Deck 15: Behaviour and Emotional Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

The prevalence of having any disorder among children and youth is

A) 1%.
B) 5%.
C) 10%.
D) 15%.
E) 20%.

Answer 1

15%.

Question 2

___________ provided the first framework for assessing children and adolescents.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) John Watson
D) Leo Kanner
E) Anna Freud

Answer 2

Leo Kanner

Question 3

ADHD-I is especially associated with __________.

A) reading disorders
B) math achievement problems
C) social difficulties
D) restlessness
E) conduct problems

Answer 3

math achievement problems

Question 4

Which shows the correct data regarding gender differences in lifetime prevalence for the childhood and adolescent disorders listed?

A) females-greater prevalence of substance abuse, anxiety, and eating disorders ; males-greater prevalence of behavioral or mood disorder
B) females-greater prevalence of mood, anxiety, and eating disorders ; males-greater prevalence of behavioral or substance abuse disorder
C) females-greater prevalence of mood, anxiety, and substance abuse ; males-greater prevalence of behavioral or eating disorder
D) females-greater prevalence of behavioral and eating disorders ; males-greater prevalence of mood, anxiety or substance abuse disorders
E) females-greater prevalence of mood, behavioral and eating disorders ; males-greater prevalence of anxiety or substance abuse disorder

Question 5

What three groups of symptoms are considered important in the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in the DSM-IV-TR?

A) inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
B) hyperactivity, impulsivity, misbehaviour
C) inattention, impulsivity, temper tantrums
D) inattention, withdrawal, inappropriate emotion
E) inattention, hyperactivity, bullying

Question 6

The most common disorders among North American children and youth have been found to be

A) conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders.
C) anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, and ADHD.
D) strictly consisting of only internalizing problems.
E) strictly consisting of only externalizing problems.

Question 7

Which pair is NOT properly matched?

A) mood disorder : internalizing problem
B) separation anxiety disorder : externalizing problem
C) ADHD : externalizing problem
D) conduct disorder : externalizing problem
E) reactive attachment disorder : internalizing problem

Question 8

Girls are more commonly diagnosed with ______ than are boys.

A) ADHD
B) ADHD-I
C) ADHD-H
D) ADHD-HI
E) ADHD-II

Question 9

It remains to be demonstrated whether the manifestations and symptoms of childhood- vs. adult-onset mood and anxiety disorders are the same, however

A) most research to date supports that they are different.
B) most research to date supports that they are the same.
C) research to date is highly conflicted.
D) anxiety disorders tend to be homotypically continuous whereas mood disorders generally do not.
E) mood disorders tend to be homotypically continuous whereas anxiety disorders generally do not.

Question 10

"Bullycide" has not been formally addressed among the provinces with the exception of

A) British Columbia and Alberta.
B) Alberta and Saskatchewan.
C) Ontario and Quebec.
D) Newfoundland and New Brunswick.
E) Manitoba and Ontario.

Question 11

Initial accounts of abnormal child behaviour were attributed to

A) genetic defects.
B) societal factors.
C) inadequate parenting.
D) lack of education.
E) malnutrition.

Question 12

One of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence is

A) depression.
B) ADHD.
C) conduct disorder.
D) anxiety.
E) ODD.

Question 13

Which shows the correct data regarding median age of onset for the childhood disorders listed?

A) anxiety-age 6; behavior problems-age 11; mood -age 13; substance abuse-age 15
B) behavior problems-age 6; mood-age 11; anxiety -age 13; substance abuse-age 15
C) anxiety-age 6; substance abuse-age 11 behavior problems -age 13; mood-age 15
D) mood -age 6; behavior problems-age 11; anxiety-age 13; substance abuse-age 15
E) anxiety-age 6; mood -age 11; substance abuse-age 13; behavior problems-age 15

Question 14

A special issue with regard to assessing and treating children compared to adults is

A) children are much more eager to receive treatment.
B) children readily recognize when they may be suffering from psychological problems.
C) adults are generally easier to treat than children.
D) children are better able to understand or explain their problems.
E) a child's problems are typically reported by parents or teachers, and not the child.

