Deck 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby

Question 1

If pregnancy does not occur,the corpus luteum shrinks,and the __________.

A) cells begin to duplicate
B) one-celled zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
C) germinal period lasts only about two weeks
D) lining of the uterus is discarded

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The ectoderm becomes the __________.

A) muscles and skeleton
B) nervous system and skin
C) circulatory system and other internal organs
D) digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining,__________.

A) implantation occurs
B) pregnancy does not occur
C) it stops growing
D) the cells of the zygote first duplicate

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which statement about a blastocyst is true?

A) It consists of a single cell.
B) It is a structure that feeds the developing organism.
C) Between the seventh and ninth days, it burrows deep into the uterine lining.
D) It is a membrane that helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.

Question 5

The embryonic disk __________.

A) becomes the new organism
B) is the outer ring of cells on a blastocyst
C) has a good chance of survival outside the womb
D) is a protective membrane that surrounds the amnion

Question 6

An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two __________ and is drawn into one of two __________.

A) ovaries; testes
B) fallopian tubes; ovaries
C) corpus luteum; fallopian tubes
D) ovaries; fallopian tubes

Question 7

The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the __________.

A) zygote
B) blastocyst
C) embryo
D) fetus

Question 8

The placenta __________.

A) forms in the second trimester of pregnancy
B) encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
C) contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo
D) delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism

Question 9

The force of blood flowing through the __________ keeps it firm.

A) amnion
B) umbilical cord
C) yolk sac
D) embryonic disk

Question 10

The yolk sac __________.

A) forms during the third trimester of pregnancy
B) is the outer ring of cells that surrounds the blastocyst
C) produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function
D) contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste

Question 11

The amniotic fluid __________.

A) delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism
B) helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant
C) delivers nutrients and removes waste products
D) produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function

Question 12

The corpus luteum __________.

A) is where fertilization usually takes place
B) secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum
C) is one of two long, thin structures that lead to the hollow, softly lined uterus
D) is one of two walnut-sized organs located deep inside a woman's abdomen

Question 13

The germinal period __________.

A) occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy
B) lasts about six weeks
C) lasts about two weeks
D) is the final period of a 38-week pregnancy

Question 14

The male produces sperm in the __________,two glands located in the __________.

A) penis; scrotum
B) scrotum; penis
C) testes; penis
D) testes; scrotum

Question 15

By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy,her embryo __________.

A) can sense its world
B) is about ¼ inch long
C) can suck its thumb
D) can curl its toes

Question 16

During the period of the embryo,the __________ becomes the __________.

A) mesoderm; nervous system, lungs, internal organs, and skin
B) chorion; endocrine system, muscles, placenta, and skeleton
C) ectoderm; circulatory system, skin, skeleton, and internal organs
D) endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Question 17

Jalynn is in the last half of the first month of her pregnancy.Which of the following is developing the fastest?

A) circulatory system
B) endocrine system
C) nervous system
D) skin

Question 18

The __________ folds over to form the __________,or primitive spinal cord.

A) mesoderm; neuron tract
B) ectoderm; neural tube
C) endoderm; neural tube
D) ectoderm; neuron tract

Question 19

Irina is in her first week of pregnancy.During this time,__________.

A) heart muscles begin to develop
B) the zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
C) a primitive brain and spinal cord appear
D) the embryo can move

Question 20

During the second month of pregnancy,__________.

A) the umbilical cord first appears as a primitive body stalk
B) touch sensitivity extends to most of the body
C) the heart develops separate chambers
D) the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope

Question 21

Liz is 36 weeks pregnant.A rise in her baby's heart rate is probably followed within five seconds by __________.

A) a burst of motor activity
B) a period of sleep
C) a rise in Liz's heart rate
D) a drop in Liz's body temperature

Question 22

Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne,a cocaine addict.Mateo's caregivers can expect that __________.

A) he will be very attentive to the environment
B) his cries will be abnormally shrill and piercing
C) he will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3
D) his motor development will be especially rapid during the first year

Question 23

In the last weeks of pregnancy,__________.

A) the fetus usually loses a pound or two
B) most fetuses assume an upside-down position
C) fetal growth increases dramatically
D) the fetus begins relying on its own well-developed immune system

Question 24

In the __________ period,teratogens rarely have any impact.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) prenatal

Question 25

By the twelfth week of pregnancy,__________.

A) the sex of the fetus can be detected with ultrasound
B) the mother can feel the movements of the fetus
C) the fetus is viable and can survive if born early
D) synchrony between fetal heart rate and motor activity peaks

Question 26

Currently,the most widely used potent teratogen is __________.

A) aspirin
B) diethylstilbestrol (DES)
C) thalidomide
D) isotretinoin

Question 27

In the eighth month of pregnancy,__________.

A) fetal growth doubles
B) neuron production increases
C) the eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form
D) lanugo typically is shed

Question 28

Which statement about the harm done by teratogens is true?

A) Passive smoking is rarely harmful to the developing fetus.
B) The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
C) The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.
D) The most serious defects occur in the germinal period.

