Deck 4: Psychopharmacology

Question 1

Among the criteria for determining whether a substance acts as a neurotransmitter is the rule that a real neurotransmitter cannot be found in the same cell with any other type of neurotransmitter.​ 

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Release of norepinephrine by cells in the locus coeruleus results in arousal and vigilance.​ 

Answer 2

True

Question 3

This chemical is released from a neuron and diffuses away to influence neurons somewhat distant from the releasing neuron.The chemical is a(n)​ 

A)neurotransmitter. 
B)neuromodulator. 
C)neurohormone. 
D)enzyme.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Agonists always have a beneficial effect on neural activity,but antagonists are always poisonous.​ 

Question 5

The release of vesicles containing neuropeptides requires​ 

A)higher levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. 
B)lower levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. 
C)approximately equal levels of calcium as the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. 
D)no calcium at all.

Question 6

Chemical messengers that act on neurons in the immediate vicinity of their release,generally at synapses,are​ 

A)neurotransmitters. 
B)neuromodulators. 
C)neurohormones. 
D)neuroenzymes.

Question 7

Neurohormones produce their effects by traveling to target areas through the blood supply.​ 

Question 8

Professor Murphy is studying neurons that release a particular small-molecule neurotransmitter.In these many of these neurons,the professor should expect to see​ 

A)no other types of neurotransmitters. 
B)a second type of small-molecule neurotransmitter. 
C)at least one type of neuropeptide neurotransmitter. 
D)at least one other type of small-molecule neurotransmitter and multiple types of neuropeptides neurotransmitters.

Question 9

This chemical is released from the adrenal gland and travels through the bloodstream.It fits into the receptors on almost every cell in the body.The chemical is a(n)​ 

A)neurotransmitter. 
B)neurohormone. 
C)neuromodulator. 
D)antagonist.

Question 10

Following release from the presynaptic cell,neuropeptides​ 

A)cannot be deactivated by enzymes, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by reuptake. 
B)are deactivated by reuptake, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by enzymes. 
C)can diffuse away from synapses, whereas small-molecule transmitters are deactivated by reuptake. 
D)and small-molecule transmitters can be deactivated by diffusion, enzymes, or reuptake.

Question 11

Men and women of the same weight drinking 2 beverages in one hour will have the same blood alcohol readings.​ 

Question 12

Small molecule neurotransmitters must be synthesized in the cell body, whereas neuropeptides can be synthesized anywhere in the neuron.​ 

Question 13

Chemical messengers that often travel in the blood supply in order to affect target neurons that are quite distant are known as​ 

A)neurotransmitters. 
B)neuromodulators. 
C)neurohormones. 
D)neuroenzymes.

Question 14

Henry Dale's assertion that neurons could contain only one type of chemical messenger is​ 

A)correct. 
B)incorrect, as some neurons can release two small molecules in different locations. 
C)partially correct, in that neuropeptides are never found in the same neuron as amines or amino acids. 
D)partially correct, as neurons nearly always release more than a dozen neurotransmitters whenever stimulated.

Question 15

Which of the following statements regarding the synthesis of neurotransmitters is true?​ 

A)Both small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may be synthesized anywhere in the neuron. 
B)Small-molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in the axon terminal, but neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body. 
C)Neuropeptides may be synthesized anywhere in the neuron, but small-molecule neurotransmitters must be synthesized in the cell body. 
D)Both small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body.

Question 16

Curare blocks receptors for acetylcholine.​ 

Question 17

LSD produces its effects by stimulating the release of GABA.​ 

Question 18

The fact that THC in marijuana interacts with receptors in the brain suggests that we have some type of naturally-occurring substances that are chemically very similar to THC.​ 

Question 19

Endorphins are a type of neuropeptide.​ 

Question 20

Chemical messengers that communicate with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from their point of release are known as​ 

A)neurotransmitters. 
B)neuromodulators. 
C)neurohormones. 
D)neuroenzymes.

Question 21

Which of the following substances is found only in neurons that produce acetylcholine?​ 

A)choline 
B)acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) 
C)tryptophan 
D)choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

Question 22

Muscarinic receptors respond to​ 

A)muscarine, a substance found in tobacco, and acetylcholine. 
B)muscarine, a substance found in some mushrooms, and acetylcholine. 
C)muscarine, nicotine, and acetylcholine. 
D)acetylcholine only.

