in psychoanalysis?

A)To bring unconscious thoughts and memories into consciousness
B)To help the person establish a style of life with more healthful goals
C)To help the person achieve self-actualization
D)To establish more effective behavior patterns through reinforcements

Question 7

At first,Freud argued that the cause of neurosis was childhood sexual abuse.What did his later theory emphasize?​

A)Inadequate positive reinforcement
B)​Imbalances among neurotransmitters in the brain
C)​Childhood sexual fantasies
D)​Failure to achieve self-actualization

Question 8

Freud's therapy tried to produce which of the following?

A)Catharsis
B)Reaction formation
C)Repression
D)Transference

Question 9

What evidence did Freud use as the basis for his theories?

A)His guesses or inferences about his patients' childhood
B)Memories his patients reported about their childhood
C)Results of surveys and laboratory experiments
D)Comparisons of the artworks and folktales of many cultures

Question 10

Freud's personality theories were based on what type of evidence?

A)His inferences from his patients' reports
B)Carefully controlled experiments
C)Correlational studies comparing several cultures
D)Surveys of parents and teachers

Question 11

What do psychodynamic theories of personality emphasize?

A)Careful measurement of personality traits
B)Conflicting conscious and unconscious forces
C)Spiritual experiences and the values that people live by
D)The effects of rewards and punishments in previous, similar situations

Question 12

Early in his career,what did Freud emphasize as the cause of neurotic behavior?

A)Unhealthy goals in life
B)Childhood sexual abuse
C)Failure to achieve self-actualization
D)Poor diet and sleep habits

Question 13

Why do introductory psychology texts put so little emphasis on Freud?​

A)Most people still consider his ideas shocking.
B)​Freud's views have only limited influence in psychology today.
C)​Freud's theories are too sophisticated for undergraduates to understand properly.
D)​Freud's theories relate mainly to psychiatry and not to psychology.

Question 14

What did Freud believe that catharsis did?

A)He believed it moved painful memories into the unconscious.
B)He believed it prevented people from facing reality.
C)He believed it provided defense against anxiety.
D)He believed it relieved mental illness

Question 15

Freud changed his theory from emphasizing childhood sexual abuse to emphasizing early sexual fantasies.What evidence did he have for these theories?

A)His patients told him about their early sexual abuse and sexual fantasies.
B)He and his colleagues conducted surveys about early childhood experiences.
C)He relied on the research published by experimental psychologists of his era.
D)He made guesses about the meanings of patients' dreams and other reports.

Question 16

Which of these was an important part of Freud's theory of mental illness?

A)Genetic differences in neurotransmitter receptors
B)Failure to achieve self-actualization
C)Symbolic meanings hidden in the collective unconscious
D)Sexual fantasies in early childhood

Question 17

What is meant by a "psychodynamic" theory? ​

A)Theory that emphasizes consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs
B)​Theory that seeks general principles of personality, based on studies of many people
C)​Theory that relates personality to conflicting forces within the individual
D)​Theory that relates personality to the behaviors advantageous throughout evolution

Question 18

In Freud's theory,what is an Oedipus complex?

A)A child's belief in being superior to other people and destined for greatness
B)A child's fear of being destroyed by magical forces
C)A boy's sexual interest in his mother and aggression toward his father
D)A girl's conflict between remaining a child and growing into a woman

Question 19

Which term refers to a release of pent-up tension?

A)Projection
B)Reaction formation
C)Displacement
D)Catharsis 

Question 20

​Freud's theory is an example of which type of personality theory?

A)Learning 
B)​Psychodynamic
C)​Psychometric 
D)​Humanistic

Question 21

​What is a common criticism of Freud's theory of psychosexual stages?

A)Different children go through the stages in different orders.
B)​His theory applies only to disorders and says nothing about normal development.
C)​His theory is difficult or impossible to test.
D)​The theory makes different predictions for girls than for boys.

Question 22

​In Freud's theory,what is "libido"?