Question 29

During her pregnancy,Padma increased her intake of coffee and tea.Her doctor is likely to tell her that high doses of caffeine contained in coffee and tea increase the risk of __________.

A) premature labor
B) limb deformities
C) respiratory distress at birth
D) low birth weight

Question 30

The harm done by teratogens __________.

A) is straightforward and predictable
B) is usually apparent at birth
C) rarely goes beyond physical damage
D) depends on age at the time of exposure

Question 31

__________ increases tenfold from the twentieth week until birth.

A) Amniotic fluid
B) Brain weight
C) Fetal length
D) Neuron production

Question 32

Lanugo __________.

A) permits food and oxygen to reach the organism
B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements
C) helps regulate the fetus's body temperature
D) helps the vernix stick to the skin

Question 33

During the second trimester,a white,cheeselike substance called __________ emerges on the skin.

A) lanugo
B) corpus luteum
C) vernix
D) chorion

Question 34

The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is __________.

A) colic
B) respiratory distress at birth
C) low birth weight
D) delayed language development

Question 35

A 20-week-old fetus can __________.

A) be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds
B) survive, if born early
C) breathe without oxygen assistance, if born early
D) control its own body temperature

Question 36

Which statement about prenatal marijuana exposure is true?

A) It is linked to impulsivity and overactivity.
B) Lasting consequences are well-established.
C) Studies show no negative effects of exposure.
D) It is linked to an array of physical malformations.

Question 37

The term teratogen refers to __________.

A) any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
B) a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly
C) a rapid period of prenatal neurological development
D) a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage

Question 38

Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope.You tell her that this should happen by the __________.

A) fourth week of pregnancy
B) third month of pregnancy
C) end of the second trimester
D) beginning of the third trimester

Question 39

A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy __________.

A) is just as healthy as a full-term baby
B) usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe
C) only has about a 10 percent survival rate
D) is considered small-for-date

Question 40

It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because __________.

A) most drug-using mothers refuse to participate in teratology research
B) the majority of babies born to drug-using mothers do not survive for more than a few days
C) most drug-using mothers quit using illegal drugs during the first trimester of pregnancy
D) drug users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from other stresses

Question 41

Prenatally malnourished babies frequently __________.

A) reject breast milk
B) have enlarged hearts
C) catch respiratory illnesses
D) have a higher-than-average birth weight

Question 42

Newborns of smoking mothers __________.

A) are more attentive to sounds
B) display more muscle tension
C) less often have colic
D) are less excitable when visually stimulated

Question 43

The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the expectant mother __________.

A) has access to social support during stressful periods
B) takes a low dose of anti-anxiety medication
C) takes a folic acid supplement early in pregnancy
D) is placed on bed rest during the last trimester

Question 44

Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating __________,which are heavily contaminated with __________.

A) long-lived predatory fish; mercury
B) freshwater fish; lead
C) long-lived predatory fish; polychlorinated biphenyls
D) freshwater fish; radiation

Question 45

Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment.What can you tell her about passive smoking?

A) The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers.
B) Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.
C) Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children.
D) The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

Question 46

Low-level radiation,resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays,__________.

A) is harmful only when combined with other teratogens
B) can increase the risk of childhood cancer
C) rarely causes lasting damage
D) is safe during the last trimester

Question 47

Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is true?

A) About 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.
B) In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
C) About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.
D) Untreated HIV-infected mothers pass the virus to the fetus 30 percent of the time.

Question 48

__________ supplementation early in pregnancy reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube,the circulatory system,and the urinary tract.

A) Vitamin A
B) Folic acid
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin C

Question 49

Chinara is Rh-negative and Savon,her first child,is Rh-positive.Chinara's doctor will probably __________.

A) give Savon a vaccine to prevent heart damage and intellectual disabilities
B) advise Chinara not to have another child due to Rh incompatibility
C) give Chinara a vaccine to prevent the buildup of antibodies to the foreign Rh protein
D) do nothing because firstborn children are not affected by Rh incompatibility

Question 50

Shamona,a pregnant mother in Flint,Michigan,is concerned about the drinking water,which shows high levels of lead.Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to __________.

A) facial abnormalities and heart defects
B) defects of the genitals and urinary tract
C) low birth weight and brain damage
D) a variety of childhood cancers

Question 51

An inadequate diet during pregnancy can __________.

A) lead to higher birth weight and greater brain weight
B) reduce the risk of pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes
C) distort the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas
D) lead to fewer physical discomforts in the final weeks

Question 52

Terrance,whose birth mother drank heavily throughout pregnancy,has a thin upper lip,short eyelid openings,a small head,and a smooth philtrum.His physical growth has been slow,and he shows impairment in memory,attention span,motor coordination,and social skills.Terrance has __________.

A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) partial fetal alcohol syndrome
C) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
D) cytomegalovirus

Question 53

Which statement about prenatal rubella is true?

A) The greatest damage occurs when rubella strikes during the fetal period.
B) The organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella can lead to lifelong health problems.
C) Routine vaccination has made new rubella outbreaks extremely rare worldwide.
D) Infection during the embryonic period is less harmful than during other prenatal periods.

