Deck 17: Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, Human Nature, and the Arts

Question 1

Georges Sorel saw the proletarians (factory workers) as

A) vile and inferior.
B) inevitably and eternally befuddled.
C) noble, courageous, and virile.
D) the only rational thinkers in capitalist society.
E) decadent, soft, and unheroic.

Answer 1

noble, courageous, and virile.

Question 2

Which of the following statements best summarizes Nietzsche's view of Christianity?

A) Christians needed to return to the principles enunciated in the Sermon on the Mount.
B) Christianity was the "opiate of the people."
C) Christianity was for weaklings and hypocrites.
D) Christ was a great man, but not literally the Son of God.
E) Christianity revives the spark of life in man.

Answer 2

Christianity was for weaklings and hypocrites.

Question 3

It is generally recognized that Nietzsche's writings

A) offered memoirs of his experiences in the Franco-Prussian War.
B) offered racist arguments.
C) called for a rising of the masses.
D) endorse Christianity.
E) None of these

Answer 3

None of these

Question 4

Who of the following aimed to construct a system of sociology on the model of the physical sciences?

A) Freud
B) Bergson
C) Weber
D) Durkheim
E) Pareto

Question 5

The authors refer to which of the following as the "principal figure in the 'dethronement of reason'"?

A) Nietzsche
B) Schopenhauer
C) Sorel
D) Bergson
E) Newton

Question 6

Georges Sorel's ideas may be equated with

A) hope in the proletariat.
B) support of the bourgeois values.
C) anti-unionism.
D) intellectual support of the establishment.
E) hope in the bourgeoisie.

Question 7

Freud viewed unrestrained sexuality as a problem because it

A) rejected Christian morality and marriage.
B) led to abuse of women.
C) sapped a society's warrior virtues.
D) sapped psychic energy needed for all sorts of work that held society together and enriched it.
E) created excessive pleasure for the individual.

Question 8

According to Durkheim, all the essential elements of modern times--secularism, rationalism, and ______--put society at risk of breaking apart.

A) individualism
B) communalism
C) commercialism
D) industrialism
E) socialism

Question 9

Freud was always concerned with the tension between

A) reason and man's irrational drives.
B) Christianity and Judaism.
C) the id and the libido.
D) Nietzsche and Schopenhauer.
E) capitalism and socialism.

Question 10

All of the following statements describe Nietzsche's attack on Christianity EXCEPT

A) Christianity saddled people with guilt
B) Christian values led to the deterioration of life and culture.
C) Christian doctrines continue to increase the worth of a man's soul.
D) God is man's own creation.
E) Morality, values, and truths do not derive from God.

Question 11

Pareto may be associated with which of the following concepts?

A) Even in a so-called democracy, power rests with a few individuals.
B) In the crowd, the individual loses one's identity.
C) Modern man suffers from a "disenchantment of the world."
D) A utopian community in which all are equal and in which all share equally will be possible through education.
E) Democracy constitutes a rule by the people.

Question 12

One may associate ____ with Bergson.

A) science
B) materialism
C) religious mysticism
D) liberal democracy
E) critical thinking

Question 13

Max Weber's field of activity may be associated with

A) propagandizing for the Wandervogel.
B) leading the field of modern sociology.
C) rivaling Freud in psychoanalysis.
D) advancing medical research.
E) humanism.

Question 14

Bergson may be best associated with

A) studying the id.
B) offering cultural studies of the nineteenth century.
C) being the first artist of the surrealist movement.
D) the idea that truth may be arrived at through rational criticism.
E) the idea that truth must be achieved by an intuitive experience.

Question 15

According to the author of this chapter, what was the impact of the modern period of Western intellectualism?

A) It stressed confidence in reason.
B) The model of the universe became less clea​
C) Human rationality and goodness was questioned.
D) Rules of esthetics were emphasized in literature and art.
E) Equality between the classes increased.

Question 16

The superman described by Nietzsche was most influenced by

A) sexual drives.
B) the id.
C) desire for power.
D) coveting wealth.
E) the quest for fame.

Question 17

Freud would have agreed that

A) human nature is naturally good.
B) evil is a product of environmental conditions.
C) people are quite capable of controlling their irrational impulses.
D) one must strive for a utopia for humankind.
E) human nature is not naturally good.

Question 18

One may associate which of the following with the works of Nietzsche?