A)Unconscious forces
B)​Sexual energy
C)​Repressed memories
D)​Self-actualization

Question 23

According to Freud,too-strict toilet training causes fixation in which stage of psychosexual development?

A)Genital
B)Anal
C)Latent
D)Oral 

Question 24

In Freud's theory,which stage is marked by suppression of sexual interest?

A)Genital
B)Anal
C)Latent
D)Oral 

Question 25

In Freud's theory,what is a boy's fear during the phallic stage?

A)Separation from his family
B)Rejection by children his own age
C)A sense of inadequacy or inferiority
D)Having his penis cut off

Question 26

In Freud's theory,what is a boy experiencing if he develops a sexual interest in his mother?​

A)Schizophrenia
B)​An Oedipus complex
C)​Collective unconscious
D)​Reaction formation

Question 27

According to Freud,what was the order of stages of psychosexual development?

A)Anal, latent, oral, genital, phallic
B)Latent, oral, anal, genital, phallic
C)Latent, anal, oral, genital, phallic
D)Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

Question 28

According to Freud,which of these was an important determinant of personality?

A)Genetic variations in neurotransmitters
B)Fixation of libido at an early stage
C)Choice of one's life goals
D)Efforts to achieve self-actualization

Question 29

According to Freud,fixation at the oral stage might lead to what?​

A)Drinking, smoking, and overeating
B)​Orderliness and stinginess
C)​Messy and wasteful behavior
D)​Friendliness and concern for others

Question 30

According to Freud,either orderliness or messiness suggests fixation at which stage?

A)Genital
B)Anal
C)Latent
D)Oral

Question 31

According to Freud,what happens if sexual development is blocked or frustrated at some stage?

A)Catharsis
B)Reaction formation
C)Sublimation 
D)Fixation 

Question 32

According to Sigmund Freud,what might stop someone from reaching the genital stage?

A)Lack of proper balance between conscious and unconscious drives
B)Fixation of libido at an earlier stage
C)Inadequate hormones during puberty
D)Failure to experience an Oedipus complex

Question 33

In Freud's theory,what happens during the latent period of psychosexual development?

A)Pleasure equally from all parts of the body
B)Pleasure from the child's own genitals
C)Interest in others' genitals
D)Suppression of sexual interest

Question 34

​In Freud's theory,lasting worries about dependence and independence suggest fixation at what stage?

A)Genital
B)​Anal
C)​Latent
D)​Oral 

Question 35

In Freud's theory,fixation at the anal stage might lead to which type of behaviors?

A)Either orderliness or messiness
B)Drinking, smoking, and overeating
C)Avoidance of other people
D)Tension and competitiveness

Question 36

​In Freud's theory,what happens to libido as a child grows older?

A)It moves from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind.
B)​It moves from the id to the ego, and then to the superego.
C)​It flows from one body part to another.
D)​It gradually fades away.

Question 37

In Freud's theory,orderly,stingy,stubborn behaviors suggest fixation at what stage?

A)Genital
B)Anal
C)Latent
D)Oral 

Question 38

​Toward whom does a boy feel sexual attraction during the Oedipus complex?

A)His mother
B)​His father
C)​Himself
D)​No one

Question 39

In Freud's theory,what is the "id"?​

A)A set of biological drives that seek gratification
B)​The memory of rules and prohibitions that our parents taught
C)​The system that moves thoughts from the conscious mind into the unconscious
D)​The rational part of personality that makes decisions

Question 40

According to Freud,what are the first and last stages of psychosexual development?

A)The first is the oral stage and the last is the genital stage.
B)The first is the latent stage and the last is the genital stage.
C)The first is the latent stage and the last is the phallic stage.
D)The first is the oral stage and the last is the latent stage.

Question 41

Why does the evidence for suppression of an unpleasant memory fail to support Freud's concept of repression of memories?

A)Suppression occurs in childhood, whereas repression occurs in adults.
B)Freud thought that repression occurred equally for pleasant and unpleasant memories.
C)Intentional suppression generally improves mental health.
D)Suppression is permanent, whereas repression is temporary.