Question 23

Neurons releasing acetylcholine are found in the 

A)preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 
B)preganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system. 
C)preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system. 
D)postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and the preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 24

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a catecholamine?​ 

A)serotonin 
B)epinephrine 
C)dopamine 
D)norepinephrine

Question 25

Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?​ 

A)Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 
B)Muscarinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the peripheral nervous system only. 
C)Nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas muscarinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only. 
D)Muscarinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only.

Question 26

The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is​ 

A)dopamine. 
B)GABA. 
C)acetylcholine (ACh). 
D)serotonin.

Question 27

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a monoamine?​ 

A)serotonin 
B)dopamine 
C)acetylcholine (ACh) 
D)norepinephrine

Question 28

Acetylcholine (ACh)is synthesized from​ 

A)acetyl coenzyme A, usually found in dietary fats, and choline, a substance formed by the actions of mitochondria within cells. 
B)choline from dietary fats and acetyl coenzyme A, both of which are acted on by choline acetyltransferase. 
C)the amino acid tyrosine, synthesized from the phenylalanine found in foods. 
D)tryptophans, amino acids found in chocolate, milk, and poultry.

Question 29

Rob and his friends were experimenting with the hallucinogenic Amanita mushrooms, and he experienced a sudden drop in blood pressure.Which of the following is the best explanation for Rob's symptoms?​ 

A)The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with dopaminergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system. 
B)The nicotine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's central nervous system. 
C)The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system. 
D)The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's central nervous system.

Question 30

Which of the following neurotransmitters is an indoleamine?​ 

A)epinephrine 
B)norepinephrine 
C)serotonin 
D)dopamine

Question 31

Acetylcholine (ACh)released into the synaptic gap is deactivated primarily by​ 

A)diffusion away from the synapse. 
B)absorption by astrocytes. 
C)reuptake. 
D)enzymes.

Question 32

Monoamine oxidase would break down all of the following neurotransmitters except​ 

A)serotonin. 
B)epinephrine. 
C)norepinephrine. 
D)acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 33

Within a synaptic gap,monoamines are deactivated in the synaptic gap by​ 

A)reuptake. 
B)diffusion. 
C)enzymes. 
D)enzymes and reuptake.

Question 34

Jessica is worried about the impact of her smoking habit on her health.After studying biological psychology,she knows that nicotine would have an effect on​ 

A)her peripheral nervous system only. 
B)her central nervous system only. 
C)both her peripheral and central nervous systems. 
D)neither her peripheral nor central nervous systems, because she only smokes a couple of cigarettes with friends during weekend parties.

Question 35

Given the characteristics of small-molecule transmitters and neuropeptides,we can conclude that small-molecule transmitters​ 

A)are well-suited to roles as neurotransmitters, whereas neuropeptides are well-suited to roles as neuromodulators. 
B)are well-suited to roles as neuromodulators, whereas neuropeptides are well-suited to roles as neurotransmitters. 
C)and neuropeptides are equally well-suited to be either neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. 
D)and neuropeptides frequently act as neuromodulators and neurohormones, but rarely function as neurotransmitters.

Question 36

Nicotinic receptors are sensitive to both nicotine and​ 

A)muscarine. 
B)norepinephrine. 
C)serotonin. 
D)ACh.

Question 37

Neurons using which of the following neurotransmitters are especially likely to deteriorate in cases of Alzheimer's disease? 

A)dopamine 
B)GABA 
C)acetylcholine (ACh) 
D)serotonin

Question 38

Which of the following statements about nicotinic and muscarinic receptors is true?​ 

A)Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are metabotropic. 
B)Nicotinic receptors are metabotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are ionotropic. 
C)Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both ionotropic. 
D)Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both metabotropic.

Question 39

Cholinergic neurons in the brain are important to which of the following behaviors?​ 

A)regulating mood and appetite 
B)processing olfaction 
C)learning and memory 
D)maintaining homeostasis

Question 40

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)​ 

A)acts on the precursors of acetylcholine (ACh) to produce the final form of the neurotransmitter. 
B)breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic gap. 
C)acts on acetylcholine (ACh) to produce choline. 
D)acts on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to produce acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 41

The primary location of serotonergic neurons in the brain is the​ 

A)substantia nigra. 
B)raphe nucleus. 
C)locus coeruleus. 
D)nucleus accumbens.

