Deck 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

By age 3½,children describe themselves in terms of __________.

A) personality traits
B) emotions and attitudes
C) nonobservable characteristics
D) character

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Research on cultural variations in personal storytelling reveals that __________.

A) Chinese parents tend to cultivate children's individuality through storytelling
B) Irish-American parents often tell stories that emphasize children's transgressions
C) Chinese parents use storytelling to guide children toward socially responsible behavior
D) Irish-American parents tell stories that affirm the importance of not disgracing the family

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In one study comparing the storytelling practices of middle-SES Irish-American families and middle-SES Chinese families,the Chinese parents told __________.

A) short stories about their children overcoming their shortcomings
B) long stories to promote their children's self-esteem
C) long stories about their children's previous misdeeds
D) short stories about their own success in childhood

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Erikson,play __________.

A) causes children to feel too much guilt because they are not able to master new tasks
B) creates a small social organization of children who must cooperate to achieve common goals
C) is not a valuable use of preschoolers' time, which is better spent on academic forms of learning
D) is a nonsocial activity through which preschoolers learn cause-and-effect relationships

Question 5

Which statement is supported by research on emotional understanding?

A) Preschoolers whose parents negotiate during conflicts with them show delayed emotional understanding.
B) Discussions of negative experiences are not particularly helpful to developing emotional understanding.
C) With age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends.
D) Knowledge about emotion helps children in their efforts to get along with others.

Question 6

Although Freud's ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development,Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

A) the superego
B) mistrust
C) initiative
D) psychosexual stages

Question 7

According to Erikson,preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they __________.

A) are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults
B) identify too strongly with the same-sex parent
C) identify too strongly with the other-sex parent
D) have an overly lenient superego

Question 8

By __________,children can set aside their current state of mind and take a future perspective.

A) the end of the first year
B) age 2
C) age 3
D) the end of the preschool years

Question 9

According to Erikson,the psychological conflict of the preschool years is __________.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) industry versus inferiority
D) initiative versus guilt

Question 10

Early in the preschool years,children __________.

A) accurately interpret situations that offer conflicting cues about how a person is feeling
B) are not good at inferring how others are feeling based on their behavior
C) refer to causes, consequences, and behavioral signs of emotion
D) do not realize that thinking and feeling are interconnected

Question 11

Once children have a sense of autonomy,they become __________ than they were as toddlers.

A) less active
B) less contrary
C) more willful
D) more filled with self-doubt

Question 12

Self-__________ evaluations are among the most important aspects of self-development because they affect our emotional experiences,future behavior,and long-term psychological adjustment.

A) awareness
B) esteem
C) control
D) talk

Question 13

Three-year-old Rayna says,"I Rayna.I a girl.I run fast.I like yellow." Rayna is beginning to develop __________.

A) a moral self
B) self-regulation
C) emotional competence
D) a self-concept

Question 14

__________ fosters a more positive,coherent early self-concept.

A) Permissive parenting
B) A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
C) Authoritarian parenting
D) Strong identification with the other-sex parent

Question 15

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by __________.

A) adjusting their expectations to children's capacities
B) using praise liberally
C) always giving them positive feedback, regardless of performance
D) only presenting them with easy tasks

Question 16

The more parents __________,the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

A) label emotions, explain them, and express warmth when conversing with preschoolers
B) encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers
C) label their children's successes and failures and point out when their children make errors
D) expect their children to behave like adults

Question 17

Four-year-old Darius is learning to talk about his feelings.He is becoming better at emotional self-regulation,and he is starting to express empathy.Darius is developing __________.

A) self-conscious emotions
B) emotional competence
C) self-esteem
D) emotional stability

Question 18

During the preschool years,high self-esteem __________.

A) is self-defeating because children cannot yet adequately complete tasks
B) is rare because preschoolers fail at so many new tasks
C) can lead to an exaggerated sense of self-importance in adulthood
D) contributes greatly to children's initiative

Question 19

Which statement about preschoolers' self-judgments is true?

A) Preschoolers combine their many self-judgments into a global sense of self-esteem.
B) Children whose parents regularly encourage them give up easily when faced with challenges.
C) Young children are not mature enough to form self-judgments.
D) Preschoolers usually rate their own ability as extremely high.

Question 20

When asked,"Tell me about yourself," what is 3-year-old Riley most likely to say?