Question 42

If someone has great inhibitions and guilt feelings,what would be Freud's interpretation?

A)Strong id
B)Strong ego
C)Weak ego
D)Strong superego

Question 43

If someone quickly yields to every temptation,what would be Freud's interpretation?

A)Strong id and weak superego
B)Weak id and strong superego
C)Strong id and strong ego
D)Weak ego and strong superego

Question 44

What did Freud mean by repression?​

A)Suppressing or preventing an urge
B)​Making an unpleasant thought or memory unconscious
C)​Refusal to believe that something is true
D)​Unkind treatment of a person or group

Question 45

In Freud's theory,what is the "ego"?

A)A set of biological drives that seek gratification
B)The memory of rules and prohibitions that our parents taught
C)The system that moves thoughts from the conscious mind into the unconscious
D)The rational part of personality that makes decisions

Question 46

What does research say about Freud's concept of repression?

A)Repression is one of the main causes of forgetting.
B)Repression occurs only after a traumatic experience.
C)Repression is one of the main causes of neurotic tendencies.
D)No evidence clearly supports the idea of repression.

Question 47

In Freud's theory,what is the "superego"?

A)A set of biological drives that seek gratification
B)The memory of rules and prohibitions that our parents taught
C)The system that moves thoughts from the conscious mind into the unconscious
D)The rational part of personality that makes decisions

Question 48

​In Freud's theory,what causes a thought,desire,or memory to become unconscious?

A)Repression
B)​The id
C)​Sublimation
D)Reaction formation

Question 49

Which of the following could be a possible example of Freud's concept of repression?​

A)Someone reacts to a frustration by throwing a temper tantrum like a child.
B)​Someone with violent tendencies claims to see violent tendencies in other people.
C)​Someone witnesses a brutal crime and then forgets the details.
D)​Someone describes the details of a brutal crime without any expression of emotion.

Question 50

​In Freud's theory,which part of your personality is similar to the term conscience?

A)The id
B)​The ego
C)​The superego
D)​The unconscious

Question 51

​In Freud's theory,what does repression do?

A)It decreases activity level.
B)​It keeps unacceptable thoughts out of consciousness.
C)​It maintains a balance among competing forces within the personality.
D)​If forces people to do something they don't want to do.

Question 52

A student who wants to avoid studying says,"I can concentrate harder tomorrow if I spend tonight relaxing." This appears to be an example of what?​

A)Projection
B)​Reaction formation
C)​Sublimation
D)​Rationalization

Question 53

What did Freud mean by rationalization?​

A)Going to the opposite extreme to cover up an undesirable quality
B)​Diverting an impulse away from its target toward a less threatening target
C)​Trying to argue that your actions were justified
D)​Attributing your undesirable qualities to someone else

Question 54

According to Freud,the superego is the part of your personality that does what?

A)Tells you what not to do
B)Seeks immediate gratification
C)Makes the final decision about what to do
D)Strives for a feeling of superiority

Question 55

​According to Freud,what does repression cause?

A)Unawareness of something
B)​Anxiety
C)​The superego
D)​Progression from one psychosexual stage to the next

Question 56

​According to Freud,what do the "defense mechanisms" defend against?

A)Anxiety
B)​The superego
C)​The id
D)​The unconscious

Question 57

Someone who goes through a painful divorce forgets most of the details later.This could be a possible example of which defense mechanism?

A)Reaction formation
B)Repression
C)Regression
D)Projection 

Question 58

A politician refuses to believe evidence that contradicts his/her position on an issue.This is an apparent example of which defense mechanism?​

A)Projection
B)​Displacement
C)​Denial
D)​Sublimation 

Question 59

​What was Freud's concept of denial?

A)Refusal to believe something
B)​Making an unpleasant thought or memory unconscious
C)​Returning to the behavior of an earlier age of life
D)​A large river in Egypt

Question 60

Someone who engages in unprotected sex believes,"No harm will come from it." This appears to be an example of which defense mechanism?

