Deck 12: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Question 1

The idea that men and women each have a masculine and a feminine side is linked to Jung's ideas about ________.

A) intimacy and isolation
B) inferiority and compensation
C) the collective unconscious
D) animus and anima

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler?

A) feminine protest
B) inferiority complex
C) lifestyle
D) organ inferiority

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the animus?

A) a man's idealized conception of women
B) a woman's idealized conception of men
C) the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
D) the idealized conception of humankind

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In Jungian terms, the recurring images repeated in dreams, myths, and literature are called ________.

A) animas
B) social interests
C) personas
D) archetypes

Question 5

Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas.

A) controlled experiments
B) archival and field studies
C) Freud's original case descriptions
D) patient histories and introspection

Question 6

Most neo-Freudians differ from Freud in three major respects. Which of the following is NOT one of these differences?

A) They emphasize a more scientific approach than did Freud.
B) Sexuality is less emphasized by neo-Freudians.
C) Conscious processes are emphasized more by neo-Freudians.
D) They describe interpersonal relationships as the source of psychological health.

Question 7

In general, neo-Freudians ________.

A) are strict followers of Freudian ideas
B) represent the majority of psychologists working in universities today
C) use the same research methods Freud advocated
D) rarely practice psychoanalysis

Question 8

Jung's distinction between people who are oriented outwardly toward the world and those who are turned in on themselves corresponds to ________.

A) Erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation
B) Freud's ideas of the oral and anal character types
C) Jung's own concept of animus and anima
D) the extraversion-introversion dimension of the Big Five

Question 9

Compared to Freud, ego psychologists pay a good deal of attention to ________.

A) conscious thought
B) unconscious thought
C) relationships with fathers
D) the Big Five traits

Question 10

One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians ________.

A) place more emphasis on early childhood development
B) put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships
C) adhere to evolutionary theory and emphasize the importance of sex as a motivator
D) emphasize the importance of unconscious processes in the determination of behavior

Question 11

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures ________.

A) the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking
B) prototypical images of women and men
C) the Big Five traits
D) aspects of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development

Question 12

Adler felt that ________ was an important motivator of human thought and behavior.

A) the collective unconscious
B) animus
C) social interest
D) anxiety

Question 13

What is the anima?

A) a man's idealized conception of women
B) a woman's idealized conception of men
C) the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
D) the idealized conception of humankind

Question 14

Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of ________.

A) social interests
B) collective unconscious
C) anima
D) animus

Question 15

According to Adler, social interest is ________.

A) the tendency to observe other people in their natural environments
B) his personal measure of sociability
C) an interest in dominance
D) the desire to relate productively to others

Question 16

Tom was a sickly child and always felt helpless. According to Adler, as an adult Tom will probably ________.

A) be a complete invalid
B) lose all interest in his social environment
C) attempt to overcompensate
D) become obsessed with his persona

Question 17

Paul is always concerned about how he appears to others and thus wears a carefully chosen public "face" in every situation. According to Jung, Paul has ________.

A) effectively mediated the tension between the animus and anima
B) become obsessed with his persona
C) created a False archetype
D) overcompensated for his sense of inferiority

Question 18

Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is ________.

A) experiencing the masculine protest
B) expressing her animus
C) developing a persona
D) reacting to her social interest

Question 19

All of the following Freudian ideas were reinterpreted by David Funder in the textbook EXCEPT ________.

A) identification with parents during the phallic stage
B) the stages of psychosexual development
C) the definition of libido
D) the concept of defense mechanisms

Question 20

In order for a person to develop an inferiority complex, he or she must ________.

A) actually have some disability that makes him or her inferior to others
B) perceive himself or herself as inferior to others
C) have parents who pushed him or her to be perfect
D) have a particularly strong superego

Question 21

According to Erikson, adolescents are likely to face a(n) ________.

A) inferiority complex
B) struggle for intimacy
C) identity crisis
D) sense of shame and doubt

Question 22

Freud's anal stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 23

Adult behavior, according to Horney, is based on efforts to ________.

A) overcome the fear of being alone in a hostile world
B) deal with recurring Oedipal crises
C) resolve interpersonal conflicts with significant others
D) repress the collective unconscious

Question 24

In middle age, we experience the psychosocial crisis of ________, according to Erikson.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) intimacy vs. isolation
C) integrity vs. despair
D) industry vs. inferiority

Question 25

Freud's latency period corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) identity vs. identity confusion
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) industry vs. inferiority

Question 26

Ellen is a 50-year-old woman who is raising her two grandchildren, is active in her community, and is learning how to paint. According to Erikson's theory, Ellen has chosen ________.

