Deck 14: Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism: Revolution, Counterrevolution, and Unification

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes Germany in 1871?

A) German unification finally permitted European fears and tensions to subside.
B) Metternich's concerns for the stability of the European state system had proven unfounded.
C) Germany had destroyed the balance of power.
D) German power was only matched by that of Austria.
E) Germany had become the weakest state in Europe.

Answer 1

Germany had destroyed the balance of power.

Question 2

Referring to the map in this text, what major Eastern European nations was not a site of liberal reform movements because of the government's severe and harsh reaction along with a lack of middle and lower class reactionaries?

A) Poland
B) Turkey
C) Greece
D) Russia
E) Austria Hungary

Answer 2

Russia

Question 3

During the war between France and Prussia

A) the South German states joined the French against the Prussian threat.
B) Napoleon III defeated the Prussian ending the rise of Prussia.
C) Austria came to France's aid.
D) Napoleon III was captured and Parisians were threatened with starvation.
E) Bismarck lost his gamble that the southern Germans would ally with Prussia.

Answer 3

Napoleon III was captured and Parisians were threatened with starvation.

Question 4

At the Congress of Vienna, Alexander I was mistrusted by most of the diplomats attending because he

A) wanted to punish France severely.
B) wanted to move on the Ottoman Empire to destroy Islam from moving East.
C) considered himself the only one who could save Europe.
D) wanted to recognize the various ethnic groups in Austria.
E) secretly made a military treaty with Prussia.

Question 5

Count Cavour, it may be said

A) was following the insightful direction of the King of Piedmont.
B) made a great error in entering the Crimean War.
C) was the primary architect of Italian unification.
D) failed to recognize the possibility of having France as an ally.
E) failed to make the right alliances for Italian Unification.

Question 6

Referring to the illustration in the text, Revolution in Vienna, May 1848, which of the following statements describes the major theme of the scene?

A) The Hapsburgs were forced to give into student liberal demands.
B) The revolutionary forces were drawn from the working class.
C) Army forces joined with students in revolts.
D) Magyars were able to storm Vienna.
E) Bismarckian planned student actions were successful in weakening Austrian control in the German States.

Question 7

Prussian reforms included which of the following in the early nineteenth century?

A) A constitution
B) Military promotions for performance
C) Citizenship for Jews
D) Granting a voice in government to the middle class
E) Continued peasant obligations to lords

Question 8

The Risorgimento was a/an

A) nationalist organization based in Poland.
B) nationalist organization based in Austria.
C) German nationalist organization.
D) Italian nationalist movement.
E) nationalist organization based in Russia.

Question 9

Which of the following statements best describes Metternich?

A) A man of the old order
B) Domestic and international stability was best controlled by monarchs and the aristocracy.
C) Liberal ideas led to revolution.
D) Only a balance of power could restore peace and order to Europe.
E) Each of these statements can be used to describe Metternich.

Question 10

Among the factors limiting Napoleon III's support for Italians fighting for unification in the period 1858−1861 was

A) desire not to undermine Austrian power in northern Italy.
B) fear that Piedmont might demand the cession of Nice and Savoy from France.
C) concern that French Catholics would blame him if the Pope lost any land.
D) the subsidies he received from Austria.
E) the fear of Prussian attack of a unified Italy.

Question 11

After the 1848 revolution, German liberals

A) lost control of their temporary governments and were discredited.
B) were relieved that their hopes for political change had been realized.
C) persisted in their belief in liberal principles linked to the achievement of national goals.
D) remained convinced that revolution would finally unite Germany.
E) realized that only liberal ideals will unify Germany.

Question 12

Many German liberals forgave Bismarck for dominating parliament after

A) the Prussian victory in the war with Austria.
B) the revelation of the corruption of many parliamentary members.
C) the rise of a major Social Democratic party in Germany.
D) his assassination.
E) the Prussian victory over France in 1870.

Question 13

The Carbonari may be best described as

A) secret nationalist societies.
B) a group of middle-class businessmen who sought to encourage literacy.
C) underpaid and oppressed charcoal gatherers in Sicily.
D) the secret police of Hapsburg territories in Italy.
E) the Russian secret police.

Question 14

The principles of the Risorgimento may be best related to

A) economic liberalism.
B) the Italian Zollverein.
C) revival of papal authority.
D) nationalism.
E) socialism

Question 15

Who founded the organization known as Young Italy?

A) Garibaldi
B) Mazzini
C) Cavour
D) Emmanuel
E) Napoleon III

Question 16

The Settlement of 1867 succeeded in

A) pacifying the Czechs.
B) reuniting the Sudeten Germans with Prussia.
C) removing the Hapsburgs from control of Hungary.
D) giving Hungary complete control over its internal affairs.
E) putting Hungary under the complete control of Austria.

Question 17

The Zollverein was

A) the abolition of all internal customs duties in Prussia.
B) a customs union embracing all German states except Austria.
C) an association of German university professors who advocated free trade.
D) the ruling class of Prussia that rejected liberalism.
E) an association of German peasants.

