Deck 8: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

A person diagnosed with __________ manifests many of the same symptoms as major depression, except that they are less severe and must persist for at least two years.

A) dysthymia
B) melancholia
C) bipolar disorder
D) schizoaffective disorder
E) anhedonia

Answer 1

dysthymia

Question 2

_________ coined the term manic-depression and his descriptions formed the basis for the definition of mood disorders today.

A) Hippocrates
B) Kraeplin
C) Burton
D) Cicero
E) Freud

Answer 2

Kraeplin

Question 3

It is estimated that about __________% of Canadians suffer from depression.

A) 1.5
B) 5
C) 15
D) 10
E) .5

Answer 3

5

Question 4

With regard to bipolar disorder, DSM-5 will require the clinician to specify

A) the current or most recent episode - as manic vs. hypomanic vs. depressed.
B) the nature and severity of sleep disturbance during depressive and manic episodes.
C) whether there is insight and distress about manic symptoms.
D) the severity of the most recent manic episode. E) the nature and degree of social dysfunction during most recent manic episode.

Question 5

Individuals with _______ are less likely to respond to standard treatment than other forms of depression.

A) chronic depression
B) catatonic
C) hypomania
D) melancholic
E) episodic major depression

Question 6

Though the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode require that the episode last at least __________, most usually last much longer.

A) 2 days
B) 2 weeks
C) 2 months
D) 4 years
E) 2 years

Question 7

Which of the following was mentioned by the text as one of the two important criteria for a diagnosis of a clinical mood disorder?

A) substance abuse
B) chemical imbalance in the brain
C) implications
D) presence of dependent personality disorder
E) duration

Question 8

Of the nine symptoms of MDD, _____ must be present for a diagnosis.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 9

Freud and his student Abraham put forward a type of _____________ model of depression, where vulnerability for depression is created by unmet oral needs, and depression is triggered by ___________.

A) biopsyhosocial; uncontrollable stress
B) dual factor; loss of a loved one
C) diathesis-stress; low self-esteem
D) dual factor; low self-esteem
E) diathesis-stress; loss of a loved one

Question 10

DSM-5 proposes to delete Criterion E of the DSM-IV, which currently excludes depression that is ___________. This proposed change has been highly controversial.

A) due to substance use or abuse
B) due to bereavement, or loss of a loved one
C) due to a medical condition
D) in the context of mixed manic-depressive episodes
E) secondary to losses and changes due to old age

Question 11

Less severe or brief episodes of mania are referred to as

A) automanic.
B) hypermanic.
C) schizo-manic.
D) petit-manic.
E) hypomanic.

Question 12

Relative to other disorders, _______ is rare.

A) unipolar mania
B) bipolar mood disorder
C) unipolar mood disorder
D) major depressive disorder
E) dysthymic disorder

Question 13

Freud's concept of _________ is analogous to Beck's notion of ___________.

A) unmet oral needs; jumping to conclusions
B) oedipal fixation; all or nothing thinking
C) imagined loss; magnification / catastrophizing
D) unmet oral needs; overgeneralization
E) imagined loss; jumping to conclusions

Question 14

In Hippocrates' time, depression was thought to result from an excess of __________ from the spleen.

A) yellow bile
B) phlegm
C) blood
D) black bile
E) orange bile

Question 15

The most frequent comorbid condition with depression is

A) anxiety.
B) histrionic personality disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) substance abuse.
E) borderline personality disorder.

Question 16

Which of the following words is NOT a type of course of depression?

A) single episode with full inter-episode recovery
B) double episode with partial inter-episode recovery
C) recurrent with full inter-episode recovery
D) chronic
E) recurrent, without full inter-episode recovery, superimposed on dysthymia

Question 17

__________ refers to a loss of pleasure or interest in almost all activities or a lack of reactivity to usually pleasurable events.

A) Melancholia
B) Libido
C) Dystonia
D) Catatonia
E) Anhedonia

Question 18

Which of the following words is most descriptive of manic episodes?