A)Regression
B)Reaction formation
C)Projection
D)Denial 

Question 61

A politician distressed about his own secret history of taking bribes proposes strict penalties against offering bribes.His behavior is a possible example of which Freudian defense mechanism?

A)Projection
B)Reaction formation
C)Regression
D)Displacement 

Question 62

Someone reacts to a romantic breakup by pouting like a child.This is an example of which defense mechanism?

A)Repression
B)Regression
C)Reaction formation
D)Sublimation 

Question 63

Someone who notices possible symptoms of cancer reports anxieties about a leaky faucet.This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?

A)Regression
B)Projection
C)Displacement
D)Sublimation 

Question 64

A politician who tells half-truths about the opponent says,"I do this only to help the country get better leaders." This may be an example of which defense mechanism?

A)Displacement
B)Projection
C)Rationalization
D)Sublimation 

Question 65

Someone who loses a job whines and pouts.This is apparently an example of which defense mechanism?​

A)Displacement
B)​Reaction formation
C)​Projection
D)​Regression

Question 66

​A dishonest person claims that most people are liars.This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?

A)Repression
B)​Projection
C)​Regression
D)​Reaction formation

Question 67

According to Freud,what are you doing if you present yourself as the opposite of what you really are?

A)Displacement
B)Projection
C)Sublimation 
D)Reaction formation

Question 68

What did Freud mean by reaction formation?​

A)Attributing your undesirable qualities to other people
B)​Transforming sexual or aggressive energies into culturally acceptable behaviors
C)​Returning to a more immature level of functioning
D)​Going to the opposite extreme to hide an undesirable quality

Question 69

Someone who is ashamed of his own interest in pornography accuses other people of liking pornography.This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?

A)Sublimation
B)Reaction formation
C)Displacement 
D)Projection 

Question 70

What did Freud mean by regression?

A)Trying to argue that your actions are justified
B)Return to a more immature level of behavior
C)Moving an unacceptable thought into the unconscious
D)Diverting a behavior toward a less threatening target

Question 71

What term refers to reacting emotionally to your therapist because the therapist reminds you of your parent or spouse?

A)Reaction formation
B)Transference
C)Self-actualization
D)Free association

Question 72

What did Freud mean by "sublimation"?​

A)Covering up unacceptable qualities by going to the opposite extreme
B)​Transforming sexual or aggressive energies into something acceptable
C)​Attributing your own undesirable qualities to other people
D)​Attempting to show that your morally questionable actions were justified

Question 73

According to Freud,transforming aggressive tendencies into becoming a surgeon is an example of what?

A)Projection
B)Regression
C)Reaction formation
D)Sublimation 

Question 74

​What did Freud mean by projection?

A)Going to the opposite extreme to cover up an undesirable quality
B)​Moving an unacceptable thought or impulse into the unconscious
C)​Diverting a behavior toward a less threatening target
D)​Attributing your undesirable qualities to other people

Question 75

Someone who is angry about losing a job yells at a family member.This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?​

A)Reaction formation
B)​Displacement
C)​Regression
D)​Projection

Question 76

According to Freud,transforming your sexual impulses into artworks is an example of what?

A)Rationalization
B)​Sublimation
C)​Displacement
D)​Reaction formation

Question 77

​Someone who is distressed about liking pornography goes to the opposite extreme and campaigns for abolishing pornography.This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?

A)Displacement
B)Sublimation
C)Projection
D)Reaction formation

Question 78

​A man who fears that he chose the wrong job tried to convince others that it is an excellent job.This is a possible example of which defense mechanism?

A)Projection
B)​Reaction formation
C)​Regression
D)​Sublimation

Question 79

Someone who listens to only one side of an argument accuses opponents of failing to consider both sides.This is apparently an example of which defense mechanism?

A)Reaction formation
B)Regression
C)Projection
D)Sublimation

Question 80

What did Freud mean by displacement?​

A)Trying to argue that your actions were justified
B)​Returning to the behavior of an earlier stage in life
C)​Diverting a behavior toward a less threatening target
D)​Going to the opposite extreme to cover up an undesirable quality