Question 42

Tryptophan serves as a precursor in the synthesis of​ 

A)serotonin. 
B)dopamine. 
C)norepinephrine. 
D)epinephrine.

Question 43

Given the typical symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADHD),the primary of which involves difficulty paying attention,which of the following neurotransmitters do you think would be involved?​ 

A)serotonin 
B)dopamine 
C)norepinephrine 
D)epinephrine

Question 44

The nigrostriatal pathway uses the neurotransmitter​ 

A)dopamine, and is important in movement. 
B)dopamine, and is important in the development of Parkinson's disease. 
C)norepinephrine, and is important in vigilance. 
D)serotonin, and is important in mood.

Question 45

Parkinson's disease typically results from degeneration of brain systems using the neurotransmitter​ 

A)dopamine. 
B)norepinephrine. 
C)epinephrine. 
D)serotonin.

Question 46

Adrenergic and noradrenergic receptor subtypes are​ 

A)always ionotropic. 
B)always metabotropic. 
C)ionotropic in synapses using norepinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using epinephrine. 
D)ionotropic in synapses using epinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using norepinephrine.

Question 47

Dopaminergic receptor subtypes are​ 

A)always fast ionotropic. 
B)always slow metabotropic. 
C)fast metabotropic in systems involved with reward, but slow ionotropic in systems involved with movement. 
D)slow and fast metabotropic in systems involved with movement, but fast ionotropic in systems involved with reward.

Question 48

Due to a very high level of stress and arousal,Kim is having difficulty getting to sleep at night.The activity of which of the following neurotransmitters might be participating in Kim's sleeping problem?​ 

A)norepinephrine 
B)acetylcholine 
C)dopamine 
D)GABA

Question 49

Relative to neurons using other neurotransmitters,serotonergic neurons​ 

A)are quite numerous. 
B)are surprisingly few in number. 
C)project to very limited parts of the brain. 
D)do not have different receptor subtypes.

Question 50

In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),people often feel hypervigilant,or unable to relax even when they're in a very safe situation.Which of the following neurotransmitters might be involved in this unusual state?​ 

A)acetylcholine 
B)serotonin 
C)dopamine 
D)norepinephrine

Question 51

Which of the following neurotransmitters undergoes its final synthesis step within synaptic vesicles?​ 

A)ACh 
B)norepinephrine 
C)epinephrine 
D)dopamine

Question 52

L-dopa participates in the synthesis of 

A)dopamine only. 
B)dopamine and epinephrine. 
C)dopamine and norepinephrine. 
D)dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Question 53

The primary source of norepinephrine in the brain is the ________,which is located in the ________.​ 

A)substantia nigra; occipital lobe 
B)raphe nucleus; reticular activating system 
C)locus coeruleus; pons 
D)nucleus accumbens; cerebellum

Question 54

The most common excitatory neurochemical in the central nervous system is​ 

A)serotonin. 
B)ACh. 
C)GABA. 
D)glutamate.

Question 55

Excess amounts of activity which of the following neurotransmitters can be toxic to neurons?​ 

A)glutamate 
B)GABA 
C)dopamine 
D)serotonin

Question 56

Behaviors involving motivated behaviors and the processing of rewards often involve brain systems that use the neurotransmitter​ 

A)dopamine. 
B)norepinephrine. 
C)epinephrine. 
D)serotonin.

Question 57

In the human brain,about how many neurons use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter?​ 

A)200,000 
B)1 million 
C)200 million 
D)1 billion

Question 58

The regulation of sleep,mood,and appetite involve brain systems using the neurotransmitter​ 

A)serotonin. 
B)dopamine. 
C)norepinephrine. 
D)epinephrine.