A) calm
B) content
C) restrained
D) pensive
E) flamboyant

Question 19

The incidence of MDD among ________ is growing faster than in any other age group.

A) toddlers
B) young children
C) adolescents
D) young adults
E) the elderly

Question 20

The hormone __________, secreted by the pineal gland, has been implicated in seasonal affective disorder.

A) lanin
B) progesterone
C) melatonin
D) serotonin

Question 21

After an argument, Jane continues to ask her husband if he still loves her. This is an example of

A) negative feedback seeking.
B) stress generation.
C) excessive reassurance seeking.
D) all-or-none thinking.
E) magnification.

Question 22

Which of the following is not one of Beck's cognitive distortions described in the text?

A) All-or-none thinking
B) Negative feedback seeking
C) Overgeneralizations
D) Magnification
E) Jumping to conclusions

Question 23

Along with a 4 percent infanticide rate, postpartum psychosis has a ____ percent suicide rate.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 4
D) 2
E) 3

Question 24

Approximately _________ percent of the 70 percent of new mothers who experience depression and mood swings after childbirth is diagnosed with mood disorder with postpartum onset.

A) 5-10
B) 10-15
C) 15-20
D) 20-25

Question 25

Canadian psychodynamic theorist Sidney Blatt discusses two personality patterns: _____________ and ______________ which have been shown to be predictors of depression in the face of stress.

A) dependency and self-criticism
B) aggression-hostility; obsessionality
C) pessimism; listlessness
D) brooding; critical / blaming
E) gloominess; listlessness

Question 26

In Beck's model of depression, the diathesis is

A) a stressful life event.
B) a negative cognitive schema.
C) a genetic predisposition.
D) a localized brain dysfunction.
E) a neurotransmitter imbalance.

Question 27

In Bipolar __________ disorder, there are at least one hypomanic episode and one or more depressive episode.

A) 4
B) 3
C) 1
D) 2
E) 5

Question 28

Beck's greatest insight with regard to depression is that

A) one's emotional response is determined by one's cognitive abilities and type.
B) the effectiveness of coping depends on confidence and levels of self-esteem.
C) the effectiveness of coping depends on accuracy of cognitive schemata.
D) one's emotional response is determined by one's appraisal and evaluation.
E) one's emotional response is determined by one's learning history with that stressor.

Question 29

As a form of treatment, Joanne receives phototherapy, in which she sits in front of a light box for a few hours a day every morning. Judging from this treatment, Joanne most likely suffers from

A) seasonal affective disorder.
B) schizoaffective disorder.
C) bipolar depression.
D) unipolar depression.

Question 30

The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder is greater where there

A) are long summers.
B) is less seasonal variation in hours of sunlight.
C) is more seasonal variation in hours of sunlight.
D) is very little snow.
E) are colder temperatures.

Question 31

Beck referred to the negative thoughts depressed people often have about the future, the world and themselves as a

A) negative cognitive triangle.
B) distorted cognitive triad.
C) depressive cognitive triangle.
D) negative cognitive triad.
E) triple negative triad.

Question 32

Nearly _____ percent of people with major depression have suffered at least one severe loss event prior to onset of their depression.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) 90

Question 33

Dividing events into a dichotomy of either all bad or all good is example of which cognitive distortion found in depressed people?

A) arbitrary inference
B) all-or-none thinking
C) selective abstraction
D) negative bias
E) overgeneralization

Question 34

A strong family link is especially evident in the development of

A) major depression.
B) melancholic depression.
C) dsythymic disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.
E) cyclothymia.

Question 35

Clara moves very quickly in and out of depressive and manic episodes, commonly having 5 or more episodes of mania and depression in one year. Of the following disorders, which is Clara most likely suffering from?

A) bipolar 1 disorder
B) rapid cycling bipolar disorder
C) major depression
D) bipolar 2 disorder
E) cyclothymia

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT true of rapid cycling depression/mania?