A) "I have new, blue shoes."
B) "I am cheerful."
C) "I am shy."
D) "I am friendly."

Question 21

Four children in LaShonda's preschool class act out a make-believe theme in the dramatic play interest area.They are engaging in __________.

A) nonsocial activity
B) parallel play
C) associative play
D) cooperative play

Question 22

Among Western children,when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not excessive or accompanied by shame,it is related to __________.

A) inflated self-esteem
B) an insecure attachment
C) poor emotional self-regulation
D) good adjustment

Question 23

Larissa,age 3,often plays alone.Her parents should be concerned if she __________.

A) talks to imaginary friends
B) works with art materials by herself
C) only does puzzles or builds with blocks
D) engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action

Question 24

Four-year-old Valentina has an intense fear of dogs.Her fear has persisted for as long as her parents can remember,and they have not been able to reduce it in any way.Lately,she is refusing to go outside because she might see a dog.Valentina's fear __________.

A) has reached the level of a phobia
B) is typical for her age
C) probably results from a fear of separation
D) cannot be reduced by counseling

Question 25

Four-year-old Simka is sociable and good at regulating her emotions.She is likely to __________ when she sees others in distress.

A) help, share, and comfort others
B) experience personal distress
C) show a rise in heart rate and lip biting
D) show a sharp increase in EEG brain-wave activity

Question 26

Empathy __________.

A) is more often expressed in toddlerhood than in the preschool years
B) leads to feelings of sorrow for another's plight
C) serves as a motivator of prosocial behavior
D) always yields acts of kindness and helpfulness

Question 27

Four-year-old Harry suffers from physical abuse at home.When his playmates at the child-care center become distressed,Harry probably __________.

A) shows sympathy
B) shows empathy
C) reacts with sensitive concern
D) withdraws

Question 28

Three-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings.When another child is unhappy,D'Arcy is likely to respond with __________.

A) fear and anger
B) anxiety and distress
C) empathetic concern
D) frowning and lip biting

Question 29

In associative play,__________.

A) a child plays alone or watches other children while they play
B) a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior
C) children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior
D) children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme

Question 30

As their self-concepts develop,preschoolers become __________.

A) less sensitive to blame or the possibility of such feedback
B) less likely to experience self-conscious emotions
C) more sensitive to praise or the possibility of such feedback
D) more likely to feel intense shame after success

Question 31

Three-year-old Noah is afraid of ghosts.What can Noah's parents do to help him manage his fear?

A) Increase his exposure to stories about ghosts.
B) Install a night-light and sit by his bed until he falls asleep.
C) Expose him to nonfictional TV programs about ghosts.
D) Explain to him that ghosts are not real, as he is old enough to understand fantasy versus reality.

Question 32

Poor emotional regulators __________ often display __________.

A) more; sympathetic concern
B) less; prosocial behavior
C) more; altruistic behavior
D) less; personal distress

Question 33

Which statement about peer sociability is true?

A) Later-appearing forms of play replace earlier ones in the developmental sequence.
B) Once a child begins to play cooperatively, she no longer engages in parallel play.
C) Nonsocial activity is almost nonexistent among kindergarteners.
D) It is the type, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes in early childhood.

Question 34

According to Mildred Parten,two forms of true social interaction are __________ and __________ play.

A) nonsocial; associative
B) parallel; nonsocial
C) cooperative; parallel
D) associative; cooperative

Question 35

Two-year-old Truman goes to the park with his father.He stands by a bench where his father is sitting and watches two children run.Truman is engaged in __________.

A) nonsocial activity
B) parallel play
C) associative play
D) cooperative play

Question 36

__________ contributes to preschoolers' improved emotional self-regulation.

A) Permissive child rearing
B) Authoritarian child rearing
C) Language
D) Family size

Question 37

Perhaps because __________ play is inconsistent with the "masculine" gender role,boys who engage in it are at risk for negative reactions from both parents and peers.

A) quiet
B) sociodramatic
C) constructive
D) functional

Question 38

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag,her dad comments,"You stood still as you were throwing.Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback,Katherine is likely to experience __________.

A) low levels of shame and pride and less persistence on difficult tasks
B) extreme pride after a success and extreme shame after a failure
C) no pride after a success and no shame after a failure
D) moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks

Question 39

Four-year-old Honesty covers her eyes to block out scary sights and covers her ears when sounds are too loud.When she is excluded from a game,she changes her goals and decides that she does not want to play anyway.As she uses these strategies,Honesty's __________ will decline.

