Deck 6: Personality Assessment Ii: Personality Judgment in Daily Life

Question 1

Judgments other people make of your personality are known as ________.

A) your reputation
B) your self-concept
C) your realistic accuracy model (RAM) signal
D) your identity

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with ________.

A) rated herself as more attractive than the woman in the photograph
B) rated herself as less attractive than the woman in the photograph
C) was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner
D) was rated by other people as behaving in a cold, aloof, and unfriendly manner

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personality judgments?

A) interjudge agreement and internal consistency
B) internal consistency and behavioral prediction
C) interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction
D) predictive validity and behavioral prediction

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. They are typically perceived by others as ________.

A) shy
B) cold and aloof
C) warm and friendly
D) sensitive and intelligent

Question 5

The basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus between 1955 and the mid-1980s was that ________.

A) early researchers had already identified the characteristics of a good judge of personality
B) researchers turned their attention to the content of personality judgments
C) researchers lacked a consensual criteria for determining the accuracy of a personality judgment
D) early research indicated that personality judgments are relatively inconsequential

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students perform better?

A) Teachers are warmer to these students.
B) Teachers provide more detailed and constructive feedback to these students.
C) Teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students.
D) Teachers provide extra opportunities to these students.

Question 7

What might be an effect of expectancies in real life?

A) to create new behavioral tendencies
B) to enhance reputations
C) to magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies
D) to diminish or punish existing behavioral tendencies

Question 8

Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________.

A) the causal force of I data
B) expectancy effects
C) the effects of low self-monitoring
D) an internal locus of control

Question 9

According to Lee Jussim (1991), the source of real-life expectancies is likely ________.

A) erroneous stereotypes about groups
B) previous observations of behavioral tendencies
C) authoritarian personality traits
D) a cognitive bias to seek incongruent information

Question 10

Research on intellectual and social expectancies demonstrates that ________.

A) other people's perceptions of your personality can influence who you are and what you do
B) other people's perceptions of your personality have little influence on your expectations
C) such judgments are always based on direct observation of behavior
D) such judgments are rarely unbiased

Question 11

Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as ________.

A) opportunistic fallacies
B) expectancy effects
C) consequential reputations
D) recency effects

Question 12

About 1 person in ________ considers himself or herself to be chronically shy.

A) 100
B) 25
C) 10
D) 4

Question 13

Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment?

A) One of your friends describes you as an extravert.
B) You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious.
C) You tend to get into arguments and you throw tantrums frequently.
D) You describe yourself as intelligent, but you score low on an IQ test.

Question 14

When Andrew argues there is no reason to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally correct, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position.

A) realist
B) positivist
C) empiricist
D) constructivist

Question 15

Judgments of your personality by others ________.

A) reflect who you are
B) create who you are
C) are too inaccurate to be used in research contexts
D) both reflect who you are and can influence what you are like

Question 16

The judgments other people make of your personality may affect ________.

A) your opportunities
B) your chances of getting a job
C) expectancies of your behavior
D) all of the above

Question 17

In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "late bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated ________.

A) the power of expectancies
B) that formal training designed to develop self-efficacy can impact performance
C) the accuracy of lay judgments of personality
D) the good target moderator of accuracy

Question 18

Attractive females are expected to be warm and friendly, and those females who are considered to be attractive are treated in such a manner that they indeed respond in warm and friendly ways. According to Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977), this effect is a type of ________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) accuracy moderator
C) sex discrimination
D) judgability phenomena

Question 19

Imagine that judgments of extraversion made on the first day of college correlate with the number of parties that students attend over the course of their four years of college. Researchers would therefore say that these judgments have ________.

A) interjudge agreement
B) internal consistency
C) critical realism
D) predictive validity

Question 20

When Sam argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position.

A) realist
B) positivist
C) empiricist
D) constructivist

Question 21

The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck" illustrates the method of ________.

A) moderator variables
B) constructivist accuracy
C) procedural judgment
D) convergent validation

Question 22

Which of the following is an aspect of the "good" trait?

A) moderation
B) unpredictability
C) visibility
D) acquaintanceship

Question 23

The statement "There is no such thing as objective reality, only human ideas or perceptions of reality" would most likely be made by a ________. The statement "The absence of perfect, infallible criteria for truth does not force us to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally likely to be correct" would most likely be made by a ________.

A) constructivist; empiricist
B) constructivist; critical realist
C) critical realist; empiricist
D) empiricist; critical realist

Question 24

Which of the following is the strongest situation using the psychological definition of a strong situation?

A) a party
B) an unstructured job interview
C) a funeral
D) free time on a Saturday afternoon

Question 25

In making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be most accurate?

A) a teacher
B) a lifelong best friend
C) a trained clinical psychologist
D) a classmate who has seen you most recently

Question 26

Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best?

A) written responses to open-ended questions
B) telephone interviews
C) face-to-face interviews
D) computer-mediated interviews

Question 27

What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions?