A) As many as 10-20% of patients with bipolar disorder may display rapid cycling.
B) Rapid cycling is linked to a longer and more severe course for bipolar disorders.
C) In some patients standard pharmacotherapy can induce rapid cycling.
D) Those suffering from it do not respond strongly to pharmacotherapy.
E) It is more common in men than in women.

Question 37

In Bipolar __________ disorder, there are one or more manic episodes and usually one or more depressive episode.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 1
D) 2
E) 3

Question 38

The criteria for the diagnosis of __________ include a duration of at least two years with recurrent periods of mild depression alternating with hypomania.

A) rapid cycling depression/mania
B) hypomania
C) unipolar depression
D) bipolar depression
E) cyclothymia

Question 39

Bipolar disorder has been classified into __________ type(s).

A) 3
B) 1
C) 2
D) 4
E) 5

Question 40

Psychodynamic theorists no longer relate depression to unmet needs during the oral stage of development but do still emphasize the __________ relationship and evidence that ____________ confers increased risk for depression.

A) primary; loss of that relationship
B) parent-child; neglectful or abusive parenting
C) mother-child; dismissing attachment style
D) mother-child; early modeling of aggressive behavior
E) parent-child; difficult temperament at age 18 months

Question 41

Currently, the most popular class of antidepressants are the

A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
B) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
C) benzodiazepines.
D) bicyclics.
E) tricyclics.

Question 42

One explanation as to why women are more often diagnosed with depression than men is that

A) they are more willing to seek for their symptoms.
B) they also show more symptoms associated with bipolar disorder than do men.
C) in many cultures women experience role strain.
D) the HPA axis is less active in women than it is in men.
E) women report higher levels of stressful life events than men.

Question 43

Smaller hippocampal volume in depressed individuals has been linked to

A) cortisol hypersecretion.
B) reduced cortisol secretion.
C) positive feedback excitation of the HPA axis.
D) acute stress.
E) reduced ACTH secretion from the pituitary gland.

Question 44

It has been found that when depressed patients respond to antidepressant medication, they also

A) experience less slow-wave sleep.
B) spend more time in REM sleep.
C) show an increase in rapid eye movements.
D) return to normal levels of REM sleep.
E) spend almost no time in REM sleep .

Question 45

Brain imaging techniques have shown that depressed individuals have fewer

A) 5-HT receptors.
B) DA receptors.
C) NE receptors.
D) HTT receptors.
E) CRH receptors.

Question 46

Which of the following approaches to treatments emphasizes role transitions (e.g., leaving home for university, becoming a parent)?

A) behavioural
B) cognitive
C) cognitive-behavioural
D) interpersonal
E) psychodynamic

Question 47

An effective treatment that helps clients change their attitude towards unhelpful thought patterns (rather than changing the thoughts themselves) is termed

A) interpersonal therapy.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) behavioral therapy.
D) rational-emotive psychotherapy.
E) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

Question 48

The main adverse effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is

A) temporary speech difficulties.
B) psychotic phases.
C) depression.
D) memory impairment.
E) mania.

Question 49

Depressed individuals have been shown to have increased activity in the ___________ leading to continuous processing of negative emotional information.

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) cingulated cortex
D) amygdala
E) pituitary gland

Question 50

An experimental procedure that uses magnetic fields to alter brain activity is called

A) ECT.
B) VNS.
C) CBT.
D) FFT.
E) TMS.

Question 51

The Canadian Psychiatric Association currently recommends ________ as the first-line treatment for SAD.

A) lithium
B) ECT
C) TMS
D) light therapy
E) SSRI's

Question 52

Research findings that depressed individuals actually contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal conflict through maladaptive interpersonal behaviors supports the

A) negative feedback hypothesis.
B) conflict generation hypothesis.
C) dsythymic disorder.
D) life stress perspective.
E) stress generation hypothesis.

Question 53

Traditionally, __________ is the treatment for bipolar disorder.

A) lithium
B) Celexa
C) Prozac
D) Elavil
E) clomipramine

Question 54

__________ therapy emphasizes that depression often arises as a result of disruptions in an individual's social adjustment.

