Deck 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception

Question 1

The fact that all dogs in the neighborhood begin to howl at the same time every day while you can't hear anything that might cause this response is probably because the dogs​ 

A)can hear sounds we would classify as infrasound. 
B)can hear sounds we would classify as ultrasound. 
C)are disturbed by underground vibrations. 
D)require more volume before they can hear the same sounds as you do.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The range of human hearing​ 

A)is the same as all other mammals. 
B)is similar to many animals, but is unique to our species. 
C)is the same as all other animals, with the exception of mice and bats. 
D)covers a much narrower spectrum than other mammals.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The hum from Courtney's computer bothers her roommate,who is a light sleeper.Because Courtney would like to stay up late to work without bothering her roommate,she might consider reducing the sound by​ 

A)buying new thick rugs, curtains, and bedspreads in order to absorb some of the noise. 
B)removing all fabrics from her dorm room, such as rugs and curtains. 
C)surrounding the back and sides of the computer with shiny metal panels. 
D)moving all objects, like lamps and chairs, that are between her computer and her roommate's bed.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

It is relatively easy for most people to distinguish between sounds directly in front of them from sounds coming from directly behind them.​ 

Question 5

Nociceptors are largely responsible for the sensation of pain.​ 

Question 6

High frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near the base of the basilar membrane,whereas low frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near its apex.​ 

Question 7

Olfactory receptor cells live for between 4 and 6 months,and are not replaced once they die.​ 

Question 8

Information from the cochlea travels to the brain along cranial nerve VIII.​ 

Question 9

The processing of the sense of taste differs from most other senses,because taste information travels to the cortex before it travels to the thalamus.

Question 10

Meissner's corpuscles feature small receptive fields and rapid adaptation.​ 

Question 11

Low frequency sounds are perceived as being quiet.​ 

Question 12

Perception of pitch is primarily dependent upon the _________ a wave.

A)amplitude of 
B)noise in 
C)timbre of 
D)frequency of

Question 13

The amplitude of a sound wave is encoded as _________,whereas the frequency of a sound wave is encoded as _________.

A)loudness; pitch 
B) pitch; loudness 
C)pure tones; complex tones 
D)timbre; pitch

Question 14

Through which of the following media can sound waves travel?​ 

A)air only 
B)water only 
C)air and water 
D)air, water, and solids

Question 15

The semicircular canals contain the same type of fluid found in the cochlear duct of the cochlea.​ 

Question 16

Echolocation,used by some animals to navigate and find prey,relies on the ability of physical objects to _________ sound.​ 

A)absorb 
B)refract 
C)reflect 
D)enhance

Question 17

The sound stimulus begins with the​ 

A)absorption of energy by molecules of air. 
B)reflection of energy from objects in the environment. 
C)impact of sound energy on the cochlea. 
D)vibration caused by the movement of objects in space.

Question 18

Acousticians designing performance halls choose the fabric for seat covers and curtains very carefully,and even try to predict the type of clothing patrons will wear to performances,due to the ability of fabric to _________ sound.​ 

A)refract 
B)absorb 
C)reflect 
D)amplify

Question 19

As people age,they are most likely to have problems hearing sounds with lower frequencies.​ 

Question 20

Human hearing is not as good as dogs' hearing for _________ frequencies,and not as good as elephants and goldfish for _________ frequencies.​ 

A)high; middle 
B)middle; low 
C)high; low 
D)low; high

Question 21

The _________ forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear,whereas the _________ forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear.​ 

A)tympanic membrane; oval window 
B)oval window; tympanic membrane 
C)round window; oval window 
D)oval window; round window

Question 22

Decibels (dB)are used to measure a sound's​ 

A)pitch. 
B)frequency. 
C)intensity. 
D)harmonics.

Question 23

Which of the following structures are found in the outer ear?​ 

A)the pinna and auditory canal 
B)the pinna and the tympanic membrane 
C)the auditory canal and the tympanic membrane 
D)the auditory canal and the oval window

Question 24

When Daniel drives down the street,other people stop and stare because of the loud,low-pitched sounds coming from the new sound system in his car. What types of sound waves are coming from Daniel's car?​ 

A)high amplitude, low frequency 
B)high amplitude, high frequency 
C)low amplitude, low frequency 
D)low amplitude, high frequency

Question 25

Sounds with frequencies below the range of human hearing are referred to as 

A)fundamental frequencies. 
B)pure tones. 
C)ultrasound. 
D)infrasound.