Question 18

The first part of Cavour's program for unification of Italy involved

A) formation of secret terrorist bands in all the Italian states.
B) mobilizing peasant support for unification.
C) an invasion of Austria proper.
D) improving Piedmont's image abroad with an economic reform program.
E) favoring Mazzini's goal of a democratic republic.

Question 19

The ultimate reason that newly unified Italy was able to occupy Rome and make the city its capital was

A) withdrawal of the French garrison during the Franco-Prussian War.
B) the Pope's excommunication of Napoleon III.
C) the Pope's agreement to accept Italian rule in exchange for Italian government subsidies for the Vatican.
D) Austrian withdrawal following the 1866 defeat by Prussia.
E) withdrawal of German soldiers.

Question 20

Which of the following supported the Prussian throne?

A) The liberals
B) The Junkers
C) The peasants
D) The serfs
E) The lawyers

Question 21

Which of the following believed that an awakened Italy would lead to the regeneration of humanity?

A) Emmanuel
B) Cavour
C) Garibaldi
D) Mazzini
E) Kossuth

Question 22

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Giuseppe Mazzini

Question 23

Which of the following contributed to the demise of the revolutionary efforts in 1848−1849?

A) Religious divisions
B) Nationalist rivalries
C) Russian armies
D) Weak monarchies
E) All of these

Question 24

Which of the following leaders allowed Pope Pius IX to return to Rome?

A) Louis Napoleon
B) Cavour
C) Mazzini
D) Garibaldi
E) Victor Emmanuel

Question 25

Who was responsible for ousting the Bourbon monarchy in Sicily in 1860?

A) Napoleon III
B) Cavour
C) Emmanuel
D) Mazzini
E) Garibaldi

Question 26

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Concert of Europe

Question 27

According to the authors, Bismarck

A) did everything possible to prevent the outbreak of war with France in 1870.
B) incited Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to seek the Spanish throne.
C) attempted to back out of the Franco-Prussian War at the last moment.
D) used the Franco Prussian War to gain Southern German support.
E) made an alliance with the Piedmont.

Question 28

Metternich's approach to European politics involved

A) working to revoke the settlement of the Congress of Vienna.
B) the approach that moderate liberalization of government may be a good thing.
C) the conviction that someday soon Austria must attack Russia.
D) working for a restoration of a balance of power.
E) giving power to the middle class.

Question 29

In 1858, Cavour signed an agreement with which of the following leaders against Austria?

A) Emmanuel
B) Mazzini
C) Garibaldi
D) Bismarck
E) Napoleon III

Question 30

Factors that relate to the German revolution of 1848 include each of the following except

A) hostility against absolute princes.
B) the impact of a depression in the 1840s.
C) the strong Marxian influence among German workers.
D) reform-minded middle-class liberals.
E) the successful revolt against Louis Philippe.

Question 31

One may say of the Magyar nationalists in the 1848 period that they

A) demanded an independent state that favored Magyars.
B) were led by leaders of the working class.
C) remained staunchly loyal to Austria.
D) allied with the Russians.
E) demanded that Hungary sever all ties with the Hapsburg Empire.

Question 32

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Young Italy

Question 33

In the December 1848 elections in France, all ____ could vote.

A) adults
B) adult males
C) adult males who paid taxes
D) adult males with more than 200 francs in net assets
E) adult males with property

Question 34

According to the text, after 1867, which ethnic groups were dominant in the Hapsburg Empire?

A) Austrians and Bulgarians
B) Germans and Slovenians
C) Czechs and Romanians
D) Czechs and Bosnians
E) Magyars and Germans

Question 35

The Magyars are best associated with which country?

A) Germany
B) Hungary
C) Austria
D) Romania
E) Italy

Question 36

In street fighting in European cities

A) revolutionary students and workers consistently prevailed.
B) many revolutionaries reorganized to fight back.
C) many regulars deserted.
D) relatively few civilians were killed.
E) regular forces ultimately proved able to defeat fractionalized and inexperienced revolutionaries.

Question 37

In northern Italy, the revolution of 1848 was directed against

A) King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia.
B) papal hegemony.
C) Austrian rule.
D) French rule.
E) German rule.

Question 38

Liberal gains due to the 1848 revolutions included the right to vote by all Frenchmen, the abolition of serfdom in Austria, and

A) the establishment of parliament in Prussia.
B) liberal reforms including legal guarantee of basic rights.
C) power in the hands of the middle class.
D) power in the hands of the working class.
E) power in the hands of the military.

Question 39

According to the author, the major impact of the 1848 revolutions in Germany was

A) the firm establishment of socialism as part of the German political scene.
B) recognition by the Prussian nobility that compromise with liberalism was necessary.
C) the thwarting of liberal ambitions and the ultimate adoption of nationalism by the German middle classes.
D) the permanent weakening of Prussia.
E) victory for democratic principles in all the German states.

Question 40

Which European leader ordered the collection of taxes without parliamentary approval?