A) industry
B) initiative
C) integrity
D) generativity

Question 27

Modern developmental psychology has been most influenced by Erikson's idea that psychological development ________.

A) occurs in stages
B) is influenced by parents
C) happens across the life span
D) is dependent on physical maturation

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the neurotic needs Horney theorized?

A) finding a partner who will solve all of one's problems
B) being loved by everybody
C) feeling accepted and secure
D) being independent of everybody

Question 29

Horney's major deviation from traditional Freudian ideas was her ________.

A) emphasis on anxiety
B) view of penis envy
C) ideas about the development of neurotic needs
D) link between adult functioning and childhood struggles

Question 30

Freud's oral stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 31

According to Melanie Klein, a child who idealizes a parent also ________.

A) feels hatred toward that parent
B) feels unconditional love toward that parent
C) desires to have all of that parent's traits
D) feels very ambivalent toward that parent

Question 32

Which sequence represents the correct order for Erikson's first three psychosocial stages?

A) basic trust vs. mistrust; initiative vs. guilt; autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) basic trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; initiative vs. guilt
C) basic trust vs. mistrust; initiative vs. guilt; identity vs. identity confusion
D) identity vs. identity confusion; intimacy vs. isolation; basic trust vs. mistrust

Question 33

Major differences between Erikson's theory of personality development and Freud's theory are Erikson's ideas regarding ________.

A) the functioning of the id and the physical location of libido
B) development as occurring in a series of stages and the existence of the id
C) the function of the ego and the role of conscious conflict
D) the importance of parents to a child's development

Question 34

What is the overarching principle of object relations theory?

A) Dream objects have a special significance to the person's waking life.
B) Every object we encounter reflects our unconscious experience.
C) We relate to others through our mental images of them.
D) We project psychological characteristics on physical objects.

Question 35

A key theme of object relations theory is that ________.

A) every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration
B) every relationship is either pleasurable or frustrating
C) unconscious processes determine the conflict among one's objects
D) we are often able to overcome early maladaptive relationships and form mature love relationships

Question 36

Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) industry vs. inferiority
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 37

Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________.

A) desire to actually possess a penis
B) lack of power and control in society
C) rejection of motherhood
D) dissatisfaction with their own bodies

Question 38

In Erikson's view, important aspects of psychological development ________.

A) occur primarily in early childhood
B) continue to change throughout the life span
C) depend on the resolution of the Oedipal complex
D) involve the investment of the libido at each stage

Question 39

Mike's prototypical woman is sensitive and intelligent. Mike's idealized image of a woman is his ________.

A) unconscious compensation
B) animus
C) anima
D) feminine persona

Question 40

In Erikson's scheme, we progress from one crisis to another according to ________.

A) processes of physical maturation
B) developmental tasks at different times of life
C) the successful repression of inappropriate id impulses
D) the physical location of libido at each stage

Question 41

According to the text, what is one reason why psychoanalytic theory is not advancing in academic departments?

A) Research psychologists are often ignorant of psychoanalytic thinking.
B) No one is interested in psychoanalytic thinking, not even psychoanalysts.
C) Psychoanalytic thinking has been perfected with object relations theory, so there is no room for advancement.
D) Neo-Freudians respect Freud too much to contradict his theory.

Question 42

According to Melanie Klein, the ________ position refers to a child's desire to worship and protect the good parts of an object because he or she fears losing them.

A) depressive
B) constructive
C) enhancing
D) paranoid

Question 43

According to Westen, all of the following studies might be described as psychoanalytic research EXCEPT a study ________.

A) about the genetic contributions to infant attachment
B) about the impact of sexual and aggressive wishes on behavior
C) to determine the impact of early child-rearing practices on adult personality characteristics
D) about self-deception and self-defensive thought

Question 44

In psychoanalytic terms, objects are ________.

A) pieces of unconscious material against which the ego defends itself
B) patients undergoing psychoanalytic therapy
C) created by emotionally important people in one's life
D) created by emotionally unimportant people in one's life

Question 45

Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother?

A) anxious-ambivalent
B) avoidant
C) rejecting
D) depressive

Question 46

Which statement is TRUE regarding the influence of Freud?

A) Freud ideas about the Oedipal crisis have empirical support.
B) Freud's ideas no longer hold any influence in current psychoanalysis.
C) Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful.
D) Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.

Question 47

The object relations theorist Melanie Klein suggests that important love relationships are mixed with emotions such as envy, fear, and guilt. People react to these emotions by ________.