A) Encouragement of a social policy
B) Buttress of Christian thinking
C) Concern for the average man
D) Concern with social community and social injustice
E) Perishing of the weak

Question 19

The term nihilism means

A) rejection of any absolute moral or social values.
B) belief that the universe is indecipherable chaos.
C) rejection of one's parents' beliefs.
D) the belief that God is present in everything.
E) rejection of socialism.

Question 20

The authors of your text contend that Freud

A) never vacillated in his basic support of reason.
B) believed that recognizing the similarity of the unconscious among human beings would lead to a confirmation and affirmation of self.
C) affirmed that the study of the unconscious would lead to a great human pride.
D) had a limited vision because he thought that the irrational could never be studied by the rational mind.
E) never wavered in his support for the irrational.

Question 21

Picasso and Stravinsky, it may be said, were

A) both innovators, but in different fields.
B) innovative surrealist painters.
C) interested in opposing modernism.
D) intellectuals who influenced social thought.
E) both musicians.

Question 22

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Henri Bergson

Question 23

In 1927, Werner Heisenberg demonstrated that

A) everything is relative.
B) it is impossible to know the precise position and velocity of an electron at a given moment.
C) nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.
D) quantum mechanic wave functions were representations of statistical probability.
E) we can have a complete knowledge of the universe.

Question 24

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Sigmund Freud

Question 25

Modern artists would agree with each of the following except

A) the audience must be participants in the spirit of artistic creation.
B) there was more to be found in artistic creations than had been discovered by the old masters.
C) one should scatter complacent views of the traditions of western cultural forms.
D) there is no objective reality of space, motion, and time that has the same meaning to all observers.
E) reason must be the primary force in structuring a work of art and its message.

Question 26

Quantum mechanics explained to the scientific world

A) that one cannot predict with certainty what will occur in the subatomic realm.
B) that Newton was correct in positing laws for matter close to earth, but not necessarily in a black hole.
C) an accurate method for measuring light.
D) a way to predict when a radioactive atom will decay.
E) that a heated body radiates energy in a continuous unbroken stream.

Question 27

By "disenchantment of the world," Weber was referring to which of the following?

A) Irrationalism
B) Rationalization
C) Propaganda
D) Democratization
E) Spiritualization

Question 28

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Arnold Schöenberg

Question 29

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

A) reinforced Newtonian physics.
B) stated that matter and energy were closely related.
C) postulated that the element of chance meant that the universe could never be completely known.
D) stated that there were no certain standards of good and bad in the universe.
E) stated that it is possible to determine at one and the same time both an electrons precise speed and its position.

Question 30

Max Weber's steel cage referred to the

A) depersonalization that results from the proliferation of modern bureaucracy.
B) evils of Communism and its destruction of individuality.
C) commoditization of dissent and the dictatorship of democracy.
D) punishment of creativity and the modern penal system.
E) dehumanization of industrialization and the evils of capitalism.

Question 31

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Cubism

Question 32

What is the meaning of anomie?

A) The loneliness inherent in modern life
B) The idea that an elite will dominate society
C) The idea that an individual labors for subsistence in this world, and then reaps the reward in the afterlife
D) An anxiety that resulted after society suffered a complete collapse of values
E) The lack of religious morality in a society

Question 33

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 34

The Modernist Movement may be said to have

A) rejected classical and realist models.
B) been intent on eighteenth-century artistic rules.
C) stressed the need for rational control of art.
D) been a conformist movement.
E) rejected the romantic movement.

Question 35

In general, modernist artists

A) strove to duplicate what they saw in the world.
B) rejected the notion of reproducing what they saw exactly.
C) imitated the work of "primitive" artists in non-western cultures.
D) believed that art should be socially relevant.
E) accepted the Renaissance view of the world as inherently orderly and rational.

Question 36

The stream of consciousness is best described as

A) structured, composed memory.
B) a stream of thoughts without clear differentiation between the conscious and unconscious.
C) a psychiatrist's determination of a patient's major self-insights.
D) ideas propelled from one's unconscious by the directed probing of a psychoanalyst.
E) the interaction between id and superego.​

Question 37

Wassily Kandinsky

A) was a late Impressionist painter.
B) ultimately removed all traces of "the real world" from his paintings.
C) rejected the idea of purely abstract art.
D) was a student of Cezanne.
E) accepted the Renaissance view of the world.

Question 38

Who showed that matter and energy are two different expressions of the same physical entity?

A) Albert Einstein
B) Isaac Newton
C) Max Planck
D) Werner Heisenberg
E) Max Weber

Question 39

Why did Freud consider his theories a "great blow to human pride?"