A) Cavour
B) Mazzini
C) Bismarck
D) King William
E) Napoleon III

Question 41

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Risorgimento

Question 42

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?

-Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Question 43

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
William I

Question 44

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Settlement of 1867

Question 45

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

Question 46

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Victor Emmanuel

Question 47

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Metternich

Question 48

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Otto von Bismarck

Question 49

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
South Slavs

Question 50

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Magyars

Question 51

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Frederick William IV

Question 52

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
realpolitik

Question 53

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Giuseppe Garibaldi

Question 54

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Franco-Prussian War

Question 55

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Balance of Power

Question 56

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Junkers

Question 57

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

On a map of Europe, locate and identify with dates the military actions of Bismarck in creating a unified German state.

Question 58

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Zollverein

Question 59

Please use this outline map of Italy to answer the question(s).

On a map of the Italian Peninsula, define the following areas: the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, of Piedmont-Sardinia; the Papal States; Parma, Modena, and Tuscany; Venetia; and Lombardy. Next to each, place the date when the areas were incorporated into Italy.

Question 60

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Battle of Sadowa

Question 61

Metternich refused to support the Greek independence movement because​

A) ​it might introduce Eastern Orthodoxy to Central Europe.
B) ​Austria alliance with the Ottoman Empire guaranteed their neutrality.
C) ​he feared it might destroy the balance of power in Europe.
D) ​Greek nationalist had expressed a desire to spread into Macedonia.
E) ​Muslim minorities in the empire might become enraged.

Question 62

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

How did Bismarck use war to further his plan for the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership?

Question 63

​The Revolution of 1848 in France lead to all of the following except

A) ​abdication of King Louis Philippe.
B) ​the creation of a new republic in France.
C) ​expansion of voting rights.
D) ​the election of Louis Napoleon as President.
E) ​the demonstrated proof of a new radical population in France.

Question 64

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

In your opinion, was it neurotic or realistic for Metternich to have a dissolution complex? Explain your position using at least two examples to support your conclusion.

Question 65

​The original members of the Quadruple Alliance included all of the countries except

A) ​Russia
B) ​Austria
C) ​Prussia
D) ​Great Britain
E) ​Italy

Question 66

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

On a map of Europe, trace the boundaries of the German Confederation in 1815. Trace the boundary of the North German Confederation and the boundary of the German Empire. Note the differences.

Question 67

​The term "realpolitik" is best associated with

A) ​conservative diplomats efforts to create a balance of power in Europe.
B) ​a rejection of idealism.
C) ​the power of the folk and real people.
D) ​the return to traditional morals after the French Revolution.
E) ​a combining of artistic realism and political activism.

Question 68

Bismarck believed that war with Austria was inevitable because​

A) ​of religious differences between the two countries.
B) ​Austria was fomenting liberal reforms within Prussia.
C) ​Russia was encouraging Prussia to attack Austria.
D) ​Austria was preventing Prussia from dominating German Affairs.
E) ​the Kaiser William I had insulted Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria.

Question 69

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

How does the Hungarian revolution of 1848 illustrate both the great-mindedness and the small-mindedness of the champions of nationalism?

Question 70

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Trace the main events of the unification of either Italy or Germany. Discuss how great leaders influence such developments.

Question 71

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Explain how the revolutions of 1848 demonstrated that nationalism and liberalism were not necessarily compatible.

Question 72

The Austrian Empire included all of the following ethnic minorities except​

A) ​Czech.
B) ​Poles.
C) ​Croats.
D) ​Italians
E) ​Turks.

Question 73

​Class distinctions undermined the revolutions of 1848 because

A) ​Conservatives left the barricades when the urban poor became radicalized.
B) ​Marxist ideology dictated that it must.
C) ​Bourgeois liberals favored political reforms, while the laboring poor demanded social reforms.​
D) ​Urban poor demanded the expansion of voting rights and the middle class opposed universal suffrage.​
E) ​Conservatives accused the bourgeois of inciting Jacobin tendencies in the laboring poor.

Question 74

What liberal reforms were instituted during the nineteenth century? Consider how these examples differ in different countries of Europe.

Question 75

The Italian leader most associated with the Risorgimento was_______.​

A) ​Giuseppe Mazzini​
B) ​Giuseppe Garibaldi​
C) ​Count Camillo Benso di Cavour​
D) ​King Victor Emmanuel​
E) ​Louis Napoleon

Question 76

Why did the revolutions of 1848 collapse? How did this failure mark the end of the revolutionary spirit of the French Revolution?​

Question 77

​The Franco-Prussian War ended with the

A) ​crowning of William I of Prussia as Kaiser William I.​
B) ​defeat of Austria forces by French and Prussian armies.​
C) ​enforcement of Metternich balance of power foreign policy.​
D) ​defeat of Prussia by Napoleon III.​
E) ​the unification of Germany but at the cost of Alsace-Lorraine to France.

Question 78

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Why did liberalism decline and militarism rise in Germany between 1848 and 1870?