Question 15

The hypothesis that the manifestations and symptoms of childhood- versus adult-onset mood and anxiety disorders are the same

A) is supported by the research to date.
B) is not supported by the research to date.
C) has not yet been answered by research.
D) is impossible to investigate by research.
E) has typically not been considered an important issue.

Question 16

Research demonstrates that being bullied affects the brain -specifically leading to

A) dysregulation of the cerebellum, leading to motor coordination problems.
B) dysregulation of the basal ganglia, leading to impulsivity and motoric hyperactivity.
C) dysregulation of the HPA axis, leading to depressed symptoms.
D) dysregulation of the seretonergic system, leading to depressed symptoms.
E) dysregulation of the dopaminergic system, leading to impulsivity and hyperactivity.

Question 17

With regard to ADHD, it has been suggested that the DSM-5

A) eliminate the disorder, reassigning persons as having anxiety and mood disorder(s).
B) create additional subtypes based on co-occurring anxiety and mood symptoms.
C) eliminate the current subtypes; require coding of the predominant symptoms.
D) eliminate the combined subtype; require clinicians to choose a predominant subtype.
E) eliminate the disorder, reassigning persons displaying these symptoms as having other externalizing disorders.

Question 18

Children under the age of _______ rarely meet the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder.

A) 8
B) 10
C) 15
D) 12
E) 16

Question 19

The prevalence of common child behavioural problems were not documented until the

A) 1970s.
B) 1950s.
C) 1960s.
D) 1940s.
E) 1930s.

Question 20

Prior to the 1960s, treatments in child psychiatry encompassed mostly family and ________ therapy.

A) behavioural
B) cognitive
C) biogenic
D) drug
E) psychoanalytic

Question 21

Which statement regarding conduct disorder and comorbidity is NOT true?

A) Anxiety disorders and mood disorders are more common in children with CD.
B) Between 35 and 40% of children with CD will later be diagnosed with APD.
C) Most children first diagnosed with ODD will progress to CD.
D) Children who exhibit ADHD are more likely to develop conduct disorder.
E) Individuals diagnosed with CD are prone to exhibit ADHD and/or substance abuse problems.

Question 22

A biological predisposition to ADHD is supported by the fact that the heritability of ADHD may be as high as __________ percent.

A) 77
B) 55
C) 10
D) 25
E) 42

Question 23

Children with ADHD have been found to have reduced brain size of up to _________.

A) 1 percent
B) 2-4 percent
C) 3-8 percent
D) 8-10 percent
E) 10-15

Question 24

A diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder requires evidence of conduct disorder before the age of ___.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 12
E) 15

Question 25

The prevalence rate of ADHD in the general population is highest among

A) preschool-aged children.
B) infants.
C) toddlers.
D) children and adolescents.
E) adults.

Question 26

The most important long term issue for youth with ADHD is

A) the persistence of impulsive and risk-taking symptoms.
B) the persistence of hyperactivity symptoms and their impact on social functioning.
C) the persistence of learning difficulties.
D) increased risk for developing another psychiatric disorder, most often mood, anxiety and/or substance abuse disorders.
E) increased risk for developing another disorder, most often conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder.

Question 27

A child diagnosed with ADHD is most likely to be comorbid for ___________ as an adult.

A) conduct disorder
B) ODD
C) substance abuse
D) learning disorder
E) anxiety disorder

Question 28

Which of the following developmental trajectories for children with ADHD is NOT true?

A) Earlier substance use in adulthood.
B) Becoming parents at a later age.
C) Higher rates of divorce and separation.
D) Lower occupational attainment.
E) Four times as many sexually transmitted diseases in adolescence.