A) emotional outbursts
B) ability to manage her fears
C) emotional self-regulation
D) grasp of the distinction between fantasy and reality

Question 40

Longitudinal evidence on peer sociability indicates that __________.

A) later-appearing play forms replace early ones
B) all four types of play coexist in early childhood
C) functional play is especially common among older preschoolers
D) preschoolers who spend a lot time playing alone tend to be socially anxious

Question 41

Discipline that relies too heavily on __________ makes children so anxious and frightened that they cannot think clearly enough to figure out what they should do.

A) induction
B) rewards
C) withdrawal of love
D) time out

Question 42

Research reveals that inductive discipline __________.

A) fails to provide children with information about how to behave in future situations
B) encourages children to comply with rules to avoid the loss of parental love
C) discourages the development of empathy and sympathy
D) helps children notice others' feelings by pointing out the effects of children's misbehavior on others

Question 43

According to the psychoanalytic perspective,__________ motivates moral behavior.

A) fear of punishment
B) induction
C) modeling
D) temperament

Question 44

To preschoolers,__________.

A) friendship is a relationship based on mutual trust
B) a friend is someone "who likes you"
C) friendship has a long-term enduring quality
D) a friend is someone who understands your thoughts and feelings

Question 45

According to social learning theorists,__________.

A) morality has a unique course of development
B) prosocial acts often occur spontaneously in early childhood
C) moral behavior is acquired through modeling
D) guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally

Question 46

Which statement about the effects of harsh punishment is true?

A) Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children.
B) Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline.
C) A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time.
D) Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic.

Question 47

Four-year-old Mona's parents use inductive discipline.As a result,Mona is __________ likely to __________.

A) more; display prosocial behavior
B) more; ignore damage after misdeeds
C) less; refrain from wrongdoing
D) less; confess after misdeeds

Question 48

Most theories of moral development agree that at first,a child's morality is __________.

A) regulated by inner standards
B) motivated by a fear of retribution
C) driven by compassionate concern
D) externally controlled by adults

Question 49

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are __________ likely to __________.

A) more; provide props than those who value its cognitive benefits
B) more; have children who have rich imaginations than those who view play as developmentally beneficial
C) less; encourage associative play than to encourage parallel play
D) less; encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits

Question 50

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when __________.

A) they want to foster long-term goals
B) very serious transgressions occur
C) immediate obedience is necessary
D) children are verbally aggressive toward others

Question 51

Research on friendships shows that __________.

A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends
B) preschoolers give more reinforcement to nonfriends than to friends
C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust
D) children entering kindergarten who have friends in their class adjust to school more favorably

Question 52

Which preschooler is the most likely to have a larger peer network and to be more socially skilled?

A) Ariane, whose parents do not get involved in her peer relationships
B) Jasper, whose parents frequently arrange informal play dates
C) Annika, who has an insecure attachment to her mother
D) Maksim, whose father does not believe in playing with children

Question 53

Preschoolers are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of __________.

A) younger peers
B) warm adults
C) distant adults
D) less powerful models

Question 54

Which preschooler is the most likely to be responsive to induction?

A) Samu, who is fearless
B) Hugo, who is impulsive
C) Thor, who is empathetic
D) Karmin, who is aggressive

Question 55

According to Freud,children __________.

A) listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt
B) obey the superego to avoid guilt
C) obey the ego to avoid feelings of mistrust
D) behave morally when adults point out the effects of their misbehavior on others

Question 56

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that __________.

A) children adopt the moral standards of their same-sex parent
B) guilt is an important motivator of moral action
C) children's fear of punishment leads to the development of moral behavior
D) fear of the loss of parental love motivates conscience formation

Question 57

The frequency and harshness of corporal punishment is elevated among __________ parents.

A) well-educated
B) middle-class
C) economically advantaged
D) economically disadvantaged

Question 58

Which statement about moral development is accurate?

A) Guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally.
B) Moral development is complete by the end of early childhood.
C) There is little evidence that guilt motivates moral action.
D) Moral development is a gradual process that extends into adulthood.

Question 59

__________ strongly predicts children's social competence in early childhood.

A) Birth order
B) Permissive parenting
C) Teacher sensitivity
D) Time spent in structured activities

Question 60

Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by __________ years of age.

