Deck 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is __________.

A) chronological age
B) skeletal age
C) birth weight
D) arm span

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Newborn Sam's __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.

A) heart
B) brain
C) spinal cord
D) femur

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which statement about individual and group differences in physical growth is true?

A) Asian children tend to be slightly above North American growth norms.
B) African-American children tend to be below the growth norms.
C) There are no apparent ethnic differences in physical growth.
D) Children of the same age differ in rate of physical growth.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

During infancy,__________.These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.

A) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; disappear
B) girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys; reverse
C) girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified
D) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; be greatly magnified

Question 5

During the prenatal period,the neural tube __________.

A) forms to become the circulatory and nervous systems
B) produces a few neurons and an abundance of myelins
C) produces far more neurons than the brain will ever need
D) commits all of its neurons to form the major parts of the brain

Question 6

Which statement is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

A) During infancy, the body grows from "head to tail."
B) During childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
C) During the prenatal period, the trunk grows first, followed by the chest and the head.
D) During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

Question 7

According to the __________ trend,the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body during the prenatal period.

A) cranial
B) neuroproximal
C) proximodistal
D) cephalocaudal

Question 8

When skeletal ages are examined at birth,__________.

A) the sexes differ by about 4 to 6 weeks
B) boys are considerably ahead of girls
C) European-American children tend to be ahead of African-American children
D) there are no discernable differences between boys and girls

Question 9

__________ are responsible for myelination.

A) Neurons
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Glial cells
D) Synapses

Question 10

Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called __________.

A) positron emissions
B) neurotransmitters
C) glial cells
D) myelins

Question 11

Stimulation in Hillary's brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses,many of which served identical functions.Neurons that were seldom stimulated lost their synapses in a process called __________.

A) myelination
B) synaptic pruning
C) neuroimaging
D) neurotransmission

Question 12

As neurons form connections,stimulation __________.

A) becomes unnecessary
B) results in fewer and fewer synapses
C) becomes vital to their survival
D) causes synaptic pruning

Question 13

Synapses __________.

A) decrease dramatically during the first year
B) are tiny gaps between neighboring neurons
C) are pruned during mitosis
D) are responsible for myelination

Question 14

The __________ is responsible for the highly developed intelligence of the human species.

A) cerebellum
B) cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla

Question 15

About half the brain's volume is made up of __________ cells.

A) red blood
B) white blood
C) stem
D) glial

Question 16

Neurons __________.

A) are gaps between body cells
B) are tightly packed together
C) are responsible for myelination
D) store and transmit information

Question 17

If Patrick is typical,his height at the end of his first year should be about __________ inches.

A) 24
B) 28
C) 32
D) 36

Question 18

Maggi is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round,plump baby.You can assure Maggi that her daughter's rise in "baby fat" __________.

A) insulates her brittle bones until proper cartilage is formed
B) is a trend that will continue into middle childhood
C) serves to strengthen her muscles
D) helps her maintain a constant body temperature

Question 19

Infants and toddlers grow __________.

A) in little spurts
B) in dramatic spurts
C) by making steady gains over time
D) slower than at any other time during childhood

Question 20

The __________ is among the last regions to attain adult levels of synaptic connections.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) visual area of the cerebral cortex
C) language area of the cerebral cortex
D) auditory area of the cerebral cortex

Question 21

In a large study of children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred around the time of birth or in the first six months of life,researchers found that __________.

A) language functioning was highly lateralized from birth to age 5
B) compared with spatial skills, language skills were more impaired after early brain injury
C) undamaged areas-in either the left or the right hemisphere-took over certain language functions
D) children never fully caught up in vocabulary or grammatical skills

Question 22

Which of the following is true about brain plasticity?

A) Brain plasticity is restricted to childhood.
B) Brain reorganization does not occur in a mature brain.
C) When a young brain is injured, its functioning is rarely compromised.
D) A young brain can reorganize in a way that the mature brain cannot.

Question 23

When animals reared from birth in physically and socially stimulating surroundings are compared with those reared in isolation,the brains of the stimulated animals __________.

A) are smaller
B) are lighter
C) show denser synaptic connections
D) show loss of more functions

Question 24

In left-handed people,the __________.