Question 29

Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) are often used in the treatment of children with ADHD. These medications

A) have not been found to improve any of the symptoms of ADHD.
B) are most effective if combined with other forms of treatment.
C) require more rigorous research to determine the extent of their benefits.
D) increase vigilance, reaction time, short-term memory, and learning of new material.
E) are most effective with the more difficult cases.

Question 30

Approximately __________ boys diagnosed with ODD will go on to develop CD.

A) 1 in 2
B) 1 in 30
C) 1 in 4
D) 1 in 10
E) 1 in 20

Question 31

The most suitable nondrug intervention for children with ADHD appears to be

A) family therapy.
B) cognitive-behavioural therapy.
C) psychoeducational and school-focused.
D) individual psychotherapy.
E) social skills training.

Question 32

The risk of developing ADHD is increased when a genetic predisposition is combined with

A) low maternal IQ.
B) maternal drinking.
C) maternal smoking.
D) low birth weight.
E) socioeconomic status.

Question 33

ADHD was initially referred to as

A) ADD.
B) ADHD-H.
C) minimal brain dysfunction.
D) hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood.
E) hyperkinetic syndrome of adolescence.

Question 34

The known risk factors for ADHD include all of the following except

A) brain structure and function.
B) parenting styles.
C) genetics.
D) neurotransmitters.
E) environmental factors.

Question 35

Jacques, a boy diagnosed with CD, is playing a game of baseball with his classmates during physical education. During the game, Jacques misses the ball when it is thrown to him, and gets hit with it. Jacques would most likely

A) get very upset and not play baseball with his classmates anymore.
B) run to tell the teacher.
C) get really angry for awhile, but get past it later on.
D) pick up the ball and throw it back at the kid, hoping to hit him.
E) only get really mad if he were hurt.

Question 36

___________ is likely to lead to future offspring with a high genetic load for conduct problems.

A) Comorbidity
B) Assortative mating
C) Heterotypic continuity
D) Gene-Environment interaction
E) Homotypic consistency

Question 37

______ percent of children with ADHD have at least one other psychiatric disorder.

A) 50
B) 10
C) 25
D) 40
E) 75

Question 38

Of all the characteristics associated with subtypes ADHD-H and ADHD-HI _____ are most likely to persist into adulthood.

A) getting into trouble
B) talking to one's self
C) interrupting others
D) fidgeting and restlessness
E) difficulty playing

Question 39

MRI studies have shown that ADHD is associated with abnormalities of the ___________.

A) prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
B) basal ganglia and hippocampus
C) temporal and occipital lobes
D) thalamus and prefrontal cortex
E) cerebellum and frontal lobes

Question 40

Many antisocial parents of children with CD have also been found to have

A) ADHD.
B) depression.
C) anxiety disorders.
D) a substance abuse problem.
E) no other known problem.

Question 41

The difference between the behaviours found in SAD and GAD is

A) children with ODD do not develop fears.
B) children with SAD report having more temper tantrums.
C) the distress and uncertainty becomes directed outward to the world around them.
D) the behaviours found in SAD develop at an earlier age.
E) children with ODD do not typically become aggressive.

Question 42

Which of the following is classified in the DSM-IV as childhood anxiety disorders?

A) separation anxiety disorder
B) social phobia
C) anorexia nervosa
D) panic disorder
E) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 43

Anxiety disorders in children are most often comorbid with which disorder?

A) mood
B) CD
C) ADHD
D) childhood schizophrenia
E) ODD

Question 44

A gene-environment interaction in the development of conduct disorder was shown in a study by Caspi et al. (2002) in which ___ percent of individuals who were severely maltreated in childhood and had low MAOA activity had CD, compared to _____ percent of individuals maltreated in childhood who had high MAOA activity.

A) 100; 50
B) 90; 10
C) 80; 40
D) 70; 30
E) 65; 35

Question 45

_________ affects a significant number of children with anxiety disorders.

A) Heterotypic continuity
B) Homotypic continuity
C) Deliberate self-harm
D) Ego syntonia
E) Ego dystonia

Question 46

According to the Ontario Child Health Study, only ___________ children who suffer from a psychiatric disorder receive services.