Question 26

Pain is typically experienced when people are exposed to sounds above _________ dB.​ 

A)60 
B)90 
C)110 
D)130

Question 27

Which of the following structures funnels sound into the ear?​ 

A)the ossicles 
B)the pinna 
C)the tensor tympanum 
D)the stapes

Question 28

Hertz (Hz)is used to measure a sound's​ 

A)loudness. 
B)intensity. 
C)frequency. 
D)amplitude.

Question 29

The outer and middle ear both transmit sound through _________ and the inner ear uses a _________ medium in the process of transducing sounds waves to electrical energy.​ 

A)bone; mucous 
B)liquid; mucous 
C)air; liquid 
D)air; sodium

Question 30

Sound waves with a single frequency are known as​ 

A)pure tones, which are rare in nature. 
B)pure tones, which are common in nature. 
C)complex tones, which are rare in nature. 
D)noise, which is common in nature.

Question 31

Brandon's teeth are stained from his constant coffee drinking,so his dentist recommended that he switch to a new electric toothbrush that not only brushes teeth very rapidly,but also uses sound to reduce plaque and staining.What kind of sound is most likely generated by Brandon's new toothbrush?​ 

A)infrasound 
B)ultrasound 
C)pure tones 
D)noise

Question 32

Sound waves that do not show a regular,repeating pattern are perceived as​ 

A)loud. 
B)soft. 
C)pure tones. 
D)noise.

Question 33

Sounds with frequencies above the range of human hearing are referred to as 

A)fundamental frequencies. 
B)pure tones. 
C)ultrasound. 
D)infrasound.

Question 34

In the film Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban,the "Fat Lady" painting tries to break a glass with the high-pitched,loud sound of her singing voice alone.Which type of sound stimulus is the Fat Lady trying to produce?​ 

A)high amplitude, low frequency 
B)high amplitude, high frequency 
C)low amplitude, low frequency 
D)low amplitude, high frequency

Question 35

Stephanie is working on a research project that is investigating the effects of sonar on whale communication.Her recordings of whale songs are most likely to include which of the following types of sound?​ 

A)noise 
B)pure tones 
C)infrasound 
D)ultrasound

Question 36

A low frequency sound wave is perceived as​ 

A)quiet. 
B)loud. 
C)high pitched. 
D)low pitched.

Question 37

Which of the following is not one of the ossicles?​ 

A)the malleus 
B)the incus 
C)the pinna 
D)the stapes

Question 38

The primary function of the ossicles is to​ 

A)transfer sound energy from the air of the middle ear to the fluid of the inner ear. 
B)transfer sound energy from the fluid of the middle ear to the air of the inner ear. 
C)funnel sound. 
D)prevent damage from loud noises.

Question 39

High amplitude sound waves are perceived as​ 

A)quiet. 
B)loud. 
C)high pitched. 
D)low pitched.

Question 40

Jessica was experimenting with her electronic keyboard by playing the same song with different instrument settings,such as violin,piano,and flute.The differences Jessica heard in the resulting music are probably due to the _________ of the resulting sounds.​ 

A)timbre 
B)frequency 
C)amplitude 
D)pitch

Question 41

Reissner's membrane separates the _________,whereas,the basilar membrane separates the _________.​ 

A)vestibular canal and cochlear duct; tympanic canal and cochlear duct 
B)tympanic canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and cochlear duct 
C)vestibular canal and tympanic canal; cochlear duct and auditory canal 
D)auditory canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and tympanic canal

Question 42

Perilymph may be found in the _________,whereas endolymph is found in the _________.

A)cochlear duct; vestibular and tympanic canals 
B)vestibular and tympanic canals; cochlear duct 
C)cochlear duct and vestibular canal; tympanic canal 
D)cochlear duct and tympanic canal; vestibular canal

Question 43

Hairlike cilia extend from​ 

A)inner hair cells only. 
B)outer hair cells only. 
C)both inner and outer hair cells. 
D)neither inner nor outer hair cells.