A) right hemisphere always handles spatial abilities
B) cerebral cortex may be less clearly specialized
C) left hemisphere is always responsible for verbal abilities
D) left hemisphere is always responsible for positive emotion

Question 25

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is known as __________.

A) lateralization
B) brain plasticity
C) synaptic pruning
D) cortical dominance

Question 26

Brain growth is especially dramatic during __________,when the brain more than doubles in size.

A) the first year
B) the second year
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 27

Which statement about brain plasticity is true?

A) A highly plastic cerebral cortex has a low capacity for learning.
B) Damage to a highly plastic cerebral cortex means that the abilities it controls cannot be recovered.
C) Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.
D) The brain is the most plastic during adolescence.

Question 28

The prefrontal cortex __________.

A) is the cortical region that develops first
B) is responsible for controlling body movement
C) functions at an adult level of synaptic connections from birth
D) undergoes especially rapid growth during the preschool and school years

Question 29

In an electroencephalogram (EEG),researchers __________.

A) use a tunnel-shaped apparatus that creates a magnetic field
B) examine brain-wave patterns for stability and organization
C) create detailed, three-dimensional pictures of the entire brain
D) can be certain of the way the individual processes a stimulus

Question 30

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for __________.

A) receiving sensory information
B) physical movement
C) complex thought
D) language development

Question 31

Mia,age 3,is about to undergo a neurobiological exam.The doctor wishes to examine the functioning of Mia's cerebral cortex to measure blood flow and oxygen metabolism.The best method for the doctor to choose in Mia's case is __________.

A) an electroencephalogram (EEG)
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C) positron emission tomography (PET)
D) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Question 32

Studies using fMRI reveal that the left hemisphere is better at processing information in a(n)__________ manner.

A) holistic
B) integrative
C) analytic
D) random

Question 33

Michael was born with cataracts in both eyes.What can you tell his parents about the possibility of recovery as it relates to sensitive periods in brain development?

A) Michael should not have corrective surgery until adulthood, as earlier surgery may permanently damage his eyes.
B) The longer cataract surgery is postponed beyond infancy, the less complete the recovery in visual skills.
C) Corrective surgery should be postponed until early childhood so that Michael can fully recover his visual skills.
D) There is only a slight chance that corrective surgery can repair Michael's severe impairment.

Question 34

Most newborns show greater activation in the right hemisphere while __________.

A) listening to speech sounds
B) displaying a positive state of arousal
C) tasting sweet sugar water
D) listening to nonspeech sounds

Question 35

__________ greatly influences the organization of the cerebral cortex.

A) Heredity
B) Body weight
C) A quiet environment
D) Early experience

Question 36

In the first few years of life,the brain is __________.

A) highly plastic
B) totally plastic
C) more lateralized than at any other period
D) unable to recover from injury

Question 37

The cerebral cortex __________.

A) is the smallest brain structure
B) surrounds the rest of the brain
C) resembles half of a shelled coconut
D) is the first part of the brain to stop growing

Question 38

The __________ contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses.

A) cerebral cortex
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) hippocampus

Question 39

In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into British homes,children adopted __________ attained the highest mental test scores in childhood and adolescence.

A) before 6 months
B) between 6 months and 2 years
C) between 2 and 6 years
D) between 6 and 11 years

Question 40

Coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath during the process of __________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.

A) myelination
B) neuroimaging
C) synaptic pruning
D) neurotransmission

Question 41

In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes,the longer the children spent in orphanage care,the __________ their __________.

A) higher; cortisol levels
B) lower; testosterone levels
C) greater; anger control
D) greater; impulse control

Question 42

Which statement about cosleeping is true?

A) Babies who sleep with their parents breastfeed three times longer than infants who sleep alone.
B) Cosleeping reduces mothers' total sleep time.
C) Cosleeping promotes excessive dependency.
D) Soft mattresses and heavy blankets contribute to effective cosleeping.

Question 43

__________ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

A) Cephalocaudal
B) Proximodistal
C) Catch-up
D) Thyroid-stimulating

Question 44

Between birth and 2 years,__________.

A) napping subsides
B) fussiness and crying increase
C) total sleep time increases slowly
D) the sleep-wake pattern changes substantially

Question 45

Breastfeeding for just a few weeks __________.