A) 1 to 2
B) 3 to 4
C) 5 to 6
D) 8 to 10

Question 61

Which statement is true about aggression?

A) Proactive aggression tends to rise over early and middle childhood.
B) Boys are more verbally and relationally aggressive than girls.
C) Highly aggressive children tend to be rejected by peers and to fail in school.
D) Girls are more likely than boys to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

Question 62

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence __________.

A) decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions, but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers
B) has a negative impact on preschool children, but does not increase aggression in older children
C) is common on nighttime programming, but perpetrators are almost always punished
D) increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behavior in viewers

Question 63

One strategy of positive parenting is __________.

A) withdrawal of privileges
B) reducing opportunities for misbehavior
C) allowing children freedom from family routines and duties
D) using time out when children are obstinate

Question 64

__________ are especially susceptible to television violence.

A) Preschoolers
B) Ten- to 12-year-olds
C) Young teens
D) Older teens

Question 65

The meaning and impact of physical discipline to children __________.

A) is consistently negative, regardless of ethnicity, context, or intensity
B) can always be seen in problem behaviors, depressive symptoms, and negative self-esteem
C) can vary sharply with its intensity level, context of warmth and support, and cultural approval
D) varies little from culture to culture within the United States

Question 66

Deon sent his son,Oskar,to his room when Oskar began screaming and throwing his toy trucks.This time-out technique __________.

A) will give Deon time to cool off
B) is not harsh enough to change Oskar's behavior
C) helps Oskar build social and life skills
D) teaches Oskar responsible participation in the family

Question 67

Preschoolers distinguish __________,which protect people's rights and welfare,from __________,which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

A) social conventions; moral imperatives
B) matters of personal choice; social conventions
C) moral imperatives; matters of personal choice
D) moral imperatives; social conventions

Question 68

Mia bit her brother,so her father would not let her watch TV.This technique,known as withdrawal of privileges,__________.

A) gives Mia's father a cooling-off period
B) allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence
C) helps Mia relate biting to her father's expectations for her future behavior
D) is not as effective as corporal punishment

Question 69

Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in __________.

A) children's television programming
B) police and hospital TV shows
C) reality TV shows
D) cartoons

Question 70

Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and European-American parents __________.

A) consider physical punishment to be wrong
B) report meting out physical punishment differently
C) culturally disapprove of physical discipline
D) are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment

Question 71

Preschoolers __________.

A) tend to have fluid moral reasoning
B) cannot distinguish moral imperatives from social conventions
C) can easily distinguish between accidental and intentional transgressions
D) are more likely than older children to claim that lying is always wrong

Question 72

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) direct
B) verbal
C) instrumental
D) relational

Question 73

Initially,the most common type of aggression is __________.

A) reactive
B) proactive
C) hostile
D) active

Question 74

__________ aggression is always __________.

A) Verbal; direct
B) Physical; indirect
C) Physical; direct
D) Relational; indirect

Question 75

Eduoard spreads a rumor about Nicholas after Nicholas is cast as the lead in the school play,the role Eduoard desired.This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) physical
B) proactive
C) reactive
D) verbal

Question 76

Which statement is supported by research on viewing television violence?

A) Violent programming creates short-term increases in aggression, but does not have lasting negative effects.
B) Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent media than nonaggressive children.
C) Older children are more likely than preschool and young school-age children to imitate TV violence.
D) Violent television has a negative effect only on children who are already highly aggressive.

Question 77

Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider __________ as more wrong than __________.

A) burping at the table; cheating at a game
B) eating ice cream with his fingers; stealing an apple
C) failing to say "please"; lying
D) stealing an eraser; licking his plate

Question 78

The cognitive-developmental perspective __________.

A) focuses on how children acquire ready-made standards of good conduct from adults
B) views children as blank slates, eager to "write" information about social rules
C) regards children as active thinkers about social rules
D) holds that children are prewired with standards of good conduct

Question 79

Which statement about screen media is accurate?

A) Ninety percent of U.S. parents limit their preschoolers' screen media time.
B) Placing a TV or computer in a child's bedroom decreases its use.
C) About half of U.S. school-age children experience no limits on screen media use.
D) Parents' media behavior has little or no influence on children's behavior.

Question 80

Louise would like to improve her children's "media diet." She should __________.

A) use screen media as a reward
B) limit mobile device use during family interactions
C) withhold screen media as a punishment
D) place the children's computers in their bedrooms