A) 1 in 6
B) 1 in 3
C) 1 in 8
D) 1 in 10
E) 1 in 15

Question 47

One purpose behind problem-solving skills training is to

A) help focus the child's energy on puzzles and games.
B) make treatment of the child more effective.
C) teach the child to interact better with other children.
D) help the child perform better in mathematics.
E) help the child perform better on school assignments.

Question 48

All of the following results found after an evaluation of the Incredible Years Parent Program are true except

A) A general increase in positive parenting.
B) A decrease in harsh discipline.
C) Increases in prosocial behaviour.
D) Reductions in conduct problems.
E) An ineffectiveness when used with teachers.

Question 49

Although most children display various fears and anxieties relating to separation from parents, for a clinical diagnosis of SAD to be made, the anxiety must

A) begin at a younger age.
B) clinically relevant.
C) be general in nature.
D) be more extreme.
E) accompanied by aggressive behaviour.

Question 50

The major criterion of focus for those diagnosing separation anxiety disorder is

A) refusal to go to school.
B) being away from caregivers.
C) nightmares.
D) interacting with strangers.
E) fear of being alone.

Question 51

Monah refuses to go to school without her mother staying with her, expresses fears that her mother is going to be in a terrible accident, and cannot sleep unless her mother remains in the room with her. Monah would likely be diagnosed with

A) behaviour disorder.
B) childhood distress disorder.
C) separation anxiety disorder.
D) phobic disorder.
E) stranger anxiety.

Question 52

Cunningham's Community Parent Education Program (COPE) is a large-group, community-based version of __________.

A) family therapy
B) problem-solving skills training
C) functional family therapy
D) parent training
E) contingency management

Question 53

_______ has been found to be an effective short-term therapy for inpatient aggressive children and adolescents.

A) Typical neuroleptics
B) Atypical neuroleptics
C) Stimulants
D) Risperidone
E) Lithium

Question 54

The central goal of parent training programs for ODD / CD is

A) to address the coercive process that promotes conduct problems.
B) to teach parents the skills to model effective peer social interaction.
C) to increase parental monitoring of their children's whereabouts.
D) to teach effective reinforcement for self-control behaviors. E) to assist parents in establishing consistent discipline.

Question 55

Julio's mother usually does not ask him where he is going, how he's doing in school, nor does she ever attend his basketball practices. If Julio were to engage in criminal or aggressive acts, psychologists would likely cite __________ as a causal factor in the development of his behaviour problems.

A) a dysfunctional family environment
B) avoidant attachment
C) insecure attachment
D) difficult temperament
E) poor parenting

Question 56

Aggression has been consistently found to be related to

A) overarousal of the autonomic nervous system.
B) underarousal of the autonomic nervous system.
C) high levels of testosterone.
D) low levels of testosterone.
E) increased glucose metabolism in the frontal lobe.

Question 57

The most common fears reported by children and adolescents include all of the following except

A) agoraphobia.
B) heights.
C) weather.
D) animals.
E) accidents.

Question 58

All of the following treatment methods have been tested in controlled trials with children suffering from CD and ODD EXCEPT

A) parent management training.
B) pharmacological interventions.
C) school- and community-based treatments.
D) problem-solving skills training.
E) Gestalt therapy.

Question 59

Clinic-based treatments are limited by the fact that

A) children are labelled as mentally ill.
B) sometimes the problems are too difficult to treat with only one method.
C) it is only available to a minority of children.
D) controlled trials have not been conducted to determine their worth.
E) children are intimidated by the settings of the clinic.

Question 60

Adolescents diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder would most likely display

A) concern about a parent.
B) sadness and withdrawal.
C) nightmares.
D) school refusal and headaches or stomach aches.
E) excessive distress upon separation from a parent.

Question 61

Recognition of child psychopathology began in the early 19ᵗʰ century however the importance of parenting factors was not recognized until the teachings of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein.