A) is a reliable method of birth control
B) can lead to later obesity
C) is not helpful because, in the beginning, breastfeeding causes constipation
D) offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections

Question 46

When brain damage occurs to the __________,recovery is limited.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) occipital lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) parietal lobe

Question 47

In a study of over 10,000 mothers in Western and Asian nations,consistently engaging in bedtime routines was associated with __________.

A) staying up later
B) waking less often
C) getting less sleep
D) more daytime wakefulness

Question 48

Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him.What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

A) Parents and infants usually sleep on soft surfaces and use quilts and comforters.
B) Parents typically place their infants on their stomachs to sleep.
C) Parents and infants usually sleep with light covering on hard surfaces.
D) Parents usually assume a distinctive sleeping posture by turning their backs to the infant.

Question 49

Most 6- to 9-month-olds __________.

A) need only one nap
B) take two daytime naps
C) take three to four naps a day
D) nap sporadically throughout the day

Question 50

Which statement about brain development is true?

A) The sensitive period for mastering gymnastic and musical performance skills is 3 to 4 years of age.
B) Experience-expectant brain growth depends on specific learning experiences that vary widely across cultures.
C) No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years for mastering skills that depend on extensive training.
D) Experience-dependent brain growth occurs early and naturally, as caregivers interact with babies and preschoolers.

Question 51

The body weights of adopted children __________.

A) correlate more strongly with those of their biological than of their adoptive parents
B) correlate more strongly with those of their adoptive than of their biological parents
C) show little or no correlation to either their biological or adoptive parents
D) correlate strongly with their adoptive siblings

Question 52

Which learning experiences should Cheryl,a caregiver,use to promote experience-expectant brain growth?

A) reading and writing
B) playing a game of peekaboo
C) playing computer games
D) practicing the piano

Question 53

Training infants with letter and number flash cards,as well as educational tablet applications,__________.

A) yields smarter "superbabies" who are ready for the challenge of formal education
B) increases the size of the prefrontal cortex, which governs complex cognition
C) increases the brain's capacity for impulse control and stress management
D) can cause them to withdraw, thereby creating conditions much like stimulus deprivation

Question 54

Terry and Ahmad plan to adopt 3-year-old Oleg,who has been living in an orphanage since birth.Terry and Ahmad should know that early,prolonged institutionalization __________.

A) fosters resilience in later childhood and adolescence
B) increases the brain's capacity to manage stress
C) leads to a decrease in size and activity in the cerebral cortex
D) has little impact on intellectual development

Question 55

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________,with solid foods added at __________.

A) 6 months; 4 months
B) 1 year; 4 months
C) 1 year; 6 months
D) 2 years; 6 months

Question 56

Pound for pound,an infant's energy needs are __________ those of an adult.

A) less than one-quarter
B) about one-half
C) about the same as
D) at least twice

Question 57

Compared to U.S.babies,Dutch babies __________.

A) are put to bed later
B) sleep, on average, 2 hours less per day
C) sleep, on average, 2 hours more per day
D) have less predictable sleep schedules

Question 58

__________ is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world's population.

A) Nighttime separation of baby from parent
B) Parent‒infant cosleeping
C) Imposing a strict infant sleep schedule
D) Infant crib sleeping

Question 59

Experience-dependent brain growth __________.

A) occurs throughout our lives
B) depends on ordinary experiences
C) provides the foundation for experience-expectant brain growth
D) refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization

Question 60

Regina and Cassie adopted Chelsea from an orphanage in Argentina.Three years after her adoption,Chelsea displays abnormally low cortisol.This is a sign of __________.

A) impaired capacity to manage stress
B) cognitive catch-up
C) a serious intellectual deficit
D) delayed physical growth

Question 61

Some responses,such as __________,are very difficult to classically condition in young babies because they do not yet have the motor skills needed to deal appropriately with the stimuli.

A) contentment
B) fear
C) hunger
D) sucking

Question 62

Children who experienced marasmus or kwashiorkor display __________.

A) few conduct problems
B) increased fine-motor coordination
C) a more intense stress response
D) little to no lasting damage to organs

Question 63

In classical conditioning,__________.

A) babies learn by observing others; they can imitate the facial expressions of adults
B) a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
C) the strength of a response is gradually reduced due to repetitive stimulation
D) infants act on the environment, and stimuli that follow change the probability that the behavior will occur again

Question 64

Marasmus __________.