A) avoiding close relationships
B) resorting to idealizations of relationships
C) regressing to early stages of psychosexual development
D) adopting a new object

Question 48

Dr. Ders is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of relating to others as real people who have mixtures of virtues and vices. Dr. Ders is most likely a therapist in the tradition of ________.

A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Erikson
D) object relations theory

Question 49

According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a transitional object is to ________.

A) compensate for an inferiority complex
B) defend the superego from unconscious urges
C) protect the true self by keeping it invisible
D) compensate for the fact that we cannot have our loved ones with us all of the time

Question 50

Which of the following Freudian ideas is NOT supported by modern research?

A) Denial is a defense mechanism that the unconscious mind uses to keep a perception from emerging into consciousness.
B) The Oedipal crisis occurs in the phallic stage.
C) Much of what the mind does is unconscious.
D) There is evidence of conflict between different mental processes.

Question 51

The psychological goal of attachment is to ________.

A) feel secure
B) possess the parent sexually
C) avoid conflict with authority figures
D) manipulate others

Question 52

Jimmy is a 5-year-old boy. When his parents leave him with a babysitter, he latches onto his stuffed animal, Tim. In the terminology of the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, Tim is a(n) ________.

A) transitional object
B) ego object
C) institutional object
D) archetype

Question 53

Some psychologists maintain that your relationships with other people are based on the images of them that you hold in your mind. Psychologists who emphasize this idea are known as ________ theorists.

A) object relations
B) Eriksonian
C) Adlerian
D) ego

Question 54

According to Melanie Klein, the ________ position refers to a child's desire to destroy the bad parts of an object because he or she fears being destroyed by them.

A) depressive
B) destructive
C) psychotic
D) paranoid

Question 55

Research suggests that anxious-ambivalent children are relatively likely to become adults who tend to ________.

A) be obsessed with their romantic partners
B) be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships
C) have high self-esteem and confidence
D) enjoy long, stable romantic relationships

Question 56

An element of Freudian theory that has been maintained in modern attachment theory and research is that ________.

A) attachments can form only between mothers and infants
B) the attachment bond is formed by the caregiver meeting the child's oral needs
C) early relationships with parents form models for later romantic attachments
D) attachment styles are determined by the successful resolution of the Oedipal crisis

Question 57

What are the three types of attachment in children?

A) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, dependant
B) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, secure
C) anxious-ambivalent, dependant, secure
D) avoidant, dependent, secure

Question 58

According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a False self is to ________.

A) compensate for an inferiority complex
B) defend the superego from unconscious urges
C) protect the true self by keeping it invisible
D) motivate us to perform moral behavior

Question 59

According to D. W. Winnicott, a niffle is a(n) ________.

A) affectionate name for a friend who helps children cope with separation from parents
B) transitional object that helps children bridge the gap between fantasy and reality
C) imaginary friend that helps children cope with separation from parents
D) technique to measure objects in children

Question 60

Research suggests that avoidant children are likely to become adults who tend to________.

A) be obsessed with their romantic partners
B) be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships
C) have high self-esteem and confidence
D) enjoy long, stable romantic relationships

Question 61

According to Erikson, most conflicts are unconscious; few if any conflicts occur in the conscious mind.

Question 62

Many neo-Freudians preserve Freud's spirit in their writings but reinterpret his original ideas.

Question 63

According to Jung, all people use all four types of thinking (rational thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting).

Question 64

The last stage in the life span for Erikson is generativity versus stagnation.

Question 65

John Bowlby was the earliest psychoanalyst to develop play therapy.

Question 66

The idea of a style of life is directly linked to Carl Jung.

Question 67

Most modern therapists practice strict Freudian psychoanalysis.

Question 68

The two key dimensions of adult attachment are ambivalence about relationships and investment in relationships.

Question 69

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a measure of Adler's styles of life.

Question 70

A procedure called the strange situation is used to study adult attachment patterns.

Question 71

Adler was interested in neurotic needs.

Question 72

Organ inferiority refers to a physical malady.

Question 73

The internalized image of your own mother is a key archetype for Jung.

Question 74

Object relations theory is still an active branch of psychoanalytic thinking.

Question 75

The image of the mother's breast is usually an infant's first object.

Question 76

Toddlers are largely concerned with the industry versus inferiority psychosocial conflict.

Question 77

Jung emphasizes spiritual and mystical issues more than Freud.

Question 78

There is evidence that catharsis is beneficial for physical and psychological health.

Question 79

Erikson was a strong believer that intimacy came before identity.

Question 80

According to Jung, everyone's persona is False to some extent.