Question 54

The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy,the __________.

A) higher the birth weight of the child
B) greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS
C) poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years
D) greater the child's speed of information processing

Question 55

Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she should gain during the pregnancy.You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of __________ pounds.

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 20
C) 25 to 30
D) 35 to 40

Question 56

In healthy,physically fit women,regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to __________.

A) lower birth weight and higher risk of premature birth
B) suppressed development of the immune system
C) serious damage to the central nervous system
D) improved fetal cardiovascular functioning

Question 57

To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis,Kaye should ask other family members to __________.

A) stop smoking
B) pick up after the dog.
C) change the litter box
D) feed the fish

Question 58

Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father __________.

A) nearly twice as many girls as boys
B) nearly three times as many boys as girls
C) more twins and triplets than unaffected men
D) fewer children than unaffected men

Question 59

Which expectant mother has the greatest risk of a baby born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) Chloe, a Caucasian American
B) Latima, an African American
C) Yvonne, a Native American
D) Ming, an Asian American

Question 60

Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception __________.

A) can alter gene expression
B) can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
C) is linked to blood vessel abnormalities
D) has no negative effect on the developing organism

Question 61

Which Apgar criterion is the most difficult to apply to newborns of all races?

A) pink color
B) reflex irritability
C) limp muscle tone
D) strong breathing

Question 62

Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership __________ than comparison-group agemates.

A) scored lower in impulsivity and overactivity
B) had lower academic achievement scores
C) showed more aggressive behavior
D) reported less alcohol and drug use

Question 63

Which statement about the newborn baby's appearance is true?

A) Girls tend to be slightly longer and heavier than boys.
B) Their round faces and big eyes make adults feel like picking them up.
C) The trunk is large in comparison to the head, and the legs are straight.
D) On average, they are 18 inches long and 5½ pounds in weight.

Question 64

During the third stage of labor,__________.

A) the cervix thins to nothing
B) uterine contractions begin
C) the placenta is delivered
D) the baby is born

Question 65

Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had __________.

A) taught women to fear the birth experience
B) helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor
C) taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth
D) helped women focus on child rearing rather than childbirth

Question 66

Kathryn would like to give birth in a medical facility that permits maternal control over labor and delivery,including choice of delivery positions,and allows the presence of family members and friends.Kathryn should consider giving birth at a __________.

A) private home
B) local hospital
C) doula center
D) freestanding birth center

Question 67

A combined Apgar score of __________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.

A) less than 3
B) 3 or 4
C) 5 or 6
D) 7 or better

Question 68

Which mother is most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?

A) Lupe, age 25
B) Marissa, age 32
C) Rotunda, age 16
D) Janette, age 40

Question 69

Maternal high blood glucose __________.

A) can cause Rh factor incompatibility
B) is linked to poorer memory in early childhood
C) is linked to low birth weight
D) can cause the mother's blood pressure to increase sharply

Question 70

Which of the following is a situational barrier to seeking early prenatal care?

A) psychological stress
B) difficulty arranging transportation
C) ambivalence about the pregnancy
D) demands of taking care of other young children

Question 71

Which statement about the Nurse-Family Partnership is true?

A) It is an international program to reduce the risk of teratogens.
B) One of its goals is to promote competent early caregiving.
C) It is a series of childbirth classes offered at many U.S. hospitals.
D) It provides family planning and genetic counseling to couples.

Question 72

Lily weighed 8 pounds and was 21 inches long at birth.She was __________ than the average baby.

A) heavier but shorter
B) heavier and longer
C) lighter but longer
D) lighter and shorter

Question 73

Before the late 1800s,childbirth usually took place __________.

A) at home and was a family-centered event
B) at home, but away from other family members
C) in a hospital with trained midwives
D) in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital

Question 74

The mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles during the __________ stage of labor.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 75

The longest stage of labor is __________.

A) delivery of the baby
B) delivery of the placenta
C) dilation and effacement of the cervix
D) release of epinephrine and cortisol

Question 76

Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.

A) choose cesarean delivery
B) give birth at home
C) are supported by a trained companion during childbirth
D) are administered epidural analgesia during childbirth

Question 77

Andrew received a combined Apgar score of 5.This means that Andrew __________.

A) is in good physical condition
B) needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs
C) is in serious danger and should receive emergency medical attention
D) was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition

Question 78

Regarding a baby's adaptation to labor and delivery,stress hormones __________.

A) endanger the newborn
B) arouse the infant into alertness
C) cause the cervix to thin and the uterine wall to contract
D) cause the mother to breathe deeply, increasing the infant's oxygen supply

Question 79

The third stage of labor lasts about __________.

A) 5 to 10 minutes
B) 20 to 50 minutes
C) 4 to 6 hours
D) 12 to 14 hours

Question 80

Samantha is a first-time expectant mother at age 35.You can tell her that healthy women in their thirties have __________ as those in their twenties.

A) lower rates of miscarriage
B) higher rates of pregnancy complications
C) lower rates of pregnancy complications
D) about the same rates of pregnancy complications