A) usually appears in the first year of life
B) is caused by a diet very low in protein
C) is characterized by an enlarged belly and swollen feet
D) rarely leads to death because the child gets enough calories

Question 65

__________ make(s)classical conditioning possible in the young infant.

A) Newborn reflexes
B) A novelty preference
C) Observational learning
D) Habituation

Question 66

__________ is associated with slower weight gain over the first year,leaner body build through early childhood,and 10 to 20 percent reduced obesity risk in later life.

A) Introducing solid foods after 12 months
B) Combining breast- and bottle-feeding for the first year
C) Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months
D) Bottle-feeding exclusively after the first six weeks

Question 67

In classical conditioning,if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times,without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus,__________ will __________.

A) a conditioned response; occur
B) extinction; occur
C) learning; take place
D) learning; be severely compromised

Question 68

If learning has occurred in classical conditioning,and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response,the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.

A) neutral response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) reinforcer

Question 69

Which statement about infant learning is true?

A) Babies do not come into the world with built-in learning capacities.
B) Infants are capable of learning through classical, but not operant, conditioning.
C) Babies learn through their natural preference for novel stimulation.
D) Toddlers, but not infants, learn by observing others.

Question 70

In Africa,the Middle East,and Latin America,__________.

A) most new mothers receive free or subsidized formula
B) nearly 80 percent of babies are exclusively breastfed for the first six months
C) one-third of babies are fully weaned from the breast before 1 year
D) most babies are not breastfed and, instead, are fed rice water or goat milk

Question 71

Most chubby babies __________.

A) become overweight adults
B) are bottle-fed rather than breastfed
C) are less active than normal-weight babies
D) thin out during toddlerhood and early childhood

Question 72

In operant conditioning,__________.

A) a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
B) babies build expectations about stimulus events, but do not influence the stimuli that occur
C) infants act, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again
D) once a baby's nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the neutral stimulus produces the behavior

Question 73

The U.S.Department of Health and Human Services advises exclusive breastfeeding for the first __________ and inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until at least __________.

A) 6 weeks; 6 months
B) 4 months; 6 months
C) 6 months; 1 year
D) 1 year; 2 years

Question 74

In operant conditioning,a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a __________.

A) reinforcer
B) punishment
C) neutral stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 75

Every time baby Gloria nurses,she is placed on a nursing pillow.Gloria's mother later notices that each time Gloria is placed on the pillow,she makes sucking movements.In this example,__________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A) breast milk
B) sucking
C) crying
D) placement on the pillow

Question 76

When the diets of severely malnourished children improve,they __________.

A) continue to undereat
B) rarely have lasting damage
C) rarely show catch-up growth
D) tend to gain excessive weight

Question 77

Brenda is unable to breastfeed her baby.She worries that she is depriving him of an experience essential for healthy psychological development.Brenda should know that __________.

A) children and adolescents who were breastfed are substantially more intelligent than those who were bottle-fed
B) children and adolescents who were bottle-fed suffer more from emotional adjustment issues than those who were breastfed
C) breastfed babies in industrialized nations show more secure attachments than bottle-fed babies, after controlling for maternal intelligence and SES
D) breastfed and bottle-fed infants in industrialized nations do not differ in quality of the mother‒infant relationship or in later emotional adjustment

Question 78

Jack and Jami are concerned that their chubby infant son Angus will become an overweight adult.A preventive step that they can take is to __________.

A) bottle-feed Angus for the first six months
B) give Angus foods containing saturated fats
C) limit the time Angus spends in front of the TV
D) cut back on Angus's caloric intake throughout infancy

Question 79

Yolanda,age 2,is being raised in a single-parent household.Although her mother works,she does not always have sufficient funds to purchase enough food for a healthy,active life.Yolanda is skinny and withdrawn.Yolanda suffers from __________.

A) marasmus
B) anorexia
C) kwashiorkor
D) food insecurity

Question 80

Yokow gets just enough calories from starchy foods,but his diet is very low in protein.He has an enlarged belly,swollen feet,and a rash on his skin.Yokow probably suffers from __________.

A) marasmus
B) iron-deficiency anemia
C) kwashiorkor
D) nonorganic failure to thrive