A) Human cravings for grandiosity were raised to higher levels.
B) Humanity was exalted as the center of the universe.
C) It emphasized the theory of creationism that had been under attack in the Western World.
D) The id rather than the ego controlled individuals.
E) Sex was a minor and controllable drive in the conduct and actions of humanity.

Question 40

The Second Scientific Revolution destroyed or altered which major scientific theories or beliefs?

A) Heated bodies release heat in spurts.
B) According to Newtonian physics, the theories of time and space were proven.
C) Time and space do not disappear with material objects.
D) There is no absolute knowledge.
E) The earlier theory of absolute knowledge was reinforced.

Question 41

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Albert Einstein

Question 42

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?

-theory of relativity

Question 43

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Werner Heisenberg

Question 44

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
anomie

Question 45

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Emile Durkheim

Question 46

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Georges Sorel

Question 47

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Wassily Kandinsky

Question 48

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
the id

Question 49

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Second Scientific Revolution

Question 50

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Civilization and Its Discontents

Question 51

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Igor Stravinsky

Question 52

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Pablo Picasso

Question 53

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Vilfredo Pareto

Question 54

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Max Planck

Question 55

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Modernism

Question 56

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Overman

Question 57

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Nihilism

Question 58

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
the unconscious

Question 59

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Max Weber

Question 60

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Paul Klee

Question 61

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
the steel cage

Question 62

​All of the following are examples of modernist writers except​

A) ​Franz Kafka.
B) ​James Joyce.
C) ​Joseph Conrad.
D) ​Marcel Proust.
E) ​Igor Stravinsky.

Question 63

Sorel believed that a general strike ​

A) ​was an irrational act.
B) ​betrayed the proletariat's real aspirations
C) ​had the appeal of a great mobilizing myth.
D) ​destroyed the role of the proletariat.
E) ​helped the decadent and soft bourgeois.

Question 64

​Which composer abandoned traditional scales instead developing atonal music?

A) ​Igor Stravinsky
B) ​Pablo Picasso
C) ​Arnold Schoenberg
D) ​Thomas Mann
E) ​Gottfried Benn

Question 65

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Social thinkers diagnosed the ills of modernizing societies in various different ways in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. What were the different diagnoses and who was responsible for each one?

Question 66

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Irrationalism

Question 67

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Almost the moment it was created (by the introduction of universal manhood suffrage in many European states in the late nineteenth century) modern democracy came under attack from political theorists. What are some of the attacks described in this book? Which of them do you find convincing and which do you not?

Question 68

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


-On a map of Europe, locate the site each of these historical personalities or artists is associated with: Pareto, Nietzsche, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Weber, Freud, and Durkheim.
?

Question 69

While influenced by the Enlightenment Freud disagreed with the philosophes because​

A) ​he believed that rationality could solve human problems.
B) ​he believed that humans were inherently good.
C) ​he viewed Christianity as the centerpiece of morality.
D) ​he saw education as unable to eliminate evil.
E) ​he rejected the existence of rational thought.

Question 70

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

One author has referred to art since the Renaissance as "a mirror of nature." How did artistic developments of the second half of the nineteenth century destroy this concept?

Question 71

​Which pairing is incorrect

A) ​William Roentgen and X-rays
B) ​J.J. Thomson and electrons
C) ​Max Planck and quantum theory
D) ​Niels Bohr and theory of relativity
E) ​Werner Heisenberg and principle of uncertainty

Question 72

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
higher man

Question 73

How did the writings of philosophers like Nietzsche help to set the stage for the rise of totalitarian government of the twentieth-century? ​

Question 74

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Principle of Uncertainty

Question 75

​Which statement is an accurate depiction of modernist culture?

A) ​Reality can be grasped from a multiplicity of human experiences.​
B) ​Human experience strives toward a single reality.​
C) ​Religion must remain the core of morality or else human desires overwhelm social norms.​
D) ​Artistic endeavors need to follow clear forms and structures.​
E) ​Culture mirrors the perfect ideal of the superego.

Question 76

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

In what way did Emile Durkheim suggest that anomie of modern Western society might be corrected?

Question 77

​Cubism was developed by

A) ​Mondrain and Kandinsky.
B) ​Picasso and Braque.
C) ​Klee and Van Gogh.
D) ​Einstein and Bohr.​
E) ​Planck and Stravinsky.

Question 78

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

Analyze Freud's ideas in relationship to the Enlightenment framework. Comment on points of agreement or disagreement.