Question 59

Tyrosine serves as a substrate or building block for the synthesis of which of the following neurotransmitters?​ 

A)acetylcholine (ACh) 
B)indoleamines 
C)histamines 
D)catecholamines

Question 60

During the synthesis of the neurotransmitter _________,a precursor is released from synaptic vesicles back into the intracellular fluid for conversion by the enzyme PNMT.​ 

A)dopamine 
B)norepinephrine 
C)epinephrine 
D)serotonin

Question 61

When NMDA channels are opened,they allow the passage of charged _________ ions.​ 

A)chloride 
B)sodium and chloride 
C)calcium 
D)sodium and calcium

Question 62

The major inhibitory neurochemical of the central nervous system is​ 

A)glutamate. 
B)GABA. 
C)serotonin. 
D)acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 63

Viagra and other erectile dysfunction medications usually act by enhancing the activity of​ 

A)substance P. 
B)oxytocin. 
C)nitric oxide (NO). 
D)CCK.

Question 64

The NMDA receptor,kainate receptor,and AMPA receptor all respond to​ 

A)serotonin. 
B)epinephrine. 
C)glutamate. 
D)GABA.

Question 65

When at rest,the NMDA receptor is blocked by ________ ions.​ 

A)sodium 
B)magnesium 
C)potassium 
D)calcium

Question 66

Which of the following is the true statement about gaseous neurotransmitters?​ 

A)They are contained in synaptic vesicles. 
B)They may transfer information from a postsynaptic neuron to a presynaptic neuron. 
C)They interact with receptors embedded in neural membranes. 
D)They are deactivated by enzymes in the synaptic gap.

Question 67

Which of the following substances is not a neuropeptide?​ 

A)oxytocin 
B)adenosine 
C)vasopressin 
D)insulin

Question 68

Adenosine is​ 

A)often found in neurons that also release catecholamines. 
B)often found in neurons that also release indoleamines. 
C)often found in neurons that also release GABA. 
D)never found in neurons that release another type of neurotransmitter.

Question 69

Within the brain,nitric oxide (NO)​ 

A)does not appear to play an important role in any system. 
B)appears to play an important role in regulating breathing and blood pressure. 
C)appears to play an important role in higher cognitive functions, such as attention. 
D)appears to play an important role in regulating sensory input to the cortex.

Question 70

A neuropeptide involved with the perception of pain is​ 

A)substance P. 
B)CCK. 
C)oxytocin. 
D)vasopressin.

Question 71

Glutamate can be toxic to neurons because​ 

A)NMDA receptors allow calcium into a cell, and excess calcium can stimulate harmful levels of enzyme activity. 
B)NMDA receptors block the movement of calcium into a cell, preventing the release of other neurotransmitters. 
C)it blocks receptors for other types of neurotransmitters, preventing effective communication between cells. 
D)its breakdown in the synaptic gap produces harmful free radicals.

Question 72

Zoloft® is a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.This action makes this drug a(n) _________ for serotonin.​ 

A)antagonist. 
B)modulator 
C)agonist 
D)mimic

Question 73

Which of the following substances is involved most directly with the perception of pain?​ 

A)GABA 
B)glutamate 
C)ATP 
D)cholecystokinin

Question 74

Which of the following receptors is both voltage-dependent and ligand-dependent?​ 

A)NMDA 
B)AMPA 
C)kainate 
D)muscarinic

Question 75

Which of the following neurotransmitters is a byproduct of the energy molecule ATP?​ 

A)glycine 
B)GABA 
C)glutamate 
D)adenosine

Question 76

The formation of long-term memories may involve ________ receptors.​ 

A)dopamine 
B)muscarinic 
C)nicotinic 
D)NMDA

Question 77

Jennifer enjoys Asian food,but carefully avoids the food additive MSG.If she eats it by mistake,she experiences a rapid pulse,chest pain,and nausea.Jennifer's symptoms result from activity of which of the following neurotransmitters?​ 

A)GABA 
B)glutamate 
C)serotonin 
D)dopamine

Question 78

Adenosine often acts to _________ of other neurochemicals.​ 

A)stimulate the release 
B)inhibit the release 
C)inhibit the reuptake 
D)enhance the reuptake

Question 79

Endogenous morphines (endorphins)are examples of​ 

A)monoamines. 
B)catecholamines. 
C)indoleamines. 
D)neuropeptides.

Question 80

(see Figure 4.11c)​

This image illustrates the activation of which of the following types of receptor?​ 

A)an NMDA glutamate receptor 
B)a kainate glutamate receptor 
C)a nicotinic dopamine receptor 
D)a GABAA receptor