A) First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity.
B) First impressions based on the size of the target's nose have a surprising amount of validity.
C) First impressions based on the shape of the target's mouth have a surprising amount of validity.
D) First impressions based on face judgments have no validity.

Question 28

Participants in a recent study were shown and then asked to judge composite faces from targets who scored extremely low or extremely high on personality dimensions. Which two traits had the highest levels of accuracy for both female and male targets?

A) extraversion and neuroticism
B) extraversion and agreeableness
C) agreeableness and neuroticism
D) neuroticism and openness

Question 29

Imagine your new roommate makes her bed carefully each morning. What might you infer with some accuracy about her personality?

A) She is conscientious.
B) She is open to experience.
C) She is depressed.
D) She is extremely extraverted.

Question 30

A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a ________.

A) moderator
B) catalyst
C) transmitter
D) residual

Question 31

Robert is a stable, well-adjusted person. His behavior is fairly consistent and predictable; essentially, "what you see is what you get." Robert would most likely be ________.

A) easy to judge accurately
B) a good judge of personality
C) a narcissist
D) someone who scores high on commonality

Question 32

According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do.

A) a weak situation
B) a socially constrained situation
C) a strong situation
D) situationism

Question 33

Andersen (1984) found that the quality of information affected the accuracy of personality judgments. According to the results of this study, information obtained from which actions would most likely lead to a social impression that corresponded to the target's self-assessment?

A) listening to the target describe his or her overt behaviors
B) observing the person's behaviors at work
C) watching a five-minute videotaped interaction between the target and an opposite-sex stranger
D) listening to the target describe his or her thoughts and feelings

Question 34

Which of the following attributes seem to be consistently related to being a good judge of personality?

A) extraversion and openness
B) agreeableness and intelligence
C) conscientiousness and intelligence
D) extraversion and intelligence

Question 35

A(n) ________ condition refers to a limit on the generalizability of a particular research conclusion.

A) threshold
B) boundary
C) exclusionary
D) caveat

Question 36

According to research described in the textbook, about how often did the more "competent" looking candidate win in the 2004 senate races?

A) 20 percent of the time
B) 50 percent of the time
C) 70 percent of the time
D) 100 percent of the time

Question 37

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the textbook as a potential moderator of accuracy?

A) qualities of personality judges
B) qualities of the target of the judgment
C) the amount of information available to judges
D) the age of the target of the judgment

Question 38

One difficulty that early researchers encountered in identifying the good judge of personality was that ________.

A) a good judge in one context was not always a good judge in other contexts
B) clinical psychologists dismissed the findings, claiming good judgment of others required extensive training
C) no one could measure personality objectively in the first place
D) researchers did not have the statistical tools to study accuracy

Question 39

Which of the following traits would be hardest to judge?

A) emotional stability
B) extraversion
C) physical appearance
D) social dominance

Question 40

According to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?

A) moodiness
B) talkativeness
C) ruminativeness
D) psychological mindedness

Question 41

A recent study found that women are more accurate than men in judging others. What was the explanation for this finding?

A) Women are better than men at figuring out what is unique about each person.
B) Men are biased to see everyone more negatively.
C) Men are biased to see everyone more positively.
D) Women are better than men at knowing what the average person is like.

Question 42

A judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality. However, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the ________.

A) observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged
B) behavior must be unusual and distinctive
C) judge must have observed the behavior on multiple occasions
D) personality trait must be cross-situationally consistent

Question 43

According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably.

A) accuracy; consensus
B) consensus; accuracy
C) predictive validity; reliability
D) consensus; interjudge agreement

Question 44

Early research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge was ________.

A) extraverted
B) a high self-monitor
C) narcissistic
D) none of the above

Question 45

What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)?

A) The advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not.
B) Judgments made by acquaintances who have known the target for 5 years are as valid as judgments made by parents and acquaintances who have known the target for 20 years.
C) Strangers' judgments are more accurate than acquaintances' judgments when the criterion is self-other agreement.
D) Strangers' judgments, based on a five-minute videotape of the target's behavior, demonstrated these judges' ability to generalize to situations and contexts that were very different from the videotaped interactions.

Question 46

The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based more on ________ than on ________.

A) a manufactured reputation; the target's self-judgments
B) a manufactured reputation; direct behavioral observation
C) direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
D) stereotypes; expectancies

Question 47

A professor has been married for 10 years but her husband has never seen her give a lecture. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the accurate prediction of her behavior during lectures?

A) Her students will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior in lecture.
B) Her husband will be much more accurate than her students in predicting her behavior in lecture.
C) Her students will be much more accurate than her husband in predicting her behavior in lecture.
D) none of the above

Question 48

According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship?

A) sexual constraint
B) sociosexuality
C) socio-openness
D) sexual openness

Question 49

Imagine that Sally thinks she can judge Charlie's personality better than Lucy's personality. According to a recent study, which statement is most correct?

A) Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Lucy.
B) Sally will be equally accurate in her judgments of Charlie and Lucy.
C) Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Charlie.
D) Lucy will report a fairly negative view of Sally, if she is asked.

Question 50

How should you act in everyday life according to the "transparent self" theory of psychological health?

A) Act like a chameleon, changing from one situation to the next, and keep your inner self private.
B) Conceal very little from those around you.
C) Adopt a public persona and always follow that identity to keep your inner self private.
D) Make sure to act like everyone else around you to blend in with the crowd.

Question 51

What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment?

A) recall/adjustment/manipulation
B) realism/accuracy/manipulation
C) recall/activation/matching/detection
D) relevance/availability/detection/utilization

Question 52

Doug has known Dan for more than 20 years. Jim has only known Dan since he joined Jim's department at Acme Advertising Agency 2 months ago. According to Colvin and Funder's (1991) study of the boundaries on the acquaintanceship effect, if both Doug and Jim are asked to predict how Dan will behave during a presentation at work next week, whose predictions will be more accurate?

A) Doug's
B) Jim's
C) The two predictions will be about equally accurate.
D) Neither Doug's nor Jim's; such behavior is not predictable.

Question 53

Drawing on research described in the text, what would be a reasonable prediction about a group of introverts who are instructed to act extraverted for a week?

A) They will report increased happiness at the end of the week.
B) They will report being tired and depleted from the effort.
C) They will report increased feelings of closeness with others.
D) They will not be noticeably different after the study.

Question 54

According to the text, if peers based judgments on reputation and not observation, then researchers should find ________.

A) more agreement on unobservable traits compared to observable traits
B) more agreement on observable traits compared to unobservable traits
C) equal agreement for both observable and unobservable traits
D) no agreement in personality judgments whatsoever

Question 55

A good judge of personality seems to be high in ________.

A) agency
B) self-monitoring
C) communion
D) absorption

Question 56

A small number of studies have investigated whether making an extra effort to be a good judge of personality improves accuracy. According to the textbook, what conclusions can be drawn from this literature?

A) Extra effort greatly improves accuracy.
B) Extra effort reduces accuracy by a considerable amount.
C) Extra effort improves judgments of close friends but not casual acquaintances.
D) The results of the existing studies are mixed.

Question 57

What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect?

A) Your acquaintances are more accurate than you are when judging your personality.
B) The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality.
C) The longer you have known someone, the less accurate your judgment of his or her personality.
D) People judge their friends more favorably than they judge their enemies.

Question 58

Imagine that you are at a party and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David's comments were just good-natured joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were mean-spirited and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in the ________ stage of the RAM model of personality judgment.

A) detection
B) availability
C) utilization
D) judgment

Question 59

According to a recent study described in the textbook, which of the following is accurate about people who describe themselves as "a good judge of personality"?

A) Such people are much better than others at judging personality.
B) Such people are no more accurate than others at judging personality.
C) Such people are exceptionally low in narcissism.
D) Such people are exceptionally high in self-esteem.

Question 60

According to evolutionary theory, humans should be able to judge the trait of ________ more accurately than other traits that are less important for the survival of the species.

A) social intelligence
B) self-esteem
C) sociability
D) sociosexuality

Question 61

Experiments concerning social expectancies seldom investigate the origins of real-life expectancies.

Question 62

Women seem to have a difficult time judging the sociosexuality of men.

Question 63

Observing someone in an emotionally arousing situation helps improve the accuracy of your judgment of their personality.

Question 64

Judgability seems to be one indicator of psychological adjustment.

Question 65

Men are extremely poor at judging the sociosexuality of women.

Question 66

Researchers know a great deal about the characteristics of good judges of personality.

Question 67

Research on expectancy effects has provided a clear estimate of the size of the effect in real life.

Question 68

A problem for shy people is that other people also see them as shy and try to avoid them.

Question 69

It is only possible to improve personality accuracy at the utilization stage.

Question 70

Accuracy in personality judgment fails only when there are breakdowns in at least two of the stages in the Realistic Accuracy Model.

Question 71

A strong handshake is a reliable indicator of honesty.

Question 72

Behavioral coherence is associated with being a good target for personality judgment.

Question 73

The philosophy of constructivism is widespread in modern intellectual life.

Question 74

It is possible to evaluate personality judgments by acquaintances in basically the same ways that all personality tests are evaluated.

Question 75

It appears that there are gender differences in the attributes that make someone a good judge of personality.

Question 76

Music preferences seem to reflect personality characteristics.

Question 77

Convergent validation is seldom an effective tool for evaluating personality judgments.

Question 78

To evaluate accuracy in personality judgments, researchers often want to know if personality judgments have predictive validity.

Question 79

Climate, feedback, input, and discipline are the four kinds of teacher behaviors that seem to cause high-expectancy students to perform better.

Question 80

Self-monitoring seems to be an important quality of a good personality judge for both men and women.