Question 62

The Coping Cat program for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders is based on _______ therapy.

A) psycyhodynamic
B) behavioural
C) family
D) drug
E) cognitive-behavioural

Question 63

At 5 years of age, Tyra's parents brought her to a psychologist because she would hide from people at school and refuse to take part in new or different activities. She would best be described as

A) developmentally challenged.
B) temperamentally bold.
C) undercontrolled.
D) behaviourally inhibited.
E) insecurely attached.

Question 64

Usually parents' and teachers' reports are considered more important in assessing a child's condition than the child's own report.

Question 65

An important component of CBT for the treatment of anxiety in children involves

A) cognitive restructuring of anxiety-arousing thoughts.
B) emotion-focused coping.
C) learning to live with fear.
D) systematic and gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking situations.
E) dealing with the consequences of avoidant behaviour.

Question 66

Externalizing problems are also referred to as disorders of overcontrolled behaviour.

Question 67

Leo Kanner wrote the first text on child psychiatry in 1935.

Question 68

SAD is the only anxiety disorder in the childhood disorders section because

A) SAD appears to be qualitatively different in children vs. adults.
B) careful attention to symptom-based subtypes of SAD is important when diagnosing it in children.
C) SAD is the only anxiety disorder that young children experience.
D) SAD is diagnosed only in childhood.
E) SAD carries a grave prognosis when diagnosed in children.

Question 69

Selective mutism in children is considered by clinicians to be a form of ________.

A) specific phobia
B) SAD
C) social phobia
D) GAD
E) DSH

Question 70

It is generally agreed that the childhood disorders constitute more severe and therefore earlier-emerging forms of their corresponding adult psychological disorders.

Question 71

Early psychoanalytic therapy for child psychiatric problems was influenced by the teachings of Sigmund Freud.

Question 72

Pine's (2007) model of how anxiety develops in young children proposes that anxiety arises as a result of

A) operant conditioning.
B) fear conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) cognitive distortions.
E) faulty learning.

Question 73

Compared to children who are not behaviourally inhibited, an anxious temperament increases the risk of developing one or more anxiety disorders in later life ______ times.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 4
C) 4 to 5
D) 5 to 6
E) 8 to 10

Question 74

Most children with anxiety disorder have a history of anxious temperament in infancy and early childhood referred to as

A) heterotypic continuity.
B) behavioural inhibition.
C) emotional inhibition.
D) insecure attachment.
E) homotypic continuity.

Question 75

A recent study (Walkup et al. 2008) found that in severe cases of childhood anxiety the best response rates were to a combination of

A) aversion therapy and art therapy.
B) CBT and Zoloft.
C) zoloft and ECT.
D) play therapy and social skills training.
E) behaviour therapy and benzodiazepines.

Question 76

The primary aim of anxiety treatment is

A) to change the child's environment in order to limit the exposure to the anxiety-provoking situations.
B) to modify cognitions that give rise to the fear / anxiety response and avoidance behaviors.
C) to assist the child in problem-solving around stimuli that cannot be avoided.
D) to identify healthier ways of avoiding exposure to stressors.
E) to reduce physical symptoms and avoidance behaviors.

Question 77

One type of pharmacological treatment that shows some promise in the treatment of SAD and GAD is

A) Ritalin.
B) tricyclic antidepressants.
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
D) antianxiolytics.
E) benzodiazepines.

Question 78

With regard to pharmacological treatment of childhood GAD and SAD

A) benzodiazepines appear to be effective and well tolerated.
B) tricyclic medications are the treatment of choice.
C) SSRI's, benzodiazepines and tricyclics have all been found effective and well tolerated.
D) only SSRI's have been found to be effective and well-tolerated.
E) research is underway, but no medications have been approved as of yet.

Question 79

The prevalence of mental disorders varies by the sex and age of the child.

Question 80

Most researchers study child psychopathology within a framework that stipulates that mental disorders have some psychological basis.