Question 44

Approximately how many hair cells may be found in each human ear?​ 

A)3,500 
B)8,000 
C)12,500 
D)15,500

Question 45

Approximately _________ percent of auditory nerve fibers make connections with outer hair cells,whereas _________ percent make connections with inner hair cells.

A)5; 95 
B)25; 75 
C)50; 50 
D)95; 5

Question 46

The round window covers the​ 

A)auditory canal. 
B)vestibular canal. 
C)cochlear duct. 
D)tympanic canal.

Question 47

Hair cells in the endolymph hyperpolarize and depolarize as a result of the activity of their _________ channels.​ 

A)voltage-dependent sodium 
B)transmitter-gated potassium 
C)mechanically gated potassium 
D)mechanically gated calcium

Question 48

Compared with its apex,the basilar membrane at its base is​wider and more flexible.

A)wider and stiffer. 
B)wider and more flexible. 
C)narrower and stiffer. 
D)narrower and more flexible.

Question 49

Approximately how many inner hair cells are found in each human ear?​ 

A)3,500 
B)8,000 
C)12,500 
D)15,500

Question 50

The endolymph surrounding hair cells differs from other extracellular fluids in that it contains a​ 

A)smaller than normal concentration of sodium. 
B)larger than normal concentration of sodium. 
C)smaller than normal concentration of potassium. 
D)larger than normal concentration of potassium.

Question 51

Spiral ganglion cells are _________ in structure.​ 

A)unipolar 
B)bipolar 
C)multipolar 
D)either bipolar or multipolar

Question 52

The organ of Corti rests on the​ 

A)tectorial membrane. 
B)Reissner's membrane. 
C)basilar membrane. 
D)tensor tympani.

Question 53

Spiral ganglion processes travel to the dorsal and ventral _________ nuclei of the medulla by way of cranial nerve _________.​ 

A)cochlear; VIII 
B)vestibular; VIII 
C)cochlear; VII 
D)vestibular; VII

Question 54

Which of the following structures contains receptors for sound?​ 

A)the semicircular canals 
B)the ossicles 
C)the auditory canal 
D)the cochlea

Question 55

High frequency sounds produce a peak response​ 

A)near the base of the basilar membrane. 
B)near the apex of the basilar membrane. 
C)in the tectorial membrane. 
D)in Reissner's membrane.

Question 56

Most hair cells communicate by releasing the excitatory neurotransmitter​ 

A)acetylcholine. 
B)glutamate. 
C)GABA. 
D)norepinephrine.

Question 57

(see Figure 7.4)​

Which of the membranes in the cochlea is labeled number "6" in this image? 

A)the tympanic membrane 
B)the basilar membrane 
C) Reissner's membrane 
D)the tectorial membrane

Question 58

When potassium channels in the hair cell open,potassium will _________ the cell,producing _________.​ 

A)enter; depolarization 
B)enter; hyperpolarization 
C)leave; depolarization 
D)leave; hyperpolarization

Question 59

(see Figure 7.3)

The structure indicated by the number "8" in this image is the​ 

A)cochlea. 
B)pinna. 
C)ossicle. 
D)incus.

Question 60

Which of the following canals are actually connected to each other? 

A)the vestibular and tympanic canals 
B)the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct 
C)the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct 
D)the auditory and vestibular canals

Question 61

The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that there is a 

A)different area of cortex assigned to each ear. 
B)different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness. 
C)neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies. 
D)neurons responding to one amplitude are located next to neurons responding to similar amplitudes.

Question 62

Primary auditory cortex,or A1,is located in the _________ lobe.

A)frontal 
B)temporal 
C)parietal 
D)occipital

Question 63

If I increase the volume on my stereo by 10dB,from 60 to 70 dB,my family will probably perceive the loudness of the music as​ 

A)10 times louder than before. 
B)100 times louder than before. 
C)2 times louder than before. 
D)about the same as before.

Question 64

Axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse in the​ 

A)inferior colliculi. 
B)superior olive. 
C)inferior olive. 
D)primary auditory cortex.

