Deck 9: Bivariate Tables

Question 1

An additional variable considered in a bivariate relationship,usually with the aim of controlling for the effects of this variable,is referred to as a(n)______ variable.

A)independent
B)dependent
C)control
D)elaboration

Answer 1

control

Question 2

Allowing the researcher to test for nonspuriousness and specifying the different conditions under which the original bivariate relationship might hold,are two advantages of

A)elaboration.
B)dependence.
C)control variables.
D)percentage.

Answer 2

elaboration.

Question 3

What guides the construction and interpretation of bivariate tables?

A)The null hypothesis
B)The researcher(s)' theoretical question
C)The strength of the relationship
D)The number of cells in the table

Answer 3

The researcher(s)' theoretical question

Question 4

A technique for the simultaneous organization of two variables into a table is known as

A)frequency distribution.
B)bivariate analysis.
C)central tendency.
D)cross-tabulation.

Question 5

The introduction of an additional variable into a bivariate relationship to control for its effects is referred to as

A)spuriousness.
B)elaboration.
C)independence.
D)causality.

Question 6

A relationship in which both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a causally prior control variable such that the original relationship is "explained away" by the control variable,is referred to as

A)spuriousness.
B)statistical significance.
C)percentage difference.
D)dependence.

Question 7

A statistical interaction between the control variable and the independent is also called a ______ relationship.

A)causal
B)intervening
C)spurious
D)conditional

Question 8

For which pair of variables is it impossible to determine the direction of the relationship?

A)Educational level and attendance of religious services
B)Sex and religious preference
C)Socio-economic status and calorie consumption
D)Occupational prestige and grocery budget

Question 9

A bivariate table is a series of ______ joined together to make one table.

A)samples
B)interval-ratio variables
C)column totals
D)frequency distributions

Question 10

By using the example of family support for the transition from high school,the authors illustrate how elaboration is helpful in examining

A)the lack of health insurance among ethnoracial minorities.
B)how middle class boys are vulnerable to violence.
C)how race,class,and gender are linked with social behavior.
D)the low graduation rates among inner city youth.

Question 11

In a cross tabulation,the intersection of a row and column is referred to as

A)a node.
B)the intersection.
C)a cell.
D)the intercept.

Question 12

Which of the following is probably the most helpful guide when untangling bivariate relationships?

A)Theory
B)Statistics
C)Tables
D)Causality

Question 13

If the bivariate relationship between the two variables remains about the same after controlling for the effect of one or more causally prior and theoretically relevant variables,then the original bivariate relationship is said to be a(n)

A)spurious relationship.
B)independent association.
C)elaborately controlled association.
D)direct causal relationship.

Question 14

An intervening variable is a control variable that ______ and ______ in a causal sequence.

A)precedes the independent variable;follows the dependent variable
B)follows the independent variable;precedes the dependent variable
C)increases the effect;influences spuriousness
D)reduces the null hypothesis;influences the research hypothesis

Question 15

Once the appropriate percentages for a bivariate table are calculated,one then examines the ______ of these quantities across the categories of the independent variable.

A)sum
B)difference
C)product
D)quotient

Question 16

In a bivariate table,the row and column totals are called

A)data.
B)marginals.
C)cells.
D)variables.

Question 17

When computing percentages for a bivariate table,it is best to calculate percentages ______ each category of the ______ variable.

A)within;independent
B)separate from;dependent
C)within;interval-ratio
D)independently of;spurious

Question 18

When it is not apparent which variable is the independent variable or dependent variable,it is common for researchers to

A)take the average percentage across the rows.
B)average the percentages across the columns.
C)rely exclusively on the column percentages.
D)calculate both the row and column percentages.

Question 19

A bivariate relationship between two variables measured at the ordinal level or higher in which the variables vary in opposite directions is called a

A)strong link.
B)weak link.
C)positive relationship.
D)negative relationship.