A) Behavioural
B) Cognitive-behavioural
C) Cognitive
D) Interpersonal
E) Psychodynamic

Question 55

Which of the following was NOT discussed in the text as a method in cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression?

A) thought records
B) activity scheduling
C) testing beliefs through behavioural experiments
D) interpersonal psychotherpay
E) hypnotic sessions

Question 56

Pharmacotherapy is generally considered effective for about __________ percent of people.

A) 10
B) 50
C) 20
D) 30
E) 40

Question 57

Research suggests that the effect of a gene (HTT)

A) directly causes depression.
B) heightens reactivity to stress.
C) lowers levels of serotonin neurotransmitter.
D) causes damage to a brain region associated with mood.
E) causes damage to a brain region involved with perception.

Question 58

Christine is a therapist who takes as her starting point concerning depression that a person's emotional reactions are determined in part by what he or she thinks. Based on this, Christine is most likely to use __________ therapy to treat her clients.

A) humanistic
B) neo-psychoanalytic
C) Freudian
D) cognitive-behavioural
E) interpersonal

Question 59

One controversial meta-analysis found that anti-depressant medication was

A) only effective for about 20% of persons with mild to moderate depression.
B) not effective for severe depression.
C) no more effective than placebo for mild to moderate depression.
D) only effective for about 40% of persons with severe depression.
E) only effective for about 40% of persons with mild to moderate depression.

Question 60

The discovery of drugs with antidepressant properties occurred through accidental observation that certain forms of medication used to treat __________ induced depression-like symptoms in patients.

A) cancer
B) hypertension
C) diabetes
D) tuberculosis
E) AIDS

Question 61

It is common for an individual to experience an episode of mania without an accompanying depression at some point in their life.

Question 62

Bipolar disorder is more common than major depression.

Question 63

It is estimated that for every completed suicide, there are __________ suicide attempts.

A) 5-7
B) 18-20
C) 12-15
D) 2-3
E) 8-10

Question 64

Up to _________ percent of people who completed suicide suffered from major depression.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 50
E) 70

Question 65

Post-mortem studies of people who have committed suicide have found consistent evidence for a hypoactive __________ system.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) melatonin
E) epinephrine

Question 66

Recent biochemical theories of depression have examined the role of the postsynaptic receptor in the etiology of depression.

Question 67

The strongest risk factor for completed suicide is

A) being male.
B) being female.
C) being male between the ages of 50 and 70.
D) being female between the ages of 50 and 70.
E) being an adolescent female.

Question 68

Research showing that there is nothing special about five (DSM) symptoms rather than four or two weeks duration rather than three supports a dimensional model of depression.

Question 69

The goal of cognitive-behavioural treatment for depression is to identify and resolve unconscious conflict.

Question 70

Post-partum depression appears to be a predominantly Western phenomenon.

Question 71

Freud's concept of imagined loss posits that predisposed individuals develop unconsciously interpret other types of events as severe loss events.

Question 72

DSM-5 will probably enable clinicians to diagnose severe grief following loss of a loved one as depression.

Question 73

The Roman physician Hippocrates was the among first to extend the ideas on the relationship between emotional temperament (such as depression) and bodily fluids called humours first proposed by Galen.

Question 74

A manic episode must be at least one week long, and does not typically last much longer than this.

Question 75

After mood disorders, __________ is the second most common factor in suicide.

A) geographic location
B) gender
C) alcohol and substance abuse
D) age
E) contagion

Question 76

Research findings are consistent in showing that Seasonal Affective Disorder is caused by melatonin dysregulation.

Question 77

Research suggests that those with the highest genetic risk for depression are more than twice as likely to develop depression in the face of stress than those at a lower genetic risk.

Question 78

Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) described psychological and social causes for depression.

Question 79

The most enduring cognitive theory of the mood disorders was developed by Beck.

Question 80

Brown and Harris found that early childhood loss, such as the loss of a parent before age twelve, is a powerful predictor of depression in adulthood.