Question 65

The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from a point perpendicular to your head on either side is about _________ msec.​ 

A)0.0 
B)0.2 
C)0.4 
D)0.6

Question 66

Brittany played a middle C note on the piano,which corresponds to about 261 Hz.It is likely that this tone will​ 

A)be processed according to place theory. 
B)be processed according to temporal theory. 
C)produce a peak response at the base of the basilar membrane. 
D)produce nausea, because it is infrasound.

Question 67

The analysis of equal loudness contours indicates that​ 

A)high frequencies are perceived as louder than low frequencies. 
B)low frequencies are perceived as louder than high frequencies. 
C)high frequencies are perceived as equally loud as low frequencies. 
D)above 40 dB, all frequencies are perceived as equally loud.

Question 68

According to place theory,​ 

A)the peak of a wave in the basilar membrane correlates with a sound's frequency. 
B)patterns of neural firing match the frequency of a sound. 
C)neurons responding to one frequency are located near neurons responding to similar frequencies. 
D)sounds with frequencies below 4000 Hz are processed by parts of the basilar membrane different from those that process sounds above 4000 Hz.

Question 69

Axons from the inferior colliculi synapse in the _________ of the thalamus.​ 

A)medial geniculate nucleus 
B)lateral geniculate nucleus 
C)ventral posterior nucleus 
D)intralaminar nuclei

Question 70

Complex stimuli such as clicks,noise bursts,and sounds with specific frequency patterns particularly activate​ 

A)the superior olive. 
B)the inferior colliculi. 
C)primary auditory cortex. 
D)secondary auditory cortex.

Question 71

High frequencies are processed by _________ areas of A1,or primary motor cortex.​ 

A)rostral 
B)caudal 
C)dorsal 
D)ventral

Question 72

The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from directly in front of you or behind you is about _________ msec.​ 

A)0.0 
B)0.2 
C)0.4 
D)0.6

Question 73

The subjective perception of loudness​ 

A)changes at the same rate as the intensity of a stimulus. 
B)changes at a slower rate than the intensity of a stimulus. 
C)changes at a faster rate than the intensity of a stimulus. 
D)has not been measured by scientists due to individual differences among participants.

Question 74

Temporal theory accounts for the encoding of sounds under _________ Hz.

A)4,000 
B)6,000 
C)10,000 
D)12,000

Question 75

A single auditory neuron can usually respond to a range of sound intensity of about _______ dB.​ 

A)10 
B)25 
C)40 
D)60

Question 76

Axons from  ________ first synapse in the superior olive in the pons,which in turn forms connections via the lateral lemniscus with the inferior colliculus.​ 

A)the spiral ganglion cells. 
B)the dorsal cochlear nucleus. 
C)the ventral cochlear nucleus. 
D)both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Question 77

Matthew did not awaken when his rather noisy roommate came back to their dorm room in the very early hours of the morning.It is most likely that Matthew's failure to hear the disturbance resulted from​ 

A)inner ear damage suffered as a result of attending too many loud heavy metal concerts. 
B)input from the reticular formation to the medial geniculate nucleus that adjusted his hearing to his state of consciousness. 
C)stimulation of his superior olivary nucleus that temporarily made his inner hair cells less sensitive. 
D)a temporary deficit in glutamate in his inner hair cells.

Question 78

Nicholas plays guitar and Anthony plays bass for their rock band.When they turn up their amplifiers to 80 dB,how will the instruments sound to their neighbors?​ 

A)Nicholas' guitar will sound louder than Anthony's bass. 
B)Anthony's bass will sound louder than Anthony's guitar. 
C)Both instruments will sound equally loud. 
D)The apparent loudness of the two instruments will vary from time to time depending on the frequencies of the notes being played.

Question 79

It is particularly difficult to localize sounds that originate at​ 

A)3 and 9 o'clock (to either side of our bodies). 
B)12 and 6 o'clock (directly in front and behind us). 
C)12 and 3 or 6 o'clock. 
D)6 and 3 or 6 o'clock.

Question 80

Arrival time of sound at the two ears is processed initially by binaural neurons in the​ 

A)cochlea. 
B)ventral cochlear nucleus. 
C)ventral cochlear nucleus. 
D)superior olive.