Question 20

When examining the percentage differences in a bivariate table,the larger the percentage difference,the ______ the relationship between two variables.

A)stronger
B)weaker
C)more positive
D)more negative

Question 21

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.The direction of the relationship in a bivariate table is

A)either positive or negative when the variables are measured at the ordinal or interval-ratio level.
B)either positive or negative when the variables are measured at the nominal level.
C)positive if the two variables vary in the same direction.
D)negative if the two variables vary in the same direction.

Question 22

To calculate the percentage within each category of the independent variable arrayed in the columns,the frequencies within each cell and the row marginals are divided by the total of the column in which they are located,and the column totals should sum to 100%.

Question 23

A bivariate table in which the column variable has three categories and the row variable has four categories would be designated as a 3×4 table.

Question 24

Calculate the appropriate percentages for each cell.

Question 25

Identify the independent variable in the following table.

Question 26

The column percentages of the first column of the given bivariate table are 48%,20%,and 32% respectively.

Question 27

Cross-tabulation is a technique for analyzing the relationship between two variables that have been organized in a table.

Question 28

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.In a bivariate table,

A)it displays the distribution of one variable across the categories of another.
B)it identifies its content in terms of the two variables.
C)the intersection of a row and a column is called a marginal.
D)it has two dimensions,one for the dependent and the other for the independent variable.

Question 29

According to the table below,how many Protestants and Catholics who attend religious services more than once per year oppose abortion?

Question 30

Identify the independent,dependent,and control variables in the following table.

Question 31

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.A bivariate relationship is said to be a(n)

A)direct casual relationship if it cannot be accounted for by other theoretically relevant variables.
B)spurious relationship if both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a casually prior control variable,and there is no casual link between them.
C)partial relationship if the variables are reexamined in a partial table.
D)intervening relationship if the control variables do not intervene between the independent and dependent variables.

Question 32

A bivariate table can have any number of dimensions.

Question 33

The values of x and y for the following bivariate table are x = 106 and y = 149.

Question 34

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Regarding the strength of the relationship in a bivariate table,

A)it is a quick method to determine by examining the difference in frequencies across the different categories of the independent variable.
B)the larger the percentage difference,the stronger the association.
C)percentage differences are a rough indicator to determine it.
D)a 0% difference between the columns indicates a perfect relationship.

Question 35

A conditional relationship is a relationship in which the control variable's effect on the independent variable is conditional on its interaction with the dependent variable.

Question 36

Using the method of comparing percentage differences discussed in the chapter,what can you conclude about the following data?

Question 37

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Elaboration

A)involves the removal of control variables.
B)involves the introduction of control variables.
C)establishes the cause-and-effect relations between the variables.
D)specifies the different conditions under which the original bivariate relationship might hold.

Question 38

A relationship is said to exist between two variables in a bivariate table if the percentage distribution varies across the different categories of the independent variable.

Question 39

Calculate the marginals for the table below.

Question 40

Consider the following hypothetical data on each respondent's region of U.S.residence and whether or not they voted in the last presidential election.Use these data to construct a bivariate table with cells containing the appropriate frequencies.

Question 41

Calculate the appropriate percentages for each cell in the table below.

Question 42

Given the bivariate table below,calculate the row percentages.

Question 43

Given the bivariate table below,calculate the column percentages.

Question 44

What are the limitations of elaborations?

Question 45

Briefly describe the difference between a spurious and intervening relationship.

Question 46

Provide an example of an intervening relationship and describe why it is so.

Question 47

Calculate the appropriate percentages for each cell and provide a brief summary of the relationship between education and divorce using the method of comparing percentage differences discussed in the chapter.

Question 48

Calculate the marginals for the table below.

Question 49

In summarizing the relationship between two variables arranged in a bivariate table,explain how one goes about comparing the percentages in bivariate table if the independent variable has more than two categories.

Question 50

Define an intervening relationship.